Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
40
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
40-52
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article
deals with the semantic description of the lexemes “white, black” and “aq, qara” representing color in the
English and Karakalpak languages. Doing comparative research, it has been shown that these color units have a wide
semantic meaning in both languages. The article gives a semantic classification of these lexemes used in two
languages, and their meanings are revealed with examples taken from English and Karakalpak literary texts.
KEYWORDS
White, black, aq, qara (black in Karakalpak), semantic component, morphological indicator, adjective, color
expression.
INTRODUCTION
The reason for the problematic situation in defining the
boundaries of semantics is primarily due to the fact
that the category of meaning itself needs precision. It
is easy to say that “semantics is the science of
meaning” or “semantics studies the phenom
enon of
meaning”, but “What does the concept of meaning
mean?” or “What’s the meaning?” no one can answer
their questions clearly. The answers given are
different, and in some cases they are far from each
other in content. As an example, let's compare some
definitions given to the meaning category: “Meaning is
what an object means for people who perform daily
life, aesthetic, scientific, production, socio-political and
other activities” (Kondakov 1971, 162). This definition
given by the logician refers to the description of the
category of meaning in relation to the category of
activity. Of course, in the direction of logical semantics,
there are other interpretations of this category,
including interpretations that describe the process of
reflection of reality in the human mind.
Research Article
SEMANTIC REPRESENTATION OF LEXEMES “WHITE, BLACK" AND “AQ,
QARA” IN ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES
Submission Date:
October 06, 2024,
Accepted Date:
October 11, 2024,
Published Date:
October 16, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume04Issue10-09
Khudaybergenova Zukhra Orazbaevna
Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
41
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
40-52
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
It is known that the system of adjectives is one of the
parts of speech that is less studied, but it is important
to study, and it is determined by the semantics and
pragmatics of adjectives, that is, the presence of
subjective
evaluative
meanings
and
their
corresponding connotations. According to Nikolaeva,
it is common for a person not only to study objective
properties in his perception, but also to reflect his ideas
and distinguish objective properties in the process of
understanding the world. It also clarifies their
immanent characteristics, goals and tasks arising from
the subject .
Literature review
If we look at the historical semantics of adjectives
denoting white and black in English, the adjective
white used as an Indo-European word kweit and to
shine; gleaming; white means shining, bright, white.
The word black in this language is derived from Proto-
Germanic blakaz “burned” (source also Old Norse
blakkr “dark”, Old High German blah “black”, Swedish
bläck “black”, Dutch blaken “burn”), from Proto Hind
-
European bhleg “to burn, to shine, to shine, to flash”,
in Old English blæc had the meaning “totally dark,
absorbing all light, absorbing the color of soot or coal”.
In Old English, the word sweart was used to express
“black” .
The history and semantics of the words aq and qara in
the Karakalpak language go back to the ancient Turkic
languages. According to well-known turkologist
linguist A. N. Kononov, due to information about the
meanings of colors in Turkic languages, the color white
is known in Turkic languages mainly in the following
meanings: 1) white; 2) pure, innocent, honest, correct,
beautiful, luxurious, magnificent; 3) gray (horse color);
4) whiteness, white (of the eye, egg); 5) dairy products.
He notes that the word
“aq” is used as a determining
component, like other words meaning color: 1) in
onomastics: Aq Bug'a, Aq Muxammad, Aq Tash, Aq
Arig.; 2) in ethnonyms: aq qoyunlu, aq nogay, aq
nayman, aq qalmaq and others; 3) in geographical
names (hydronyms and oronims): Aq Deniz
–
Mediterranean Sea; Aq Dar’ya (Zaravshan tributary);
Agizel (Belaya, Bashkortostan); Aq Kerman; Aq
Kurgan; Aq tau (Virgin land); 4) in social terminology:
aq - noble, highly respected person; qara antonym -
crowd, ordinary people, ordinary;5) in the names of
birds, animals, fish, plants, food, products, dishes.
This feature is also characteristic of the modern
Karakalpak language. For example: aq peyil person
(kind person), aq saqal (senior respected person in the
neighborhood or in any society), q
ara suwıq (very
cold), qara zil (very heavy).
