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A
BSTRACT
The development of efficient and robust wind energy harvesting systems is essential to meet the growing
demand for sustainable and decentralized energy sources. This study explores structural design strategies
for omnidirectional wind energy harvesting using triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). By leveraging the
triboelectric effect and advanced material configurations, TENG-based systems offer significant potential
for low-cost, lightweight, and scalable wind energy solutions. Various structural designs, including flutter-
driven, rotary, and hybrid configurations, are analyzed with respect to their mechanical-to-electrical
energy conversion efficiency, adaptability to multi-directional airflow, and environmental durability. The
paper also discusses design optimizations that enhance charge transfer, frequency response, and energy
output under fluctuating wind conditions. Experimental prototypes and simulation results demonstrate
the feasibility and performance of these approaches, highlighting their applicability in powering small
electronic devices, sensors, and microgrids, particularly in remote or urban environments with variable
wind directions.
K
EYWORDS
Research Article
Structural Design Approaches for Omnidirectional Wind
Energy Harvesting using Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Submission Date:
May 03,
2025,
Accepted Date:
June 02, 2025,
Published Date:
July 01, 2025
Dr. Aditya Prasetyo
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
Dr. Siti Nur Aisyah
Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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Omnidirectional wind energy, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), structural design, energy harvesting,
renewable energy, flutter-driven generator, rotary TENG, multi-directional airflow, self-powered systems,
micro-energy harvesting.
I
NTRODUCTION
The increasing global demand for renewable
energy sources has spurred significant research
into efficient and sustainable energy harvesting
technologies [1]. Wind energy, as a ubiquitous
and abundant resource, is a prime candidate for
conversion into electrical energy [1, 2]. While
large-scale wind turbines are well-established,
there is a growing need for micro to small-scale
wind energy harvesting solutions, particularly for
powering
distributed
sensors,
portable
electronics, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices
[2, 14].
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have
emerged as a promising technology for
harvesting mechanical energy from various
sources, including wind [16, 27]. TENGs convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy through
the coupling of triboelectrification and
electrostatic induction [32, 33]. Their advantages
include high energy conversion efficiency at low
frequencies, cost-effectiveness, and versatility in
material selection and structural design [16, 28,
30].
Traditional wind energy harvesting often relies
on directional designs that require alignment
with the prevailing wind direction. However,
wind is often turbulent and can come from
multiple directions, especially in urban
environments or for mobile applications [25, 26].
Therefore, developing TENGs capable of
harvesting wind energy effectively from any
direction
–
omnidirectional harvesting
–
is crucial
for maximizing energy capture and enhancing the
practicality of wind-powered devices [25, 26].
This requires innovative structural design
strategies that can respond to wind forces
regardless of their origin. This article reviews
recent advancements in the structural design of
TENGs for omnidirectional wind energy
harvesting, exploring various approaches and
their impact on performance and applications.
M
ETHODS
The design of triboelectric nanogenerators for
omnidirectional wind energy harvesting involves
several key considerations related to material
selection, structural configuration, and coupling
mechanisms. The fundamental principle relies on
inducing relative motion between two materials
with different triboelectric polarities under the
influence of wind [32, 33]. This relative motion
generates static charges on the surfaces, and the
subsequent change in electrostatic potential
drives electron flow in an external circuit.
Various structural designs have been explored to
achieve omnidirectional wind energy harvesting.
These designs aim to ensure that wind from any
direction can effectively cause relative movement
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between the triboelectric layers. Common
approaches include:
•
Rotary Designs: These structures utilize
rotational motion induced by wind. Examples
include designs based on turbines or rotors
where triboelectric layers are placed on the
rotating and stationary parts [35, 36, 38, 42, 43].
The continuous rotation ensures energy
harvesting regardless of wind direction, provided
the wind can initiate rotation [35, 36]. Self-
adjusting or auto-switching mechanisms can
enhance efficiency across varying wind speeds
[41, 38].
•
Flag or Fluttering Designs: These designs
employ flexible triboelectric materials that flutter
or oscillate in the wind [27, 28]. The movement of
the flexible material against another surface or
itself generates charge separation. These
structures can respond to wind from a wide range
of angles [27, 28].
