Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
11
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
Pages:
11-16
OCLC
–
1368736135
A
BSTRACT
This article discusses the types of critical thinking, critical thinking in the preparation of future primary
school teachers, and critical thinking is the concept of objective thinking, which combines various types of
human intelligence.
K
EYWORDS
Critical thinking, educational activity, deductive thinking, inductive thinking, analytical thinking,
investigative thinking, systematic thinking, creative thinking, convergent thinking, synvergent thinking,
conceptual thinking, metaphorical thinking.
I
NTRODUCTION
Globalization of the information space, openness,
and increasing mass communication are creating
a diverse thinking environment in society. This
misleads a person who does not have a special
social opinion and attitude. The task of modern
pedagogy and psychology is to educate a person
who thinks and works independently and actively
participates in society's life.
In the concept of the development of the higher
education system in the Republic of Uzbekistan
until 2030[1], "increasing attention to the quality
of personnel training in the humanitarian and
Journal
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Research Article
PREPARATION FOR EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY BASED ON
DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING OF FUTURE PRIMARY
CLASS TEACHERS
Submission Date:
October 29,
2024,
Accepted Date:
November 03, 2024,
Published Date:
November 08, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-04-11-03
Gulyamova Aziza Otabek qizi
Doctoral student of the National Institute of Educational Pedagogy named after Kori Niyazi, Uzbekistan
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
12
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
Pages:
11-16
OCLC
–
1368736135
pedagogical directions, the curriculum in the
directions and specialties of pedagogical
education and revising and improving programs
based on advanced foreign experience, forming
the skills of using modern pedagogical
technologies in the educational process of
students studying in this direction, improving the
infrastructure of pedagogical education, to all
general education schools in the region's delivery
of highly qualified professional pedagogic
personnel who have mastered foreign languages"
is defined as a priority task[1].
It is known that, at present, a person's mental
intellectual level does not depend on how much
knowledge he has acquired or how much
information and evidence he keeps in his memory
but on his ability to distinguish the necessary
knowledge through critical thinking. After
reviewing the information, the ability to come to
an independent solution determines the level of
his mental intelligence.
Today, there is a great need in our society for a
person with the ability to think critically: who can
analyze the expressed opinions and opinions,
who can hold a dialogue, who can determine the
essence of the problem and alternative ways of
solving it, who can distinguish the truth that can
always be verified. , formation of a person who
can draw correct conclusions based on
hypothesis and personal opinion is one of the
leading problems of the education system of our
country.
The main part. According to the "Pedagogical"
encyclopedia [2], "critical thinking is a concept
that represents an objective way of thinking that
incorporates various types of human mental
activity.
Critical thinking is a complex process of
combining ideas and possibilities with creativity,
rethinking and reconstructing concepts and
information. It is also a process that takes place
simultaneously at several levels of active and
interactive cognition. The owner of a critical
opinion is less affected by tricks, because he has
his own system of views, he is free from various
dangers" [2].
In critical thinking, ideas and their importance are
examined from the perspective of diversity and
compared to other ideas. This is the highest level
of thinking, which is a mental activity that focuses
on
analysis,
comparison,
interpretation,
application, argumentation, innovation, problem
solving, or evaluation of the thought process [3].
Thinking is common to all people, and each
person has a set of unique knowledge and skills.
In other words, each person can adopt and
develop different thought processes [4].
Thinking is not innate but developed later.
Although individuals' personal and cognitive
characteristics predispose them to prefer one or
more specific types of thinking, people can
develop and practice any type.
Although thinking is traditionally interpreted as a
definite and bounded activity, this process is not
simple. In other words, there is no specific way to
perform thought processes. Several specific
methods of operational thinking have been
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
13
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
Pages:
11-16
OCLC
–
1368736135
identified. Therefore, the idea that people can
present different ways of thinking is supported
today. On the other hand, it should be noted that
each type of thought is more effective for specific
tasks. Certain cognitive activities may benefit
more from one or another type of thinking.