The word aq means “flowing”, “speedy flowing” (here
aq is the verb “to flow”) and is part of the expressions
denoting the geographical term: aq qum “sands of the
desert”, aq su rivers fed with water from the me
lting
of mountain snows. V. V. Bartold states that usually
when a river divides, the part flowing in its original
channel is called Aqsu or Aqdarya, and the artificial
channel is called Qarasu or Qaradarya. Aqdala - 1) the
name of many steppes in Kazakhstan; 2) barhan sand
massif along the eastern coast.
The word aq is used in Turkic languages to mean the
western part of the world. The Mediterranean Sea was
called “Aq deniz
-
Western Sea” by the Turks, see
“Caspian Sea
- Aq Deniz" is one of the Turkic names of
the white - Western Sea.
In Turkish, the word “black” mainly expresses the
following meanings; 1) black, dark, gloomy, hard, sad,
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
42
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
40-52
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
unhappy; 2) cattle, crowd, people, army; 3) land, land;
4) a hill, a high hill.
As can be seen from the above, the semantic range of
the words qara and qarang’y is significantly different.
A large number of meanings in the word qara can be
the result of semantic change, returning to words with
different meanings that have taken the same form in
the historical development. According to the source
given by A.N. Kononov, the lexeme qara in Turkic
languages is expressed in the following meanings: 1.
“Big, huge, abundant”: qara mal (in English cow) in
Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Karakapok, Nogai languages, gara mal
in Turkmen, qora mol in Uzbek means big horny cattle;
in ordinary Turkish, qara qush - ergut ("big bird"); black
cow in Turkish
–
“bufalo” (“big cow”); 2. “Main, great,
strong.” In the indicated meanings, this word is widely
used. Moreover, it is used in personal onomastics
among the Turks: Qara-khan is the hero of the epic, the
father of Oguz Khan; Qara-khan is the founder of the
Qarakhanid dynasty. 3. “Strong” (about wind, frost,
etc.). 4. “Pure”. 5. “Land, continent.” 6. “The dark
(northern) side of the sky, the north.” 7. “Cattl
e,
crowd, army; ordinary people; slave, majority, mass”.
METHODOLOGY
When describing adjectives in Karakalpak and English,
it should be noted that they differ according to their
typological characteristics. In English, the class of
adjectives and relative adjectives is distinguished, and
in the Karakalpak language, the adjective has a relative
and evaluative character. In addition, in Karakalpak,
unlike in English, it agrees with the adjective noun.
It is possible to determine the common features that
unite English and Karakalpak adjectives, the existence
of systematic similarities and differences between
them. In both languages, the comparative degree is
formed in both analytical and synthetic forms. In
explanatory dictionaries English and Karakalpak
languages, the following definitions are given for the
words white and black:
In Karakalpak
In English
1. Eles, saǵım.
2. Sıyır, ógiz, jılqı, túye
3. Túr-tús
4. Aqqa qarama-
qarsı tús.
1. Destitute of light, or incapable of reflecting it; of the color of
soot or coal; as, black cloth
2. In a less literal sense, very dark or gloomy; as, the heavens
black with clouds.
3. (Fig.) Dismal, gloomy, or forbidding, like darkness; destitute of
moral light or goodness; mournful; calamitous; horrible; wicked.
4. That which is destitute of light or whiteness; the darkest color,
or rather a destitution of all color; as, a cloth has a good black
5. A negro; a person whose skin is black.
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
43
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
40-52
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
6. A black dress, or mourning;
7. To make black, to blacken, to soil
In the given table, we paid attention to the semantic
components of the comparative aspects of the main
meanings of the adjectives “qara, black” in the
Karakalpak and English languages given in the
explanatory dictionaries.
At the level of the elements of word semantics, the
meanings of this unit are incomplete. Because the
semantics of these adjectives are different from the
point of view of figurative meaning. These semantic
components are abundant in both languages, with the
possibility of being activated in the context according
to the content of the expression, and having a linguistic
and cultural basis. In the compared languages,
according to the morphological indicators of the aq,
white unit (noun, verb), the scope of meaning expands
depending on its participation in various word
combinations. We will discuss the analysis of such
features in detail later.