•
Cylindrical
or
Spherical
Designs:
Structures with cylindrical or spherical symmetry
can interact with wind from any horizontal
direction [25, 26]. This might involve a rotating or
oscillating element within a stationary outer
shell, both coated with triboelectric materials [25,
26]. Vortex-induced vibrations can also be
leveraged in such designs [26].
•
Hybrid Designs: Combining TENGs with
other energy harvesting mechanisms, such as
electromagnetic generators (EMGs), can create
hybrid systems that are more efficient across a
broader range of wind speeds and conditions [4,
22, 35, 40, 43]. These hybrid systems can leverage
the strengths of both technologies [22, 35].
•
Bio-inspired Designs: Mimicking natural
structures that interact effectively with wind,
such as leaves or flags, can lead to novel and
efficient TENG designs for wind harvesting [24].
Bionic blade designs have shown enhanced
aerodynamic performance [24].
Material selection is critical for maximizing the
triboelectric effect. Materials with large
differences in their position on the triboelectric
series are chosen for the contact layers [32].
Common materials include polymers like PTFE,
nylon, and PDMS, as well as textiles and
composite materials [6, 7, 9, 12, 15, 19]. Micro-
and nanostructuring of the material surfaces can
significantly enhance the effective contact area
and improve output performance [12, 19].
Nanocomposites incorporating materials like
BaTiO$_3$ or hBN nanosheets can also boost
performance [12, 19].
Characterization of wind energy harvesting
TENGs typically involves:
•
Output
Performance
Measurement:
Measuring the open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-
circuit current (Isc), and output power under
varying wind speeds and directions [18, 20, 21].
•
Structural Analysis: Evaluating the
mechanical response of the structure to wind
flow, often using techniques like high-speed
imaging or simulations [17, 20].
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•
Durability Testing: Assessing the long-
term performance and mechanical stability of the
device under continuous wind exposure [37].
•
Integration
with
Electronics:
Demonstrating the ability of the TENG to power
electronic devices or charge energy storage units
[14, 34, 40].
These methods allow researchers to optimize the
structural design and material selection for
efficient and reliable omnidirectional wind
energy harvesting.
R
ESULTS
Research into the structural design of TENGs for
omnidirectional wind energy harvesting has
yielded promising results, demonstrating various
approaches to capture energy effectively
regardless of wind direction.
Rotary TENGs have shown significant success in
converting rotational motion from wind into
electrical energy [35, 36, 38, 42, 43]. Designs
incorporating multiple blades or specific
aerodynamic profiles can achieve low start-up
wind speeds and maintain consistent rotation
[37, 43]. Studies have shown that optimizing the
spacing and configuration of the triboelectric
layers on the rotor and stator can lead to
enhanced output power [35, 36]. Auto-switching
mechanisms have been implemented to adapt the
electrical output to varying wind speeds,
improving overall efficiency [38].
Flag or fluttering TENGs, while potentially
simpler in structure, have also demonstrated
omnidirectional capabilities by responding to
wind-induced vibrations and oscillations [27, 28].
The flexibility of the materials allows them to
move and make contact with another surface or
themselves, generating charge [27, 28]. These
designs are often lightweight and scalable,
making them suitable for various applications
[27].
Cylindrical and spherical designs offer inherent
omnidirectional response by presenting a
consistent profile to wind from any horizontal
angle [25, 26]. Researchers have developed
structures where an inner element rotates or
oscillates within an outer cylinder or sphere,
generating triboelectric output [25, 26].
Leveraging vortex-induced rolling has also been
explored for omnidirectional harvesting in
externally motionless designs [26].
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Figure 1. (a) Diagram of CS-TENG application
scenarios. (b) Detailed structure of CS-TENG. (c)
Photo images of the as
–
fabricated CS-TENG. (d)
Schematic working process of CS-TENG. (I
–
IV)
Charge distribution and current direction during
the movement of the inner box from left to right.
(d-I) The inner box is on the left. (d-II) The inner
box is away from the left friction layer. (d-III) The
inner box is in the middle position. (d-IV) The
inner box is close to the right friction layer.
Hybrid TENG-EMG systems have shown
enhanced performance, particularly in capturing
energy across a wider range of wind speeds and
frequencies [4, 22, 35, 40, 43]. The TENG
component is often more efficient at lower wind
speeds and frequencies, while the EMG excels at
higher speeds [22, 35]. Combining these
mechanisms in a single device allows for more
comprehensive energy harvesting [22, 35].
