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A STUDY OF URBAN AND RURAL LIFE OF AFGHANS: IN THE LIGHT
OF AHMADI’S NOVEL “ṬĀL”
Rozaddin Ahmadzai
Teaching Assistant
Nasrullah Jawhar
Teaching Assistant
Mohammad Qasim Tasal
Senior Teaching Assistant
Abstract:
This article, titled " A Study of Urban and Rural Life of Afghans: In
the Light of Ahmadi’s Novel "Ṭāl", aims to explore the characteristics, differences,
and the necessity for transformation in both urban and rural lifestyles. Most of the
content and examples are drawn from the novel Tāl and other relevant works,
utilizing descriptive, comparative, and analytical methods. The core research
questions are as follows:
1. What economic and cultural differences exist between urban and rural life,
and how do these differences affect Afghan society?
2. How can the novel Tāl be used to promote social justice, empathy, and
support for marginalized groups?
The findings of this study show that there are profound economic, cultural, and
social disparities between urban and rural life, which lead to inequality and
marginalization. Furthermore, the novel Tāl presents a vivid depiction of inequality,
compassion, and the quest for justice within Afghan society, highlighting the need for
social transformation.
These findings expose the inequities between rural and urban communities and
demonstrate how literature can reflect social issues, foster empathy, and pave the way
for change. The research also holds value for policy-making and developmental
programming.
In conclusion, we recommend that future studies further explore the differences
between urban and rural life, the social impact of literature, equality, and local issues,
in order to open clearer paths for the progress of Afghan society.
Keywords:
Tāl novel, rural and urban life, opportunities and deprivation.
Introduction
Afghanistan is home to various ethnic groups, with Pashtuns being the largest,
followed by Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks, while other groups such as Aimaq, Baloch,
Turkmen, and others make up the rest (Michael, 2017, p.2). Some members of these
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ethnic groups live in rural areas while others reside in cities, and each group—urban
or rural—shares its own unique culture and values.
This division between rural and urban lifestyles creates various economic,
cultural, and social differences within the lives of Afghans and directly affects both
groups. The living conditions of rural and urban families are not the same, as each
region comes with its own specific advantages. Urban areas offer abundant income,
development, facilities, and other conveniences, while such amenities are often
lacking in rural regions. If rural families lack sufficient income, they cannot access
proper nutrition, education, or healthcare services. This, in turn, hinders the overall
economic progress of the country. When rural people observe the advantages and
facilities enjoyed by urban families, they may decide to migrate to cities, a process
which can lead to overpopulation, unemployment, and various challenges in urban
areas (Haidari, 2023, p.1).
Nasir Ahmad Ahmadi’s novel Tāl is an artistic reflection of these social
inequalities. Through the story of a poor rural girl and a wealthy urban family, the
novel presents a vivid portrayal of Afghanistan’s social realities. In doing so, the
novel not only highlights the differences between urban and rural life, but also sheds
light on unequal opportunities, deprivation, and the urgent need for justice. This
article analyzes the differences between rural and urban life in Afghanistan in light of
the Tāl novel, explores the causes of inequality, and evaluates the role of literature in
advocating for social justice.
A Brief Review of the Novel Tāl
The novel is a literary and narrative genre that plays an important role in the
reform and development of society. It serves as a means of raising public awareness,
working to correct social problems without physical conflict or violence. When
corruption, misery, and injustice reach their peak in a society, writers draw attention
to these issues through their works. They attempt to highlight the roots of social
problems and offer solutions through their writing (Durrani, 2016, p. 94).
The novel Tāl embodies these characteristics. It is written in Pashto and portrays
the urban and rural lives within Afghan society. The author of the novel is Nasir
Ahmad Ahmadi, and it was published by Momand Publishing House in 2020.
Summary of the Novel Tāl:
Tāl tells the story of a rural orphan girl named Arzo and a wealthy urban family.