Thus, the meanings of the adjectives aq, white
according to the highlighted explanatory dictionaries,
are expressed as follows:
In Karakalpak
In English
1. Appaq, gúrishtey, jaqsı,
taza
1. Having the color of pure snow; snowy; not dark: reflecting
to the eye all the rays of the spectrum combined; not tinted
with any of the proper colors or their mixtures; as, white paper
2. Haq, hadal, jamanlıǵı joq,
kewlinde girbińi joq,
qılmıssız, ayıpsız.
2. Destitute of color, as in the cheeks, or of the tinge of blood
color; pale; as, white with fear. Or whispering with white lips
3. Aǵarǵan, asqatıq
3. Hence, having the color of purity: pure; clean free from spot
or blemish. White as thy fame, and as thy honor clear.
4. Daq, girbiń, kir
4. Gray, as the effect of age; having colorless hair.
5. Characterized by freedom from that which defiles, disturbs,
and the like; hence, innocent; fortunate; happy; favorable.
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
44
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
40-52
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
We witnessed that the white and black lexemes taken
from the explanatory dictionaries of the English and
Karakalpak languages express several meanings in the
context in addition to their main meanings. Based on
the analysis of examples collected from dictionaries
and literary texts of both languages, we managed to
determine the semantic scope of the words white and
black.
Semantics of the word
“
aq
”
in the Karakalpak language
Pure
: Meniń seni súyip
-
súyip alıw múmkinshiligim
bolma
ǵ
an
ı
ush
ı
n aq qa
ǵ
az
ǵ
a jaz
ı
l
ǵ
an sózlerdi
ń
járdemi
menen súyemen ... (T. Qay
ı
pbergenov, Tánhá ózi
ń
e
málim s
ı
r, 79 b.)
Lightness
: Tań meyil berip, kún shı
ǵ
ı
s bet a
ǵ
arsa
bol
ǵ
an
ı
, ekewi jáne móntiyisip bayd
ıń
esigi ald
ı
nda
tay
ı
n bol
ı
p, olar uyqlap at
ı
r
ǵ
anda-aq úydi
ń
dógeregin
mintazday etip sıpırıp taslaydı. (T. Qayıpbergenov,
Qaraqalpaq qızı, 43)
Happiness
:
—
Al
ǵ
an
ıń
menen qosa a
ǵ
ar!
—
dep zor
ǵ
a
aytt
ı
hám q
ı
z
ı
n
ıń
bas
ı
nan bir s
ı
ypap, iyit joq pa
degendey ján-jaqqa qaran
ı
p kelesi úyge bur
ı
ld
ı
. (T.
Qay
ı
pbergenov, Qaraqalpaq q
ızı, 15)
Honest, right
: Ol adamlar
ǵ
a ózin aqlap url
ı
q etpegenin
aytay
ı
n dese, bayd
ı
n hayal
ı
n
ıń
ǵ
arl
ı
ǵ
ı
n óz waqt
ı
nda
áshkaralama
ǵ
an
ı
kúyinishli.
(T.
Qaypbergenov,
Qaraqalpaq q
ı
z
ı
, 61)
Dairy product
: Shashın hóllewge qáyinenesi kerek dese
bir urtlam a
ǵ
ar
ǵ
an da aw
ı
st
ırmaydı. (T. Qaypbergenov,
Qaraqalpaq qızı, 96)
Positive wish
:
Ǵ
arr
ı
lard
ıń
biraz
ı
uyq
ı
dan ja
ń
a tur
ǵ
anday
bol
ı
p o
ǵ
an aq pátiyas
ı
n berdi. (U.Pirjanov, Aq tal
ast
ı
nda
ǵ
ı
aqsham, 8 b.)
Woman’s head clothe
: Áne awıl, onıń eń birinshi iret
kelin bolıp túsken awılı, betine eń birinshi iret aq
salın
ǵ
an aw
ı
l hám bax
ı
t bosa
ǵ
as
ı
nan kirgizgen, hám
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
45
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
40-52
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
bax
ı
t bosa
ǵ
as
ı
nan sh
ı
ǵ
ar
ǵ
an aw
ı
l. (T.Kay
ı
pbergenov,
Karakalpaq q
ı
z
ı
, 425)
Raw: Sorlınıń qawını aq boladı, Pisemen degenshe jep
boladı. (Naqıl
-maqal 15)
Semantics of the word
“qara”
in the Karakalpak language
Simple, ordinary
: … aqsúyekler, bekzatlar xan saylap,
el basqarıp, qara puxara tek islewi tiyis. (T.