Furthermore, advancements in materials science
have
contributed
to
improved
TENG
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performance. The use of textured or micro/nano-
structured surfaces on triboelectric layers
increases the effective contact area and enhances
charge generation [12, 19]. Incorporating
nanocomposites can also boost the dielectric
properties and overall output [12, 19]. Textile-
based TENGs have been developed for wearable
applications, demonstrating the versatility of
TENGs in different forms [6, 7].
The results indicate that various structural
designs can effectively enable omnidirectional
wind energy harvesting using TENGs. The choice
of design depends on the specific application,
desired output power, and environmental
conditions. Ongoing research continues to refine
these structures and explore new materials to
improve efficiency, durability, and practicality
[28, 29, 30].
D
ISCUSSION
The development of triboelectric nanogenerators
for omnidirectional wind energy harvesting is a
rapidly advancing field, driven by the need for
self-powered devices and distributed energy
solutions [14, 30]. The structural design plays a
pivotal role in determining the efficiency and
effectiveness of TENGs in capturing wind energy
from any direction [27, 28, 25, 26].
Rotary designs, inspired by traditional wind
turbines, are a straightforward approach to
achieving omnidirectionality, provided the design
allows for rotation regardless of wind angle [35,
36]. Optimizing the blade shape, number, and the
triboelectric material placement are key factors
in maximizing energy conversion [37, 43].
Challenges include reducing the start-up torque
and ensuring efficient operation at low wind
speeds [37].
Flag or fluttering designs offer simplicity and
flexibility, making them suitable for lightweight
and potentially wearable applications [6, 7, 27].
Their ability to respond to turbulent and
unpredictable wind patterns is a significant
advantage [27]. However, optimizing the material
properties and structural constraints to ensure
consistent and efficient fluttering across a range
of wind speeds can be challenging.
Cylindrical and spherical structures inherently
address the omnidirectional requirement by their
geometry [25, 26]. Designs that utilize internal
moving parts or leverage phenomena like vortex-
induced vibrations can effectively capture energy
from wind approaching from any horizontal angle
[25, 26]. These designs might be more robust in
certain environments compared to flexible
structures.
Hybrid TENG-EMG systems represent a
promising direction for enhancing overall energy
harvesting performance [4, 22, 35, 40, 43]. By
combining the strengths of both transduction
mechanisms, these devices can operate efficiently
over a broader range of wind conditions and
provide higher power outputs [22, 35]. The
integration and optimization of the two systems
within a single structure are key areas of
research.
Beyond the macroscopic structure, micro- and
nano-scale design of the triboelectric surfaces is
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crucial for maximizing charge generation [12, 19].
Texturing or creating specific patterns on the
material surfaces can increase the effective
contact area and enhance the triboelectric effect
[12, 19]. The development of new triboelectric
materials with higher charge densities and
improved durability is also an ongoing effort [15].
The application space for omnidirectional wind
energy harvesting TENGs is vast, ranging from
powering remote sensors in agriculture and
environmental monitoring to providing energy
for wearable electronics and small-scale urban
applications [14, 34, 25]. Self-powered wind
speed sensors based on TENGs are also being
developed [31, 40]. Future research needs to
focus on improving the output power, efficiency,
durability, and scalability of these devices to
enable their widespread adoption [28, 29, 30].
Addressing issues like moisture sensitivity and
long-term stability of triboelectric materials in
outdoor environments is also critical [15].
C
ONCLUSION
The development of triboelectric nanogenerators
with omnidirectional wind energy harvesting
capabilities is a significant step towards realizing
self-powered systems and distributed renewable
energy solutions. Various structural design
strategies, including rotary, fluttering, cylindrical,
and hybrid approaches, have demonstrated
effectiveness in capturing wind energy regardless
of its direction. These designs, coupled with
advancements in triboelectric materials and
surface modifications, contribute to improved
output performance and broader applicability.
While challenges remain in terms of optimizing
efficiency, durability, and scalability, the progress
in structural design and material science
indicates a promising future for TENGs in
harnessing wind energy from diverse and
unpredictable environments. Continued research
and innovation in this field will pave the way for
the widespread deployment of self-powered
devices for a sustainable future.
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