Due to financial difficulties, Arzo travels to the city with her aunt Bakht Bibi and
becomes a servant to an elderly woman named Ruqayya. Arzo is unfamiliar with
urban life and constantly fears making mistakes and losing her job.
Madam Ruqayya has a son named Nasir, while the rest of her family lives
abroad. Arzo serves Madam Ruqayya with great dedication, and over time, they form
a strong bond. Eventually, as she nears the end of her life, Madam Ruqayya writes a
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will in which she grants Arzo a shop in Kabul, instructing that its income be used to
support her own family after her death.
The novel reflects social realities, depicting rural and urban life, deprivation,
social values, empathy, and inequality of opportunities. Additionally, some secondary
characters also play an important role in completing the narrative.
A General Comparison Between Rural and Urban Life
Urban and Rural Environments in the Novel Tāl
Literature is a profound reflection of social conditions and changes. Writers
portray these changes—experienced by society—through stories, narratives, and
poetry, often in connection with cities, economic conditions, and political processes.
Thus, literature not only presents a picture of past and present realities but also offers
a deep expression of the human experiences behind these changes (Rashidi, 2021, p.
36).
Urban environments and centers are generally tied to broad economic and
political processes. These processes lead to the development and rapid transformation
of cities.
In today’s conditions, many people strive to move to cities or transform their
rural areas into urban ones (Boyle, 2015, p. 237). Based on this, the central character
in the novel Tāl, named Arzo, comes to the city in pursuit of survival and progress.
She ends up working as a servant in a wealthy urban household.
When Arzo first arrives in the city with her aunt—particularly when she enters
her employer’s house—she encounters several differences: the entire city is paved,
buildings and houses are tall and high, unlike the open green spaces in villages.
Instead of streams, there are modern water systems, luxurious bathrooms, and the use
of showers. Additionally, Arzo encounters parks, restaurants, and sports equipment
for the first time.
At that point, Arzo ’s aunt tries to familiarize this rural girl with the environment
and new things in the urban household. First, they enter the exercise room, and she
tells Arzo : “That’s a treadmill, plug it in, stand on it, it forces you to run. Those are
weights, and over there, that hanging bag is for boxing.” Then, Arzo ’s aunt opens
another door—there are tall shelves filled with books against the walls—and she tells
Arzo, “This is called a library” (Ahmadi, 2020, p. 9).
The advantages of rural areas include clean air, a calm atmosphere, and beautiful
natural surroundings, while urban life is often filled with noise, pollution, and an
artificial environment. For this reason, rural settings are considered better for the
soul, div, and mind.
The main character of the novel Tāl unconsciously points to this truth, saying:
“I learned this from my grandmother—she would feel suffocated in the room
and always went out to the fields. She would feel refreshed by nature and would even
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bring back handfuls of greens for the house. On days she didn’t go outside, that
meant she was angry” (Ahmadi, 2020, p. 60).
The actual story behind this is that the mother of Arzo ’s employer could no
longer walk and would always stay in one room. One day, Arzo says to the old
woman, “Let me take you out into the sun.” When the old woman is brought out into
the yard and spends the entire day among the grass and flowers, she feels healthier.
That’s when Arzo shares the story of her grandmother in comparison.
The Difference in Behaviors, Habits, and Values
The non-material aspects of culture represent the intellectual, ideological, and
moral characteristics of a society’s people. These include their habits, beliefs,
practices, language, religion, and other values (Abid, 2012, p. 7). These elements play
an important role in organizing social life and reflect the unique cultural identity of a
community.
This concept is clearly illustrated through the dialogue between Bakht Bibi and
Arzo. Bakht Bibi explains to Arzo that the behaviors and habits of urban people differ
from those of rural traditions. In her view, urban people place greater value on
cleanliness and personal hygiene and tend to avoid unnecessary conversation. In
contrast, rural people do not emphasize cleanliness to the same degree and do not put
much importance on limiting conversations. These differences stem from cultural
values, social customs, and environmental conditions, all of which highlight the
contrasts between urban and rural life (Ahmadi, 2020, p. 13).