Qayıpbergenov, Qaraqalpaq qızı, 269)
Great
: Qońıratlardıń Alif Qarabay Qara bahadır
basqar
ǵ
an jigitleri shay
ı
qt
ı
abaylamastan, alda
barat
ı
r
ǵ
an
jaw
atl
ı
lar
ı
n
quwa
jóneldi.
(T.
Qayıpbergenov, Maman biy ápsanası. 228)
Sadness
: Jılap
-
jılap ishi azıraq bosasın dedi. Kóz jas
jaman. Kóz jas tógilmese adamdı qara basadı. (M.
Nızanov «Dushpan», 145)
Unhappiness, unlucky
: Ózi
júyrik qoyan mınaw baxtı
qara
qız
dúnya
ǵ
a
sh
ı
qqal
ı
qatt
ı
ketti!
(T.
Qayıpbergenov, Qaraqalpaq kızı, 164 b.)
Bad news
: Jal
ǵ
ı
z balas
ı
nan qara qa
ǵ
az kelgennen keyin
olard
ıń
hesh nársege xosh
ı
bolmay qal
ǵ
an edi. (M.
N
ı
zanov «Dushpan», 86 b.)
Free space
:
—
Jawın tınsın, izinen qara jer kórmeyseń.
Kóklep ketedi. (T. Qayıpbergenov, Maman biy
ápsanası. 90)
Measure unit: On qara
ǵ
a turar
ǵ
a at abzal
ı
bar edi
(«Alpam
ı
s»).
Pampering
: Shıda qara
ǵ
ı
m, shayxana
ǵ
a jetip alsaq,
keshikken may mash
ı
nlar
ǵ
a ilesermiz,
—
dep
aldarqatt
ı
m balamd
ı
. (M. N
ı
zanov, Ash
ı
q bolma
ǵ
an kim
bar, 27 b.)
Shameless
:
—
Áy júzi qara zalımlar, —
dedi de Ábdi
Jumagúldiń
qasına
barıp
basın
súyedi.
(T.
Qayıpbergenov, Qaraqalpaq kızı, 147 b.)
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
46
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
40-52
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Thus, the study of lexemes “aq, qara” in Karakalpak
language and “white, black” in English is carried out in
comparative aspect. The purpose of this analysis is to
reveal the semantic possibilities of white and black
adjectives by conceptualizing collective knowledge
based on linguistic and cultural sources. For this, the
method of component analysis is used.
Based on the collected materials, the semantics of the
lexemes white and black in Karakalpak and English
languages are determined by independent meanings
(literal and figurative), a number of semantic
components containing different symbols. Meaning
(literal and figurative), input means introduced with
the help of additional explanation serve to reveal
semantic shifts. All semantic components demonstrate
the activation of adjectives in speech. As a basis for the
contextual analysis of adjectives, we focus on the
contextual meanings in both languages in determining
the semantic component and their elements. This is
related to the difference in meanings, which is
confirmed by the differences in the reflection of
semantics in dictionaries.
We have witnessed that the adjective “aq” used in the
Karakalpak language dictionary and literary texts,
alone and together with other components, expresses
the following semantics.:
№
Classification by meaning
Examples
1
Change of color
aq eniw, aq túsiw, aqlaw
2
Plants
aq bas, aq biyday, aq egin, aq porıq, aq tal, aqterek,
aqtiken
3
Animals
aq boz, aqbóken, aq jaǵal, aq maya
4
Fish
aq marqa, aqsazan, aqtorta, aqshabaq
5
Birds
aq
suńqar, aqtuyǵın
6
Appearance of person
aqbilek, aqkreuke, aqquba, aqquwaq, aqlı, aq mańlay, aq
siyne, aq tamaq, aqtańlaq, aqshash
7
Yurta (Karakalpak old national
house)
aq orda, aq otaw, aq otawlı, aq úy
8
Person’s character
aqdur, aqiy, aq kóz, aq peyil
9
Nomination of place
aq soqpaq, aq suwat, Aqtuba
10 Keep secret
aq túye
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
47
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
40-52
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
11 Express positive wish
aqjarılqaw, aq pátiya
12
Identifying honesty or
dishonesty, right or wrong
aq-
qara, aqlanıw, aqlaw
13 Time
aqlay, aqsaǵım, aqsham
14
Nomination of person due to
their occupation or status
aqlawshı, aq saqal, aqsúyek
15 Food
aq sút, aq uwız, aqsawlaq
16 Clothes
aqsawıt, aq sálle
17 Type of clothe (material)
aqtuw, aq súp
Compare the examples:
1) Onda
ǵ
arr
ı
bunnan táwir-aq jas, saqal-shash
ı
na aq
enip te jalsh
ı
ma
ǵ
an edi. (Sh. Seytov «
Shırashılar», 67 b)
2) Atqa shıqqan aqmayalı Ayjamal, Ol da sendey emes
Biybigúl (Ájiniyaz, qq túsindirme sózlik).
