Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
19
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
19-25
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article presents a classification of the common characteristics of dysphemistic phraseological units. Additionally,
the rules, peculiarities, purposes, and functions of the use of such units in Uzbek journalistic texts are analyzed. The
author’s perspe
ctive on the theoretical views presented in related research is also provided. The arguments are
explained with examples.
KEYWORDS
Euphemism, dysphemism, dysphemic phraseology, journalistic texts, semantic meaning, political speech, analytical
article, news.
INTRODUCTION
As dysphemisms are units that express rough and
sharp content in speech, according to some linguists,
their frequent use indicates the level of culture of the
speaker or the author of the speech: “Dysphemisms
are found in the speech of people with a low cultural
level in speech. In works of art, it is usually visible in the
speech of people with negative character”.[7, 35]
In the use of dysphemisms in journalistic texts, the
primary goal is to attract the attention of the audience
rather than to show a low cultural level. The place and
form of the use of dysphemisms in journalistic texts is
created within this purpose.
If dysphemisms in the form of a word or a combination
serve to exaggerate the rough content, dysphemistic
phraseology causes the image of existing information
to become more clear and remain in memory.
Therotical basis
. A. Khojiev's “Annotated Dictionary of
Linguistic Terms” defines phraseological units as
"structurally equivalent to a word combination, a
Research Article
CHARACTERISTIC OF PHRASEOLOGICAL DYSFEMISMS IN UZBEK
PUBLICISTIC TEXTS
Submission Date:
Sep 30, 2024,
Accepted Date:
Oct 05, 2024,
Published Date:
Oct 10, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume04Issue10-05
Sadoqat Samandarova
PhD Candidate at the Institute of the Uzbek Language, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
20
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
19-25
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
sentence, semantically a whole, having a generalized
meaning, which is not created in the nut process, but is
included ready for speech, It is defined as a type of
static compounds with a figurative, figurative meaning,
and it is recognized as a differential sign of
phraseologism that distinguishes the integral signs of
“figurativeness and figurative meaning” from static
compounds. [4, 24]
Because the great importance of the connotative
macrocomponent in the structure of phraseological
meaning is emphasized by many researchers, and this
is explained by the two-dimensionality of the semantic
structure of phraseological units.
The first is built on the basis of figurative re-thinking,
and the second is a feature of phraseological
nomination. The important role of the connotative
component of the meaning of phraseological units and
dysphemisms is primarily related to the effect of the
emotional evaluation caused by the dysphemic
designation.
According to E. A. Zemskaya, dysphemic phraseology is
one of the main means of parody and mockery in
modern journalism. [11, 31]
But this definition does not fit Uzbek publicism. The
reason is that there are few examples of using
dysphemisms for humorous or satirical purposes in
journalistic texts in the Uzbek language. Such phrases
can often be found mainly in literary texts.
For example, it is reasonable to say that the phrase
“man of the people” was used in a humorous sense, to
make fun of Aries, the main character of “The Iron
Woman”.
It is natural to use dysphemic phraseology in relation to
state leaders or various officials in journalistic texts
with political content related to the international
arena. For example, in the sentence “The general
nicknamed the “rabid dog” [16] for the leadership of
the Pentagon”, this expression, used in relation to a
person, is a dysphemic expression that means both
parody and insult. The use of the phrase in the article
aims to instill fear, hatred and hatred in the readers
about the leader, who is considered a “rabid dog”.
According to linguists, the popularization of the use of
dysphemic expressions in the media of the world is
related to the fact that the culture of democracy and
oral communication is different from the literary
language. [3, 34]
Also, the Russian linguist V. M. Mokienko, supporting
the same opinion, states that “unwri
tten truths started
to be written through dysphemisms”. [8, 75]
That is, the linguist interprets dysphemisms as a means
of conveying the truth. Dysphemic phraseology helps
convey these truths to the reader more effectively and
makes the language of journalistic texts more popular.