There is also a clear difference between the food and cooking styles of rural and
urban people. Urban dwellers prepare their meals in a refined manner, while rural
meals are simpler and more traditional.
For example, when Arzo sees soup for the first time in her employer’s house,
she asks the cook, “Is this piyawa?” (a traditional rural broth). The cook replies,
“No.” Arzo then says, “But this looks like dirty water—it doesn’t even have meat!”
The cook responds, “This is soup” (Ahmadi, 2020, p. 22).
Cultural and Social Aspects
Urban and Rural Clothing and Customs
As is evident, literature offers a vivid portrayal of a society’s cultural values,
traditions, and customs. These values, which are part of people’s lives, history,
beliefs, and social structure, are often reflected in folklore and oral traditions (Zaghm,
2015, p. 38; Azmon, 2016, p. 1). Through their works, writers revive these cultural
foundations and compare them with social changes and contemporary conditions,
helping readers recognize the connection between their traditional values and present-
day realities.
This cultural and folkloric reflection is beautifully illustrated in Ahmadi’s novel
Tāl. The main character, Arzo, is a poor rural girl who arrives in the city with her
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aunt. When she searches for appropriate clothing in her employer’s house, she finds
that all the clothes are trousers and sleeveless shirts—only one traditional Afghan
dress is found, which symbolizes her rural identity (Ahmadi, 2020, p. 11).
From this example, it's clear that urban clothing differs significantly from rural
attire. In villages, people wear large headscarves, loose-fitting shirts, and what they
consider modest and heavy garments. In contrast, in urban settings, clothes are tight-
fitting, fashionable, and varied. Headscarves are rarely worn indoors, and if worn,
they are small and decorative. Instead of loose traditional garments, people wear
trousers, jeans, or short, sleeveless dresses.
To support this further, another excerpt from the novel can be referenced:
“Bakht Bibi extended her hand and removed the scarf from the girl’s (Arzo ’s)
head... saying, ‘These people don’t like little girls wearing scarves.’ Arzo quickly
pulled the scarf back and put it on again” (Ahmadi, 2020, p. 12).
Treatment of Women and Men
Literature provides a beautiful reflection of both rural and urban life. It evokes
readers’ emotions and raises awareness about social injustices, oppression, inequality,
and the demand for justice through stories and poetry. Moreover, it uplifts their
thinking and inspires them to seek change (Hashimi, 2002, p. 4).
In villages and rural communities, although men often view women with respect
and associate them with honor and pride, they still tend to treat women as inferior. In
many cases, offering help to women is seen as shameful. In their view, a woman
should emdiv silence and obedience. However, this is not the case in urban
societies. In cities, women are given more freedom, their opinions are considered,
and they are supported and assisted as much as possible.
To illustrate this point, we can refer to a quote from Arzo in the novel Tāl:
When her employer, Nasir, apologizes to her, Arzo responds with surprise:
“Do men ever apologize to women? May God forgive my father—he never said
sorry. One day, he spilled his full cup of tea, but he hit my mother with the snuffbox
instead, saying the cup wasn’t placed properly. My mother apologized to him—but
he didn’t accept it” (Ahmadi, 2020, p. 28).
The Difference in Perception and Expression of Love
Another difference between the two social classes lies in the misunderstanding
and misinterpretation of the concept of love. For example, at one point in the novel,
Arzo is asked, “What do you love?” The girl becomes nervous and replies, “I don’t
love anything. Maybe I love it in the Quran. My mother told me not to fall in love—
Taj Aka’s daughter fell in love, and her father and brothers threw her from the top of
the fort” (Ahmadi, 2020, p. 5).
This excerpt shows that rural communities often view love from one
perspective, while urban communities see it differently. In rural areas, people tend to
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keep their feelings of love hidden, considering it something shameful or even
dangerous. On the other hand, urban dwellers are generally more open about
expressing love, and in many cases, do so publicly without fear of consequence.