In psychology, several types of human thinking
are distinguished. We will discuss them in detail
below.
1. Deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is a
type of thinking that allows you to conclude a
series of ideas. In other words, it is a mental
process that begins with the "general" to reach
the "specific". This type of thinking focuses on the
cause and origin of things. This requires a detailed
analysis of aspects of the problem to generate
conclusions and possible solutions. This is a
thought process that is widely used daily. Humans
analyze everyday objects and situations to
conclude. For example, if someone comes home
and finds that their partner is not there, this may
indicate that they have gone somewhere. At that
point, the person may go to see if their keys or
their partner's shirt is in its usual place. If you
realize that these elements are missing, you will
have more evidence to think that it is missing,
deductively deducing this conclusion.
2. Critical thinking. Critical thinking is a mental
process based on analyzing, understanding, and
evaluating the way knowledge is organized that
tries to represent things. It is classified as highly
practical thought. Through this, knowledge is
used to arrive at the most effective and valid
conclusion. Critical thinking thus evaluates ideas
analytically to arrive at concrete conclusions.
These conclusions are based on the person's
morals, values and personal principles. Thus,
through this type of thinking, the ability to know
is combined with the personality characteristics
of the individual. Therefore, it defines not only the
way of thinking, but also the existence. Adopting
critical thinking directly affects a person's
functional capabilities, as it makes them more
intuitive and analytical, allowing them to make
good and wise decisions based on specific events.
3. Inductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning
defines a counterfactual way of thinking. Thus,
this way of thinking is characterized by the search
for an explanation of the general. A dedicated
section for extensive summaries. It looks for
distant situations to make them similar and
thereby summarizes the situations. Therefore,
the goal of inductive reasoning is to study
evidence that allows us to measure the
probability of evidence, as well as the rules for
creating strong inductive arguments.
4. Analytical thinking. Analytical thinking consists
in analyzing, breaking down and separating
information. It is characterized by being orderly,
that is, it provides a rational sequence to follow.
In this way, analytical problem-solving begins
with the general and breaks down its specifics to
fully understand it. It is always focused on finding
the answer, so it is a very decisive type of
thinking.
5. Investigative thinking. Investigative thinking
focuses on investigating things. He does it
carefully, with interest and determination. In this
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
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OCLC
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1368736135
sense, this type of reasoning includes both
interaction
and
knowledge
processes.
Investigative thinking requires a way of thinking.
It continuously develops questions and solutions.
It's a mix between creativity and analysis. That is,
part of the evaluation and verification of
elements. But its purpose does not end with the
exam itself but requires the formation of new
questions and hypotheses based on the examined
aspects. As the name suggests, this type of
thinking is fundamental to research and
development and the evolution of the species.
6. Systematic thinking. Systems thinking is the
type of thinking that occurs in a system made up
of different subsystems or interrelated factors. It
consists of a highly structured way of thinking
that aims to understand things more completely
and simply. Try to understand how things work
and solve problems that cause their features. This
is a complex idea that has been applied to this day
in three main directions: physics, anthropology,
and socio-political directions.
7. Creative thinking. Creative thinking includes
knowledge processes that can be created. This
fact encourages the development of elements that
are new or different from the rest by thinking.
Thus, creative thinking can be defined as the
acquisition of knowledge that is characterized by
its originality, flexibility and fluency. It is one of
the most valuable cognitive strategies today
because it allows us to formulate, structure, and
solve problems in new ways. Developing this type
of thinking is not easy, so some techniques will
allow you to achieve it. Most importantly,
morphological analysis, analogies, animated
ideas, color inspiration, empathy, the 635 method
and the Scamper technique.
8. Synthesis of thinking. Synthetic thinking is
characterized by the analysis of the various
elements that make up things. Its main purpose is
to reduce ideas on a certain topic. It consists of the
types of thinking that are important for personal
learning. Synthesis thinking allows elements to be
retained in memory as they undergo a
generalization process. It is a personal process, in
which each forms a significant whole from the
parts presented by the subject. In this way, a
person can remember several features of a
concept while covering them more generally.