This point can be confirmed by the following quote:
“Speech composed of vulgar expressions
- not only in
modern colloquial communication, but also in public
communication - in rallies, political speeches, on the
screen, on the radio, in newspapers and on Internet
websites, is a means of inciting people to various
actions”. [6, 260]
But it was not always like that. The development of
dysphemism has lagged behind that of euphemism. In
particular, because dysphemic expressions are
considered taboo in Uzbek linguistics, dysphemic
expressions are preserved mainly in examples of folk
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
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2771-2834)
VOLUME
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ISSUE
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P
AGES
:
19-25
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
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Servi
oral creativity. For example, in the epic “Alpomish” you
can find a lot of dysphemic phraseology. As the most
popular of them, we can mention the dysphemic
p
hraseology “A mouse hatched inside”. This phrase,
used to describe a hoarse voice, has a dysphemic
content and has a quick impact on a person's mind and
is easy to remember.
Although “in Uzbek linguistics, dysphemisms have not
been studied as a separate expressive unit of the
language. Due to the fact that this phenomenon is
understudied, it is not possible to use rude words in
cultural communication, and it is not appropriate to
use such expressions in artistic works from the point of
view of etiquette...”
. Especially today, the research of
dysphemic expressions is a need that leads to the
discovery of new aspects of the Uzbek language.
Article div
. Dysphemic phraseological units are
considered as combinations of a lower level than the
stylistic norm. Since it is more related to oral speech, it
may not fully comply with the rules of literary
language, dialect words may be used. Also, just as
dysphemisms are divided into several semantic groups,
dysphemistic phraseology is also divided into general
meaning units. For example, in the rich lexical source
of the Uzbek language, there are dysphemic
expressions that express insult, are considered
shameful, characteristic of illness, mocking, sometimes
bitter laughter - satirical content. That is, the common
feature of dysphemic phraseology is not insult,
discrimination or rudeness, but rude expression.
From this point of view, defining the fact that
dysphemisms
are
under-researched
in
Uzbek
linguistics only by the fact that they are outside the
norm of cultural communication cannot be a complete
conclusion, in our opinion. Moreover, by today, the
natural need to use dysphemism and dysphemic
phraseology in journalistic texts is emerging. This need
is due to the wideness of the information space and the
increase in competition, it is to create an idea in the
student about the necessary information, to think,
sometimes to awaken his conscience, to give him an
incentive to think.
It is already becoming popular to “laze” people's
minds, distract them from serious topics, and make
them interested in frivolous information through social
networks. It is at such a time that with the help of
dysphemic expressions, there is an opportunity to
convey information that is important for society and
motivates people to positive actions in an effective
form and content. In relation to this situation, the use
of the Uzbek folk proverb “Bitter cuts the poison of the
bitter” will make our opinion
more clear.
In artistic and colloquial speech, several dysphemic
phraseology can be found that express the same
concept. For example, a certain group of
phraseologisms has been formed in the Uzbek
language with the meaning “dying (death is
imminent)”. For example: as if his life is over, he will not
go for a week, his time has come, his time is near, he
has four or five days left, it seems that he will not stay
until the evening (this is an individual-author
phraseology), the light has gone out of his eyes, he is
leaving, he is left in his throat, he is a deposit, he will
not return to life, the ghost of the other side has fallen
and so on. A. Omonturdiyev considers these
phraseological units to be euphemistic synonyms used
instead of the word “dying” (death is near).
In our opinion, they are euphemistic because they are
the same phraseology
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
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P
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OCLC
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instead, dysphemicization of the expression occurs by
saying that his death is near, he will die. In order to
avoid dysphemization, creators use the above
phraseology and create a euphemistic atmosphere.
Two conclusions can be drawn from these points.
First, the use of some phraseology with a high
euphemism may impose a dysphemic content on a
word with a neutral content.
The second is the part related to journalistic texts, and
since most of the dysphemic phraseology in the series
is characteristic of literary texts, it is likely that the
genre “chooses” when used in journalistic texts, and it
is more likely to be found in artistic-journalistic texts.