3) Joq, bulardıń bárin esińe sal
ǵ
anda seni
ń
ald
ıń
da
aqlan
ı
w ush
ı
n ayt
ı
p at
ı
r
ǵ
an
ı
m joq, tek
ǵ
ana
ekewimizdi
ń
bir jola «ilaxiy komediyas
ı»
jóninde
pikirleskenimizdi
esletiw
niyetindemen.
(Kayıpbergenov T., Tánhá ózińe málim sır, 102 b.)
4) Yadıma úńilip qarasam, birinshi gezekte shashı
-
saqalları qap
-qara, qap-
qalıń, ashóleń, aq qubadan
kelgen bay
ǵ
us ákemdi kóremen. (Sh. Seytov
«Sh
ı
rash
ı
lar», 236 b)
In the given examples, we can see that the word
combinations related to the color aq (white) are used,
and they express different semantic meanings. The
phrase aq enip (becoming gray hair) used in the first
example represents color change or human age (old
age), while aq quba (white, person’s skin) in the fourth
example represents a person’s appearance. Also, in the
second example, the p
hrase aqmayalı means a white
camel, while the phrase aqlanıw means that a person is
honest or right in the context in which it is used.
In particular, in the Karakalpak language, the quality
“qara” has the following meanings, both alone and
with other components.:
№
Classification by meaning
Examples
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
48
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
40-52
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
1
Season and time of the
day
qara gúz, qara túnek, qaraquptan, qarańǵı, qarawıtıw
2
Sadness
qara qayǵı, qara kiyiw, qara tigiliw, qara tigiw, qara kún,
qaralı, qara zil
3
Color
qara, qara páreń, qara kókshil, qara topıraq
4
Animals
qarabayır, qara jal, qara jorǵa, qaraker, qara quyrıq,
qaraqulaq, qaramal
5
Unclrear black spot of
smth./smb.
qarasın kóriw, qarası shógiw, qarası batıw, qarası semiw
6
Weather
qara
suwıq, qara suwıq, qara shımıldıq, qara jamǵır, qara
ızǵar
7
Plants
qara chay, qarabiyday, qaraǵay, qaratal
8
Intensify (very)
qara ter bolıw, qara xızmet, qaralay óshiw, qara zil
9
Nomination of bird and
fish
qarabay, qarabawır, qara qus, qaratıran
10
Nomination of place or
house
qara úy, qara jer, qara jurt, qarashańaraq, qarabaqana,
qarabuwra
11 Cursing, swearing
qara basqır, qaraqanı bolıw, qarań: qarań qalǵır
12 Change of color
qaraytıw, qarayıw, qaralaw
13 Food
qarajarma,
qarataqan, qarashıq, qara kesek
14 Measure unit
qara kórim, on qara, qaraqurım
15 Nationality and occupation
qaraqalpaq, qaralawshı, qarataban, qarasha
16
Person’s character
qara bawır, qara júrek, qaramańlay
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
49
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
40-52
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
17 Unhappiness, unlucky
qara tigiliw,
qaraspandı qapıltıw, qarań qaldırıw, qara jer
18 Skin of sheep and goat
qarakól, qaraqılqa
19 Household means
qara quman, qaramay, qaramıltıq
20 Bad news
qara qaǵaz
21 Pampering
qaraǵım
22 Alone
qara bası
Examples:
Tawardıń bir turi, arnawlı, kádirli turi, burınları
qaraqalpaq xayal-
qızlardıń alıp qoyıp kiyetu
ǵ
ı
n belgili
kiyimlerini
ń
biri
esab
ı
nda
sanalatu
ǵ
ı
n,
arnap
ózgesherek etip tigilgen kóylegi bol
ǵ
an. (A. Begimov,
qaraqalpaq túsindirme sózlik).