Signs of Sympathy in Urban and Rural Communities
It is clear that urban communities are busier and more occupied than rural areas.
In urban societies, people are engaged with various advanced tools and facilities, and
they often don't pay much attention to the people and things around them. This leads
to a decrease in sympathy and neighborliness among urban residents (Nikma, 2018,
p. 342).
In contrast, in rural areas, sympathy and neighborly relations are much stronger,
as people live close to each other, are aware of each other’s conditions, and help one
another in times of difficulty. In cities, however, relationships are more superficial.
People are busy and everyone is preoccupied with their own life.
For example, once a house owner threw a pot of rice into the trash bin. Arzo
asked him, “Is everyone in the city well-fed and prosperous?” Nasir replied, “No.”
Then Arzo said, “So why don’t you give it to someone poor?” (Ahmadi, 2020, p. 36).
In another part of the novel, the courtyard door was knocked. Arzo went to see
who it was. Moments later, an old woman heard children laughing and opened her
eyes. Suddenly, she screamed, “Get out!” The laughter went silent. The cook and the
maid rushed into the courtyard. Their eyes widened. Near the door, on the grass, sat
two dirty children and a young woman with her face partially covered by a veil. In
front of her were plastic containers filled with leftover rice.
The maid quickly grabbed one of the children by the armpit and said harshly,
“Hey, get out!” The child immediately began to cry. Rice spilled from his mouth, and
he didn’t move outside. He kicked his legs in the air, but the maid dragged him out
through the main gate.
The young woman gathered the edges of her veil and reached for one of the
containers, but the maid got there first and kicked it with the tip of her shoe. The
woman picked up the second child and left. Arzo stood there, shocked.
The mother of the house owner says to Arzo, “Why did you let those poor
children into the house?” Arzo replies, “One of those children had eyes just like my
younger brother. When there was no food at home, my little brother would look at me
with the same lifeless eyes. We were going to throw that rice away anyway.”
Eventually, Arzo moves the old woman’s heart. She brings the poor woman and
the children back into the house and gives them the leftover rice. The poor family
eats it in the courtyard with great joy and laughter.
At that moment, the house owner's mother watches them and deeply regrets her
earlier behavior. She says, “How hard-hearted we’ve become. This young girl Arzo is
wiser than us.”
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This scene becomes a turning point for the mother’s attitude toward the poor.
Sympathy and compassion grow in her heart, and she instructs her servants, “From
now on, do not turn away any beggar or poor person without help. Also, keep extra
food and distribute it among the needy.” (Ahmadi, 2020, pp. 60–67).
Rural Life and Urban Etiquette
Rural etiquette tends to be emotional, traditional, and closely tied to social
bonding, whereas urban etiquette is more formal, respectful of personal privacy, and
professional.
At one point in the novel, Arzo sits next to Maryam. Maryam immediately shuts
her laptop and becomes upset. At that moment, Maryam’s mother gestures to Arzo
and quietly tells her, “Dear, it’s not appropriate to look at someone else’s computer
without their permission” (Ahmadi, 2020, p. 81).
Here, based on her rural background, Arzo looks at Maryam’s computer and
personal space w ithout asking. However, Maryam’s mother gently helps her
understand that one should not intrude into someone’s personal privacy without
permission.
Family Life of Urban and Rural People
The main character of the novel Tāl is named Arzo—a rural, simple, and sincere
girl. Her village was plain, muddy, and built from clay, with few signs of modern
civilization. Therefore, she was not very familiar with urban life and its customs.
Her family life was very simple, and their household items were completely
different from those found in city homes. In urban life, she saw couches for the first
time, encountered luxurious bathrooms, and observed courtyards tiled, clean, and
spotless.