For example, as dysphemic alternatives to the above-
mentioned death-related phraseology, there are
expressions such as to die, to die, and to call death.
However, such phraseology is rare in journalistic texts,
euphemistic phraseology is used more than death-
related phraseology. For this reason, as noted, the
word “died” itself reflects a dysphemic expression
in
journalistic texts.
Phraseologisms with dosphemic content in journalistic
texts are mainly found in news or analytical articles
related to crime, fraud. This serves to further define
the scale of the crime, to increase its effectiveness, and
sometimes to express the personal attitude of the
author.
For example, dysphemic phraseology related to
deception and theft, such as to make fun of, to make
fun of, to rob, to spend the night, to gouge out, and to
eat are often used in the news genre. It is especially
effective in covering family, romantic relationships or
financial frauds of various office holders. In particular,
in the following examples, dysphemic phraseology was
used in the following context: “...it was found that the
farm had robbed 733 million s
oums of electricity”,
“Individuals who “eaten” loan funds were identified in
Syrdarya”, “In Karshi district of Kashkadarya region,
saying that they will win online gambling, “A 24
-year-
old woman was arrested for smacking her
interlocutor.” [12]
The importance of using dysphemic expressions in
such texts is to call the reader to be alert and aware. In
addition, the use of dysphemic phraseology in
exposing such crimes of officials implies humiliation,
discrediting and forming a negative attitude about
such actions.
In publicistic texts on political topics, there are cases of
using dysphemic phraseology in order to exaggerate
negative relations, openly demonstrate relations
between countries, and show the publicist image of
the leaders of countries or responsible employees in an
impressive form.
The use of dysphemic phraseology with a political
content, which is often found in journalistic texts, is
used to describe the attitude of state leaders, officials
and government representatives to various situations,
their situation, or their relations with other countries,
sometimes in such processes, they are used to "make
fun of", insult, and express the hatred of the people. is
used. Bringing dysphemisms in a phraseological form
increases the effectiveness of the text.
For example, it can be said that phraseologisms with
dysphemic content in the following examples are used
for these purposes:
“The President of Estonia promised to bring Russia to
its knees”. [11]
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The combination of kneeling belongs to the type of
expressions that can come in both its own meaning
and figurative meaning. When used in a figurative
sense, it means “defeat”, “inflame”. In this example, it
serves to express the hatred and pain of the President
of Estonia towards the Russian state, more precisely,
the leaders of the Russian government. In terms of
content, they tried to convey expressions such as
forcing Russia to stop the war and defeating it through
dysphemic phraseology. With this, the goal of
increasing the effectiveness and fully describing the
emotional state of the President has been achieved.
In another message related to the President of Russia,
dysphemic phraseology expressed the purpose of
teasing by exaggerating a positive mood rather than a
negative emotional state:
“We are happy that you chose us
- Lukashenko is
talk
ing about Putin coming to Minsk”. [14] Of course,
in this example, the President's happiness is expressed
through the expression of his mouth in his ear.
However, since this phraseology is used in relation to
the President, and moreover, it expresses his attitude
towards the President of Russia, it is appropriate to
consider it as disemic. That is, it was also possible to
use the words “pleased”, :head in the sky”, or “happy”
in a neutral sense, typical of the official style used for
the position of the President. In our opinion, it is from
the point of view of satirical interpretation of excessive
joy that the phrase in his mouth serves to create a
negative, mocking image of the President of Belarus as
inferior to Putin.
“Expressive
-emotional coloring is an integral feature of
many idioms (phrases) in the language, at the same
time, the main part of phrases is stylistically neutral.
Because with the help of an expression, not only this or
that object, event is named, but also the expressive
attitude of the speaker to that object or event, person
is expressed. For example, happiness can be expressed
in our language with the expressions “his mouth
reached his ears”, “he showed the whiteness of his
teeth”. One of these phrases expresses a positive tone,
and the next one sometimes expresses a subtle
negative meaning. [5, 111]
At this point, it is necessary to dwell on the situation
that is characteristic of dysphemic content. That is, it is
known that some dysphemisms can be words or units
that have a neutral meaning outside of the text. Or,
more importantly, some units with euphemistic
content outside the text also express dysphemistic
meaning in the context. English linguists K. Allan and
Burridge called such units, which can be both
euphemism and dysphemism, as x-phemisms. [1, 303]
The phraseologism in the mouth of the mouth can be
an example to which this theory fits.
