Научные исследования
и инновации в индустрии 4.0
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Республиканская научно
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техническая конференция
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БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ССЫЛКИ:
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025 годы»
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Ю.С. Большие Данные в современном мире.
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методический электронный журнал «Концепт»,
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М, 2018
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Гурвиц Джудит.
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С.А. Использование глобальных технологий «Big
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М, 2018
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Казаков
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образование в экономике знаний.
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THE MAIN INVESTMENTS IN THE ECONOMY OF THE
COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL ASIA
Talipova N.T.,
Associate Professor of the Department of International Economics Tashkent
branch of Branch of the Russian Economic University named after
G.V. Plekhanov, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Countries of Central Asia joined the aid recipient countries list of the
Organization of economic cooperation Development assistance committee
(OECD DAC) following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Newly independent
states were in need for external assistance for implementing structural
adjustments required and simply for reconstruction of their economies.
Central Asian countries have restrained aid policy with the total amount of
Official Development Assistance (ODA) increasing from 111.50 million USD
in 1991 reaching 1,490.92 million USD in 2020 (see Graph 1). Looking into
numbers one can observe gradual increase of developmental assistance
received by 5 countries of Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is the largest recipient in
the region with the total amount of 8,436.54 million USD of net official
development assistance received for a period of 1991-2020. As a result of
structural reforms going on in Uzbekistan under new development strategy,
the country has increased the amount of overseas development assistance
via bilateral donors and multilateral organizations during the last 3 years
Научные исследования
и инновации в индустрии 4.0
I-
Республиканская научно
-
техническая конференция
(Ташкент,
13-15
марта
2022
года)
127
reaching 638.26 USD million in 2020. In contrast, in Kazakhstan the amount
of aid received has reduced sharply and the country has moved from the list
of recipients of development assistance to non DAC countries of official
donors of aid. Net amount of ODA donated by Kazakhstan reached 35 million
USD in 2020, the vast majority of which has been distributed to neighboring
countries as Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyz Republic [1].
Graph 1. Total volume of assistance to the countries of Central Asia for
the period 1991 (in %) [2]
Growing interest and as a result aid allocation to the region could be
explained by various factors which obviously do not fit solely on altruistic
motives of aid donations as an intent to help other countries. It is no
coincidence World powers and groups of states are active in developing a
strategy of action toward the Central Asian states, as evidenced by the United
States “Great Central Asia” concept, the European Union concept of dealing
with Central Asia, Russian initiatives for creating a single economic space,
the “Dialogue: Central Asia-Japan”, and so on [3].
Central Asia countries are located in geopolitically important areas,
since the region finds itself at a strategic position as a link between East and
West, space of competition and reinforcement of the great powers. As stated
by A. Khawaja “Central Asia owes its importance to the vast economic
potential and geostrategic location it has been endowed with, considering it is
progressively turning into a world economic center” [4]. Definitely, region is
definitely a crucial link between prevailing economies such as China,
Научные исследования
и инновации в индустрии 4.0
I-
Республиканская научно
-
техническая конференция
(Ташкент,
13-15
марта
2022
года)
128
European Union, India, Japan and Russia [5]. Central Asia is the juncture of
Eurasian transportation corridors and possesses a vast transport and
communications network.
Secondly, thanks to the immensity of its known energy reserves,
potential for discovering more, and midpoint position between Europe and
energy-hungry East Asia, Central Asia is on the threshold of exciting energy
opportunities. Reserves of hydrocarbons, especially gas, are vast.
Hydropower capacity and deposits of coal and uranium are additional
sources. According to statistics, total amount of oil in the region constitutes
31,246 billion barrels (2,37% share in world reserves), natural gas resources
of region is equal to 265 trillion cubic feet (4,28% share in world reserves),
coal reserves 38,704 million short tons (4,16% share in world reserves) and it
owns 928 thousand tons of uranium reserves (17% share in world reserves)
(graph 2).
Graph 2. Minerals in the countries of source Asia [6]
Third factor explaining the better engagement of Central Asian
countries in the development assistance process also snarled to the
geographical location of the region. All five countries are landlocked
(Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country in the world and Uzbekistan is
double landlocked, i.e., it borders only landlocked countries). As stated in
Vienna Program of action for Landlocked Developing Countries adopted in
2014, lack of territorial access to the sea, remoteness and isolation from
world markets, additional border crossings, cumbersome transit procedures,
inefficient logistics systems, weak institutions and poor infrastructure cause
Научные исследования
и инновации в индустрии 4.0
I-
Республиканская научно
-
техническая конференция
(Ташкент,
13-15
марта
2022
года)
129
the LLDCs to incur substantially higher transport and other trade transaction
costs when compared to coastal countries. These high costs present a
tremendous trade-reducing effect that has a direct negative impact on
economic growth and puts them at a disadvantage in fully harnessing their
potential to support their sustainable development efforts. Thus, international
community has recognized the need to address the special challenges of
landlocked developing countries in the outcomes of high-level meetings on
the Millennium Development Goals, as well as in the outcome document of
the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, held in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, in 2012, entitled “The future we want” [7].
To sum up, foreign aid to Central Asian countries cannot be explained
by truly altruistic motives of the donor states. Motives for aid provision to the
region are driven by strategic and geopolitical intentions of bilateral and
multilateral donors of the region. Strategic geographical location, which donor
countries, as well as the region’s endowment with natural resources,
especially oil and natural gas, minerals, and metals, are the factors behind
the continuously increasing flows of foreign aid to the region.
REFERENCES:
1. OECD (2019), Development Co-operation Report 2019: A Fairer,
Greener, Safer Tomorrow, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/
9a58c83f-en
2. OECD statistics database. Geobook; Geographical flows to
developing countries. https://stats.oecd.org/#.
3. Tazhin M. (2018). The Geopolitical Role of the Main Global Players in
Central Asia. American Foreign Policy Interests, 30: 63–69, 2018
4. Khawaja A.S. (2019). Pakistan and The New Great Game. Islamabad
Policy Research Institute.
5. Duarte, Paulo. (2020). Central Asia: The Bends of History and Geography.
Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad, 9(1), 21-35.
Retrieved February 26, 2019, from http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=
sci_arttext&pid=S1909-30632014000100002&lng=en&tlng=en.
6. Asian Development Bank (2019). Central Asia Atlas of Natural
Resources. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11540/155.
7. United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least
Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island
Developing States (UN-OHRLLS). (2014) Vienna Programme of Action for
Landlocked Developing Countries for the Decade 2014–2024. Retrieved
From
http://unohrlls.org/custom-content/uploads/2020/07/Vienna-booklet-
ENGLISH-1.pdf.