Sogan «ane barayiq, mine barayiq» dep jurgende
Sarsenbaydin qara basi bizlerge qaramay bargan eken.
(T. Qayipbergenov, Mugallimge rahmet, 5)
Dúnyanıń baqırısın esitip qara tútinim shı
ǵ
ı
p kiya-
t
ı
rsam, xatker q
ı
z ald
ı
mnan sh
ı
ǵ
ı
p tur. (M. N
ı
zanov,
Ta
ń
lamal
ı
sh
ı
ǵ
armalar
ı
. VIII tom. 237 bet.)
The semantic meaning of the unit “qara” used in the
above examples qaraqalpaq, qara basi, qara tútinim is
expressed in different ways. Qaraqalpaq - nation, qara
basi - lonely and qara tútinim - anger were used.
The adjective “white” used in English dictionaries and
literary texts expresses the meaning of sheep.:
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
50
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
40-52
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
It was observed that the adjective “black” used in
English vocabulary and literary texts expresses the
semantics of sheep.:
In the process of reviewing the semantics of the
English lexeme “black”, in order to determine the
prototype structure of this lexeme, we paid attention
to the examples collected from the explanatory
dictionary of the English language and literary
literature.
According to the explanatory dictionary, white is
compared to the color of rice in Karakalpak language,
while in English, white is compared to the color of
freshly fallen snow, salt, or fresh milk. In the
Karakalpak language, the white color covers linguistic
and cultural features such as color change, human
character, goodwill, expression of wishes, honesty, no
evil, innocent. In addition, in the Karakalpak language,
white color means pale (from illness or strong
emotions), an albino with no pigmentation has fair
skin, white hair (about a person), type of disease
(white blood), pleasing; auspicious or good luck, a
bride dressed in white or belonging to a white religious
order and related to the human trail; the ratio of a
medical worker; related to beauty; good blessings.
Several core components are distinguished in the
semantic structure of this lexeme in the Karakalpak
language. They include white as a sign of color, food,
rice, and white as a sign of happiness and honesty. The
rest of the semantics of “aq” in the Karakalpak
language can be included in the peripheral content.
We focus on the analysis of the modern semantics of
the quality “black” based on examples collected fro
m
English dictionaries and literary literature. This allows
us to draw a conclusion about the composition of the
semantics of this quality and to determine the
prototypical meanings that represent the core of the
concept of “black” in the linguistic image
of the world.
Unlike other colors, the black symbol is distinguished
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
51
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
40-52
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
by its lack of brightness, the ability to absorb color
without reflecting its constituent rays.
It can also be shown that the lexemes “aq, qara” and
“white, black” have their own syntagma
tic potential in
the languages being compared. In particular, it was
found that in the semantics of “qara, black” both in
English and in Karakalpak language, there is a part of
meaning that relates to a person and defines race. For
example: a black man, qa
ra páreń. A similar ratio is also
characteristic of the lexemes “aq, white”: a white man,
aqquba. For example:
1) You’ve taught me to hate the wigwams and love the
white man's ways. (O’ Henry
- 100 Selected stories, 718
p.); Yadıma úńilip qarasam, birinshi gezekte shashı
-
saqalları qap
-qara, qap-
qalıń, ashóleń, aq qubadan
kelgen bay
ǵ
us ákemdi kóremen. (Sh. Seytov
«Sh
ı
rash
ı
lar» 236 b)
2) He was a tall black man with a modest afro that was
beginning to powder white. (S. E. King “The Shining, 72
p); Basına ora
ǵ
an aq «uz
ı
n shasha
ǵ
ı»
qara páre
ń
q
ı
z
ǵ
ı
sh
sh
ı
ray
ı
na sáwle túsirip, tórt eli jaz
ı
q ma
ń
lay
ı
n o
ǵ
ada
ke
ńeytip jibergen. (T.Kaypbergenov, Qaraqalpaq qızı
425)
CONCLUSION
In these languages, the attributes of “aq, qara” and
“white, black” are different from
each other in a
certain sense. In particular, in English, such meanings
as “black coat”, “a black guard”, “a black sheep”, and
“a black fate” are not characteristic of the Karakalpak.