But this term is not found in many literatures related
to the topic. In the scientific work of Cheporukhina M.,
a linguist who studied euphemisms and dysphemisms
characteristic of journalistic texts in French and
Russian, this term is interpreted as a general word for
euphemisms and dysphemisms. [2, 3]
It also serves to exaggerate the original content or
express the author's disdain for the situation through
dysphemic phraseology. Such content is more clearly
visible in journalistic texts related to military, combat
or the death of a socially vulnerable layer of the
population.
For example, the dysphemic phrase “bloody hands” is
openly used in journalistic texts to refer to political
figures who have committed various illegal military
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OCLC
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actions and caused the death of innocent people. If
instead of a dysphemic phrase, for example, words
with a neutral content, such as killer, evil, are used, the
strong figurative expression will not be clearly felt. This
does not ensure the effectiveness of the text and the
subjective attitude of the author.
Naturally, the dysphemic phraseological combination
is used figuratively in journalistic texts to refer to state
leaders,
political
scientists,
officials
and
representatives of the military. One such example was
published on the Kun.uz site: "Japarov, who was
expelled, gathered his comrades-in-arms with blood on
his hands" to Dubai.
In the article, the phrase “with blood on his hands”
appeared in different forms: “The fugitive and
“bloody” presidents of Kyrgyzstan met in Dubai.”
....What is the reason why history remembers some of
them as "hands covered in blood"? In essence, such an
expression is used in relation to the leaders who
conducted illegal policies in the country and did
injustice to the people. The repetition of phraseology
in the title, subheading, and text indicates that this
content is more emphasized and increases its
effectiveness.
The role of newspaper texts in international mass
media is of particular importance. The experience of
using dysphemic expressions in the texts of the
newspaper has become popular due to the fact that a
large segment of the population starts the day by
reading the newspaper. According to the researchers,
today the function of providing information of
newspaper texts is falling to the second level. The
influence of journalistic text on readers has been raised
to the level of the primary goal. [9, 196] According to
statistics, interest in news worldwide has decreased
from 63% to 47%. [13] Moreover, the influence of
newspaper texts in Uzbekistan cannot be estimated
even at a moderate level. And the experience of using
dysphemic phraseology serves to increase the
effectiveness.
Dysphemic phraseological units are more likely to
arouse a high negative emotional state of the student
than dysphemic units. For example, dysphemisms such
as beggar, poor, which are used in the sense of no
money, have no money, in the meaning line of
expressions such as his pocket is dry, he has no money
in his pocket, and the text is rough in the form of a
word or compound. express more effectively than
words.
Naturally, the use of such dysphemic phraseology in
journalistic texts also serves to form a negative opinion
of the students towards the topic, organization or
individuals.
Also, some dysphemic phraseology can express special
vocabulary concepts such as slang, slang. But these
concepts are not mysterious, but they are used to
exaggerate certain content to the society. One such
phraseology can be cited as the phrase “black list”
found in journalistic texts on political topics. The
combination of the black list has a dysphemic character
and implies further exaggeration of the existing
content. The concept of blacklisting can mean
different things in different fields. For example, in
certain social groups, people who do not follow the
laws of this group, sometimes have a hostile attitude,
and a list of products that cannot be consumed
economically, are referred to by this phrase. In
journalistic texts, this dysphemic phrase is used in
relation to the states that are announcing a list of
competitors or sanctions, and governments that are
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engaged in illegal actions on a political or military topic.
For examp
le, “UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres
put Israel on the “black list”... He put the Israeli army
on the list of violators against children in conflict
situations”.
That is, it was reported in the article that this
government system is acting contrary to international
rules.
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