9. Questioning, thinking. Inquiring thinking is
based on questions and questioning important
aspects. Use questions to gradually learn the
specifics of the topic at hand. In this way,
questioning thinking defines the way of thinking
that arises from the use of questions. There is
never a shortage of this reflection, because it is
this element that allows you to develop your
thinking and gain information. Through the
raised questions, information is obtained to
conclude. This type of thinking is mainly used to
deal with topics where the most important
element is information that can be obtained
through third parties.
10. Different thinking. Dichotomous thinking is
also called lateral thinking. It is a type of thinking
that is constantly discussing, questioning and
looking for alternatives. It is a thinking process
that allows you to generate creative ideas by
exploring multiple solutions. This is the antithesis
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
15
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
Pages:
11-16
OCLC
–
1368736135
of rational thinking. As the name suggests, its
main purpose is based on breaking away from
previously established solutions or elements. In
this way, it adjusts the type of thinking closely
related to creativity. It consists of a type of
thinking that is not naturally seen in humans.
People tend to associate similar elements with
each other.
11. Convergent thinking. In turn, convergent
thinking is the opposite of divergent thinking.
Divergent thinking is posited to be controlled by
neural processes in the right hemisphere of the
brain, while convergent thinking is controlled by
processes in the left hemisphere. He cannot
imagine, seek alternative opinions, or ask
questions, and usually settles on one idea.
12. Synvergent thinking. This recent concept,
coined by Michael Gelb, represents a combination
of divergent thinking and convergent thinking. As
such, it is a way of thinking that incorporates the
elaborative and evaluative aspects of convergent
thinking and connects them to the alternative and
novel processes associated with divergent
thinking. Developing this mindset allows
creativity to connect with analysis, positioning
itself as a mindset with a high potential for
effective solutions in multiple areas.
13. Conceptual thinking. Conceptual thinking
involves the development of problem-solving and
self-evaluation. It is closely related to creative
thinking and its main goal is to find concrete
solutions. However, unlike divergent thinking,
this type of thinking focuses on looking at pre-
existing associations. Conceptual thinking
involves abstraction and reflection and is
essential in various scientific, everyday and
professional fields. Similarly, it is characterized
by the development of four basic intellectual
operations:
Supraordination: refers to the connection of
specific concepts with the broader concepts
included in them.
Infraordination: is the interconnection of specific
concepts included in broader and generalized
concepts.
Isoordination: deals with a certain relationship
between two concepts and aims to identify the
specific characteristics of concepts through their
relationships with others.
Exception: consists of identifying elements that
are distinguished by being different or not the
same as other elements [5].
14. Metaphorical thinking. Metaphoric thinking is
based on establishing new connections. This is a
very creative type of thinking, but it focuses on
new relationships between existing elements
rather than creating or acquiring new elements.
With this type of thinking, it is possible to create
stories, develop imagination, and create new
connections between well-differentiated aspects
that share some aspects through these elements.
15. Traditional thinking. Traditional thinking is
characterized by the use of logical processes. It
focuses on the solution and seeks to find similar
real-life situations to find elements that may be
useful for solving it. It is usually developed
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
Pages:
11-16
OCLC
–
1368736135
through strict and pre-designed schemes. It is one
of the foundations of vertical thinking, where
logic has a unidirectional role and develops a
linear and consistent path. This is one of the most
used types of thinking in everyday life. It is not
suitable for creative or original elements, but it is
very useful for dealing with every day and
relatively simple situations.
C
ONCLUSION
Thus, it is important to learn to know and develop
various types of critical thinking in the
continuous preparation of future primary school
teachers for educational activities based on the
development of critical thinking. This fact allows
the full use of human cognitive abilities and the
development of different abilities for different
problems.
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