Semantic features related to the lexeme “qara” in the
Karakalpak language, such as soil - qara jer, large-
horned cattle - qaramal, hard work - qara miynet, did
not occur as black in the English language.
The meaning of “white” in the phraseological units
such as “white as a fame, and as thy honor clear”,
“white days of his life”, “I am his white boy” does not
occur in Karakalpak language. The meaning of “white”
in the phraseological units of Karakalpak language
such as “aq kókirek” (a gentle person), “aq shashlı” (an
elderly person), “aq súyek” (a highly respected
person), “aq pátiya” (good wishes, blessings) do not
occur in English language.
REFERENCES
1.
Сафаров Ш., Семантика. –
Ташкент: Ўзбекистон
миллий энциклопедияси, 2013. –
Б. 28.
2.
Николаева Т. М., Качественные прилагательные
и отражение картины мира // Славянское и
балканское
языкознание:
проблемы
лексикологии.
-
Москва: Наука, 1983.
-
С. 235
-244.
3.
Кононов А. Н., Семантика цветообозначений в
тюркских языках // Тюркологический сборник. –
М: Наука, 1978. –
С. 159.
4.
Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. –
The
USA: A merriam-webster, 1989.
–
1564 p.
5.
Қ
ара
қ
алпа
қ
тилини
ӊ
т
ү
синдирме
с
ө
злиги
.
Жети
томлы
қ
.
Биринши
том
А
-
Б
(
басылдырыў
). -
Н
ө
кис: «
Қ
ара
қ
алпа
қ
стан»
баспасы
, 2023.
–
68-80
бет
.
6.
Қ
айыпбергенов
Т
.,
Қ
ара
қ
алпа
қ
д
ә
станы
.
Маман
бий
ә
псанасы
.
–
Н
ө
кис
:
Билим
баспасы
, 2018-
жыл
.
–
512
б
.
7.
Қ
айыпбергенов
Т
.,
Т
ә
н
ҳә
ө
зи
ң
е
м
ә
лим
сыр
:
Повестьлер
ҳә
м
публицистикалы
қ
ма
қ
алалар
-
Н
ө
кис
:
Қ
ара
қ
алпа
қ
стан, 1991. 79 б.
8.
Қ
айпбергенов
Т
.
Шы
ғ
армалары
5
томлы
қ
. 4-
том
,
Қ
ара
қ
алпа
қ
қ
ызы
романы
.
–
Н
ө
кис
:
Қ
ара
қ
алпа
қ
стан
, 1980.
–
500
б
.
9.
Нызанов М., Душпан. Н
ө
кис
:
Қ
ара
қ
алпа
қ
стан
,
2010. 166
б
.
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
52
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
40-52
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
10.
Сейтов
Ш,
Шырашылар,
–
Н
ө
кис
:
Қ
ара
қ
алпа
қ
стан
, 1986. 67
б
.
11.
Пиржанов У., А
қ
тал
астында
ғ
ы
а
қ
шам
, -
Н
ө
кис
:
Билим
, 2015, 8
б
.
12.
Нызанов М. Та
ң
ламалы
шы
ғ
армалары
. VIII
том
,
Роман
,
г
ү
рри
ң
лер
,
драббллер
.
–
Н
ө
кис
:
Билим
,
2018.
–
302
б
.
13.
Нызанов М., Ашы
қ
болма
ғ
ан
ким
бар
, 27
б
.
14.
Qayipbergenov T., Mugallimge rahmet, - Nokis:
Bilim, 3 b.
15.
O’Henry. 100 Selected Stories, –
Hertfordshire:
Wordsworth Editions Limited Cumberland House,
1995.
–
P. 735.
16.
S. E. King “The Shini
ng, e-book. 72 p.
17.
https://www.etymonline.com/word/black