Once, Arzo asked her employer Nasir, “Don’t you have sand to wash the dishes
with? I want to clean them.” Nasir replied, “Sand ruins the color of the dishes.” Arzo
responded, “Our dishes don’t have any color—ours are plain nickel bowls.” (Ahmadi,
2020, p. 35)
In another part of the novel, a housemaid was cleaning the wall tiles with water.
Arzo asked, “Won’t the wall get damaged if you pour water on the tiles?” (Ahmadi,
2020, p. 47)
In yet another scene, a doctor asked Arzo, “Have you ever eaten bread with a
spoon and fork?” Arzo replied, “I’ve eaten yogurt with a spoon, but fork?” (Ahmadi,
2020, p. 4)
These excerpts highlight the differences in eating habits between the two social
classes. Most city dwellers eat with spoons and forks, whereas in Afghan rural areas,
using utensils is not customary. People there believe eating with the hands carries
spiritual reward.
Educational and Intellectual Differences
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Understanding of Concepts
When Arzo comes from her village to the city to work for a wealthy family, the
doctor who is hiring her asks, “How old are you?” Arzo replies, “I don’t know.” At
that moment, her aunt Bakht Bibi immediately responds, “She was born in the second
or third year of Karzai’s presidency.” (Ahmadi, 2020, p. 1)
This excerpt illustrates a key difference in how dates are referenced in rural and
urban communities. In cities, people usually state their age precisely using solar,
Gregorian, or lunar calendars. However, in this case, Arzo’s age is referenced based
on the presidency of Afghanistan’s former president—showing a less formal, more
contextual way of keeping track of time in rural areas.
Another major difference between rural and urban life is in literacy. In urban
communities, access to education is more widespread, whereas in rural areas,
educational opportunities are often limited.
For example, at one point in the novel, someone asks Arzo if she can read and
write. She replies, “I studied up to fifth grade.” (Ahmadi, 2020, p. 2)
Economic and Working Life
Difference in Child Labor
When the doctor asks Arzo, “Why are your hands so calloused and damaged?”
Arzo replies, “I was shaping cow dung fuel. A broken piece of glass cut my hand.”
(Ahmadi, 2020, p. 2)
This example shows another difference between urban and rural life—
specifically, the practice of shaping and preparing cow dung for fuel. In rural areas,
many women collect cow dung, mix it with water, shape it, and then stick it on the
walls to dry. However, in urban settings, people live more modern lives—most do not
own cows, and even if they do, they are generally not involved in such tasks.
Household Chores
In another part of the novel, someone asks Arzo, “Have you ever bathed
someone?” Arzo responds by describing the division of labor in her household and
village:
“Yes, I always bathe my younger brother. My mother has assigned us different
chores: I’m responsible for milking the cow, cleaning the barn, shaping cow dung
fuel, and feeding my brother. My older sister cooks, sweeps, and washes the dishes.
The remaining housework is done by my mother.” (Ahmadi, 2020, p. 3)
This excerpt presents a vivid picture of the organized division of domestic labor
in rural households, where even children are responsible for tasks like milking cows,
cleaning barns, and shaping dung fuel—duties that are rarely seen in urban
households.
Organization of Household Cooking: Structured vs. Unstructured
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Rural meals are often natural, spontaneous, traditional, and homemade, whereas
urban meals tend to be scheduled, professional, fast, and relatively artificial.
At one point, Arzo asks the cook in her employer’s home, “Do you cook
whatever you want?”
The cook points to the wall, indicating that meals are prepared according to a
weekly schedule, which looked like this:
Saturday: Spinach, fries, meatballs
Sunday: Meat, Kabuli rice, soup...
Arzo responds, “But in our home, we never know what we’ll cook. We just look
around the kitchen, and whatever is left over, we throw it in the pot. Often, we eat the
same food for lunch and dinner—and if anything’s left, we eat it for breakfast too.”
