Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
47
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
47-51
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
In this article, the changes in the educational system of the Uighurs living in Uzbekistan and the effective use of
modern knowledge and technologies in the field of science, culture and education have had a great impact on their
social and cultural life, based on analytical and statistical data.
KEYWORDS
Uighurs, science, education, culture.
INTRODUCTION
Since the Uighurs have been living in Uzbekistan, a
number of changes have taken place in their national
culture. In particular, it has made significant
achievements in public education, folklore and artistic
arts, music and dance, and theater arts. In particular,
their active use of modern science and educational
results in the field of education had a great impact on
their social and cultural life.
The traditional Uighur education system, like other
peoples of Central Asia, consisted of traditional
religious education. In particular, schools are usually
established in the church, in the teacher's house or in
the house of a particular student. Usually, education
was given in the Arabic script based on religious books.
According to scientists of the Soviet era, the number of
educated Uighurs in the villages was between 24%
(men) and 9% (women).
As a result of the actions carried out by the Soviets, a
wide network of primary, eight-year and secondary
educational institutions began to appear in the districts
inhabited by Uyghurs. For example, in 1933, a Uyghur
school was opened in the village of Dolan, Shahrikhan
district, Andijan region. There, teachers such as
Poltushev, Ilamov, Tursunov, who came from Alma-Ata
from Kazakhstan, taught local youth. But with the
beginning of the Second World War, the above-
mentioned teachers went to war, and after that, the
Research Article
CHANGES IN EDUCATION SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN IN THE FIRST HALF
OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: A CHALLENGES FOR THE UIGHURS
Submission Date:
October 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
October 25, 2023,
Published Date:
October 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume03Issue10-08
Bakhromjon Khaynazarov
Department of "World History" Associate professor, PhD National University of Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
48
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
47-51
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Uyghur youth in Dolan began to receive education
from Uzbek teachers.
In the 1920s, Uyghur publishing houses were built in
Tashkent and Samarkand, and works written in the
Uyghur language began to be printed. In particular, L.
in the early Uyghur language in Tashkent. Ansari's
textbooks
"First
Knowledge"
and
"Second
Knowledge" will be published. From the end of the 20s
to the end of the 30s, a large number of textbooks and
literature were published in the Uyghur language in the
cities of Tashkent and Almaty. For example, in 1924,
2000 copies of Uighur books with 3 titles were
published in 6 printing plates. In 1925, the following
textbooks were published for Uyghur schools: Uyghur
alphabet - 3000 copies with 7 printed plates, Uyghur
textbook for students of the 1st and 2nd years - 3000
copies with 10 printed plates, Uyghur arithmetic - 3000
copies on 7 printed plates, natural science in Uyghur
book-10 printed plates in 3000 copies. These books
served as primary textbooks not only for the Uyghur
people in Central Asia, but also for Uyghur schools in
Eastern Turkestan. In the early years of Soviet power,
the main genre of Uighur books was poetry. It was
dedicated to the uncompromising struggle with its
"enemies" in the early years of Soviet power. So, the
main purpose of the work was to inculcate the Soviet
communist ideology in the minds of the masses,
especially the youth. Therefore, the published books
and textbooks primarily served to spread the Soviet
ideology more widely. However, the wide distribution
of works in the Uyghur language made it possible for
the Uyghur people to get more information in their
mother tongue at that time.
It should be noted that most of the Uyghur works do
not reach the masses of readers. Many books are
stored in the warehouses of the State Publishing
House of Uzbekistan. According to historical facts,
books are sent to districts where they are not needed
at all. For example, there are no Uyghur in Bukhara, but
there are heaps of Uyghur books, Zelensky (Asaka) and
even Tashkent don't have them. From this, it can be
seen that the work on the education of the
underprivileged nations in their mother tongue,
provision of textbooks and educational literature was
not properly started and not sufficiently controlled in
time. Published literature was distributed only to fulfill
the plan, with little concern that it reached the right
places. As a result, the Uyghurs left the books in their
native language and graduated from educational
institutions. The reason is that during the period when
the campaign to end public illiteracy was in full swing,
courses were organized and completed without
waiting for the necessary literature.
According to the information of the Commissariat of
Public Education, the status of Uyghur schools in
Ferghana Valley was as follows.
Type of school
1931 year
1932 year
1933 year
Number of
schools
Number of
students
Number of
schools
Number of
students
Number of
schools
Number of
students
Youth school
8
1940
10
2800
15
3690
Adult school
9
332
21
794
34
1682
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
49
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
47-51
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Total
17
2272
31
3594
49
4772
These data show that the number of Uyghur schools
and their students has been increasing year by year.
But it is not clear whether those who studied and
graduated from it were educated in Uyghur or other
languages. For example, according to the information
given in the letter of the Department of
Underprivileged Nationalities under the Ministry of
Education and Culture to the Commissariat of Public
Education of the Uzbekistan SSR, classes were
conducted only in Uzbek in Uyghur schools in
Voroshilov, Zelensky (Asaka) and Izboskan districts.
The issue of the lack of textbooks in the above regions
is also raised and the issue of providing the poor
nations with the necessary literature is put forward.
During this period, one of the important works was the
placement of Uyghur youths from East Turkestan in
various educational institutions in the territory of
Uzbekistan in order to raise their "cultural level".