(Ahmadi, 2020, p. 49)
Level of Wastefulness
Most villagers are poor and avoid waste in their daily life and meals, whereas
urban residents, many of whom are well-fed, tend to waste more. One example of this
is shown in the following scene:
Arzo watched as the head of the household threw a full pot of stew into the
trash. Arzo commented, “Nothing is ever left in our pot. Once, a neighbor brought us
some leftover rice from a charity meal—it tasted amazing. We ate it for all three
meals. I wish our house was nearby... I would’ve taken this leftover stew to my
orphaned little brothers.” (Ahmadi, 2020, p. 35)
Aspects of Social Stability and Development
Differences in Confidence
When the doctor asks Arzo questions, she often responds with, "I don't know"
(Ahmadi, 2020, p. 2).
This illustrates that in rural life, self-confidence and boldness are not as
common. Because of this, people often cannot answer with certainty and tend to rely
on elders or others. In contrast, urban individuals are typically more confident and
self-assured.
Demands and Expectations
If we analyze the world, we find that it operates under various natural and social
laws and principles. One important principle among them is the law of supply and
demand (Osmani, 2015, p. 30).
In rural life, resources and access to modernity are limited, so people’s demands
and expectations are generally simple and basic. On the other hand, wealthy urban
families represent the high economic potential, education, and material power of city
life.
For example, at one point Arzo sees a parrot in her employer’s house and feeds
it dry bread. Suddenly, the cook shouts, "Don’t do that!" She rushes over and tells
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Arzo that the parrot was imported and is worth 1,800 dollars, and that it eats special
food that costs 1,200 Afghanis. Arzo then remarks, “For 1,200 Afghanis, we can buy
a whole sack of flour. We once borrowed 1,250 Afghanis from my aunt just to buy a
sack of flour.”
This example shows that rural people often worry about securing their daily
meals, and that is their primary concern. In contrast, urban life is filled with
numerous and higher demands.
Preventive Measures
Rural people generally stay healthy due to nature’s blessings, but they pay little
attention to preventive health measures. In contrast, urban dwellers place greater
emphasis on such precautions, although they often suffer from health issues caused
by a polluted environment and limited physical activity.
One time, Arzo wiped the mouth of her employer’s guest’s child — who had
drool on his face — with the edge of her scarf. The child’s mother immediately
shouted in an angry tone, "Don’t do that!" She quickly grabbed a bottle of water and
washed the child’s mouth. Then she looked at Arzo and sternly said, “Don’t touch
anything.”
Feeling hurt, Arzo went to her room and later told the cook what had happened.
The cook explained, “City people are very cautious with children because they fear
they might get sick. They probably thought your scarf was dirty.” Arzo replied, “My
scarf is clean; I even pray with it.” The cook responded, “Some people expect divine
levels of cleanliness. These children are delicate — if there’s even a little
carelessness, germs can enter their bodies.”
Arzo then said, “My brother plays in the dirt all day, and he never gets sick.”
The cook answered, “Poor people have one blessing — germs. Their bodies are used
to them and have built resistance. They don’t get sick as easily.”
Conclusion
The novel "Tāl" highlights the profound differences between urban and rural life
in Afghanistan. The research findings indicate that these differences are not limited to
economic, cultural, and social aspects but also point to issues of social justice,
inequality of opportunities, and the need for social change.
In the novel, rural life is depicted as a representation of limitations, economic
poverty, and social restrictions, whereas urban life is relatively characterized by
opportunities, educational prospects, and economic stability. However, urban society
also faces challenges such as inequality, exploitation, and social conflicts.
This study concludes that literature, especially novels, is an effective medium
for reflecting social realities. The novel "Tāl" not only portrays the social disparities
within Afghan society but also underscores the need for justice, compassion, and
social reforms. The research on this novel demonstrates that literature can be
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employed to bring about social change and convey significant messages to
policymakers.
In the end, this study suggests that further research is needed to better
understand the differences between rural and urban life and emphasizes the
importance of using literature as a tool to promote social change.
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