For example, in 1920, 15 young people were placed in
the Turkish institute, 7 in the party school, and 6 in the
Tatar educational institute. In 1921, 10 people were
admitted to the Central Asian State University, 96
people were admitted to the Tashkent Educational
Institute, and in 1922, 80 people were admitted to
educational institutions in Tashkent alone. More than
100 people were sent to Moscow, Leningrad and
Kazan. In 1926, 40 people (one group) were admitted
to the party school in Kokon, 20 people to the Tashkent
party school, and 20 people to the Central Asian State
University. In addition, there were many young Uighurs
who voluntarily fled to the former Soviet territory to
study. At the October 1, 1924 meeting of the Altishahar
Jung'or Communist Committee, the number of young
Chinese Muslims fleeing from China to study in the
territory of the former Soviet state is increasing day by
day, and the situation of the immigrants is becoming
difficult At that time, in order to support the refugee
Muslim youth, permission to help refugees in the
Uighur Section Country Offices and regions and uezds
of Central Asia will be requested from the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. Also,
the Council of People's Commissariat is asked to
provide land for landless Uyghurs with equal rights to
the local population. The purpose of such a large
number of education placements was probably to
educate Uyghur youth in the spirit of communist
ideology and spread it widely among the Uyghur
people in East Turkestan. The reason is to increase the
number of people sympathetic to the Soviet Union in
East Turkestan and to gather supporters, which he
plans to use in the future to oppose the enemies of
communism. Because the Soviet Union was always in
danger of the appearance of enemies of the existing
system on its eastern borders. Some of the young
people who graduated from these studies stayed in
Uzbekistan. Most of them returned to their native land
and spread the knowledge they had acquired there.
Among them were Kasimjon Qambari, daughter of
Oyimkhan Hajiniyaz (1901-1959), one of the founders of
the school of modern Uyghur literature, Mrs. Rashida
(1912-1978), a major representative of the 20th century
Uyghur dance art Mrs. Qambar (1914-1994, one of
Tamara's students).
Since 1934, the cultural ties of East Turkestan with the
republics of Central Asia have strengthened again.
According to the special decision of the Soviet
government "On the education of the youth of Xinjiang
in the USSR" adopted in 1934, a wide program of
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
50
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
47-51
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
personnel training from the local population for
various sectors of the national economy in Xinjiang was
allowed in Soviet educational institutions. According to
this decision, thousands of young people living in
Xinjiang will be sent to study in a number of cities of
Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Siberia for higher and
secondary special education. Most of the Uyghurs
come to Uzbekistan because they are close in terms of
language.
By the 30s of the 20th century, the number of students
who came to Tashkent from East Turkestan to study
increased even more. In particular, this work was
included in the state plan of the Chinese government,
and after an agreement was concluded between the
former Union and the then governor of Xinjiang, Shin
Shi Sai, hundreds of local youth were sent from Xinjiang
to Tashkent for training and education. According to
the mutual agreement between 1934-1936, 100 people
from Xinjiang were sent to study in Tashkent 3 times,
100 people each year. They studied at Central Asian
State University for 2 years. The first group of students
who studied in Tashkent returned to their homeland in
1936, the second group in 1937, and the third group in
1938. After their return, they worked in higher
education institutions, secondary schools, banking,
culture, health and other social sectors in Xinjiang.
These young people, who have studied and improved
their skills in Tashkent, demonstrate their knowledge
and abilities in the workplace, and in a short time, they
will be known to the society and will be recognized by
the people.
As a result, local residents respectfully called them
"Tashkentchilar". In the 20th century, these
"Tashkents" became the main supporting forces in
Xinjiang's political, social, economic, cultural and
scientific fields. Among them, there are political
figures, scientists, poets, writers, cultural figures who
made a great contribution to the social, economic and
cultural development of Xinjiang. For example, in this
regard, Ahmadjon Kasimi (1914-1949), Sayfiddin Azizi
(1915-2003), Sadulla Sayfullaev (1918-2002), Ablimid
Hojiev (1917-1993), linguist Ibrahim Mut'i (born 1920),
pedagogue Muhammadamin Khudobardi (1917-1994)
and many other people can be cited.
In order to remember the gifts of "Tashkentchilar"
who came to Tashkent from Xinjiang in the 30s of the
20th century, their biographies were summarized, and
3 books under the name "Tashkentchilar" were
published in Urumchi between 2002-2006.
However, it should be noted that, despite the efforts
made, the educational work was not done properly. In
the May 25, 1934 edition of the newspaper "Kun
Kharish Haqiqati" an article about educational work is
published. There are several Uyghur village assemblies
(selsovet) in Zelenskyi (Asaka) district, each village
assembly has a school. However, only one of them has
Uyghur teachers, the rest are Uzbeks. There are 1100
Uyghur households, 18 Uyghur classrooms and 42
illiteracy courses in the "Uyghur" village assembly of
Izboskan district. There are only 2 Uighur teachers,
Tatars and Uzbeks. All of them teach children and
adults in Uzbek. It is interesting to note that it was
mentioned that while there were Uyghur teachers in
Tashkent, the educational work was conducted in
Uzbek.
The increase in the level of education itself had an
impact on the development of Uyghur writing and
calligraphy. Since 1946, the Uyghur script was
transferred to Cyrillic graphics. Hundreds of Uyghur
youth receive higher education in Tashkent, Alma-Ata,
Moscow and Leningrad. As a result, many highly
educated
teachers,
engineers,
doctors
and
agronomists began to emerge from among the
Uyghurs. For example, I. Ismailov, M. Kabirov
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
51
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
47-51
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(2021:
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(2022:
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6.
713
)
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Publisher:
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(Tashkent), A. Shamieva, K. Sadkovskaya (Kazakhstan)
carry out scientific research in the field of philology on
the issues of the history, writing and literature of the
Uyghur people. A. Kabirov will do scientific work on
Uyghur archeology, R. Khodzhaeva will do research on
Kazakh Uyghur ethnography, A. Rozigboev will get the
degree of candidate of biological sciences, and M.
Umarov will get the degree of candidate of medical
sciences. Most of the scientists listed above studied in
Tashkent and received their degrees. Later, some of
them continued their activities in other allied republics.
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