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The typological problem becomes more complicated when text types are
introduced. Reisig and Vermeer emphasize that the method of translation depends on
the specific type of text, as well as the purpose of translation. Reiss proposed four main
types, the first three of which are very traditional: informative texts, expressive texts,
operative (i.e. persuasive, instructive) texts and audio-visual (multi-media) texts. For
example, dubbing and subtitling are the main types of audio-visual translation.
However, we must be careful not to confuse the classifications of text types with the
classifications of translation types, as there are many terminological similarities. For
example, labels such as
“
Bible translation,
”
“
fiction translation,
”
or
“
poetry
translation
”
really refer to text types
—
the type of text being translated.
References
1.
Silt’e
-Amharic-English dictionary (with concise grammar by
Ernst
-
August
Gutt
…, 1997.
26. 1997
2.
TheRoutledge Handbook of Translation and Methodology.
3.
.Transdisciplininių
literatūros
ir vertimo
tyrimų
kryptys: vertimas kaip
esminė
komunikacijos funkcija.
4.
The Methodological Implications of Complexity Thinking in Translation Studies.
5.
Sagatova Muborak Payzidinovna. HOW TO IMPROVE WRITING SKILLS IN ENGLISH.
https://doi.org/10.24412/2181-1784-2022-20-154-157. VOLUME 2 | SPECIAL ISSUE 20
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/how-to-improve-writing-skills-in-english/viewer
DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETING AND ITS
CONSIDERATION IN TRANSLATION STUDIES
Saidova Gulyora,
Senior teacher
UzSWLU
Turdimuratova Shakhzada,
MA student
UzSWLU
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the three main processes of word formation in modern
English: derivation, compounding, and borrowing. Derivation is the process of creating a new word
from an existing word by adding a prefix or suffix. Compounding is the process of combining two or
Topical issues of language training
in the globalized world
343
more existing words to create a new word. Borrowing is the process of taking a word from another
language and adding it to the English lexicon.
Keywords:
Translation evolution, Word formation in translation, Derivation,
Compounding, Borrowing, Modern linguistics, written translation skills.
Modern linguistics is a diverse and interdisciplinary field that encompasses the
study of all aspects of language, from its sound system to its meaning. In recent years,
there has been a growing interest in the stylistic, lexicological, and syntactic issues that
shape how we use language in everyday communication.
Stylistic Issues
Style refers to the way in which a writer or speaker uses language to create a
particular effect. It can be influenced by a number of factors, including the genre of the
text, the intended audience, and the purpose of the communication.
Modern linguistics has identified a number of different stylistic devices that can
be used to create different effects. These devices include:
1. Metaphor: A comparison between two things that are not literally alike.
2. Simile: A comparison between two things that are not literally alike, but
which share some common characteristic.
3. Personification: Giving human qualities to non-human things.
4. Hyperbole: An exaggeration for effect.
5. Irony: Saying the opposite of what is meant. (Bauer, L, 2003).
Stylistic devices can be used to create a variety of effects, such as humor,
pathos, and persuasion. They can also be used to convey the author
’
s or speaker
’
s
attitude towards their subject matter.
Lexicological Issues: Lexicology is the study of the vocabulary of a language.
It is concerned with the meaning of words, their history, and their usage.
One of the most important issues in modern lexicology is the question of how
new words are created. New words can be created through a variety of processes,
including:
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in the globalized world
344
a) Derivation: Creating a new word from an existing word by adding a prefix
or suffix.
b) Compounding: Combining two or more existing words to create a new word.
c) Borrowing: Taking a word from another language.
English is a language that is constantly evolving, and new words are being
added to the lexicon all the time. There are three main ways in which new words can
be created: derivation, compounding, and borrowing.
Derivation: Derivation is the process of creating a new word from an existing
word by adding a prefix or suffix. For example, the word
“unhappy” is derived from
the word “happy” by adding the prefix “un
-
“. Other common prefixes include “re
-
”
(meaning “again”), “pre
-
” (meaning “before”), and “post
-
” (meaning “after”).
Suffixes are added to the end of words to change their meaning or part of
speech. For example, the suffix “
-
ness” can be added to adjectives to create nouns (e.g.,
“happiness”), and the suffix “
-
ly” can be added to adjectives to create adverbs (e.g.,
“happily”).
Compounding: Compounding is the process of combining two or more existing
words to create a new word. For example, the word “blackboard” is a compound of the
words “black” and “board”. Other common compounds include “doghouse”,
“bookstore”, and “smartphone”.
Compounds can be written as one word (e.g., “blackboard”), two words (e.g.,
“book store”), or hyphenated (e.g., “doghouse”). (Marchand, H, 1969).
Borrowing: Borrowing is the process of taking a word from another language
and adding it to the English lexicon. For example, the word “sushi” is a loanword from
Japanese. Other common loanwords include “pizza” (from Italian), “taco” (from
Spanish), and “kimono” (from Japanese).
Loanwords are often used to describe things that are not native to the English-
speaking world. However, they can also be used to describe new concepts or ideas.
Topical issues of language training
in the globalized world
345
Derivation, compounding, and borrowing are all important processes of word
formation in modern English. These processes allow us to create new words to describe
new concepts and ideas, and to adapt our language to the changing world around us.
New words are constantly being created to reflect changes in our world and the
way we live. Lexicologists play an important role in documenting these new words and
ensuring that they are properly understood.
Simultaneous translation plays a crucial role in facilitating communication and
fostering understanding among people from different linguistic backgrounds. It allows
for real-time exchange of ideas and information, breaking down language barriers and
promoting global cooperation. (Saidova.G.A, 2021)
Syntactic Issues: Syntax is the study of the way in which words are combined
to form sentences. It is concerned with the rules that govern the order of words, the use
of grammatical forms, and the relationships between different parts of a sentence.
(Matthews, P. H, 1991).
One of the most important issues in modern syntax is the question of how
sentences are processed by the human brain. Psychologists and linguists have
conducted a number of studies to investigate how we understand sentences, and they
have identified a number of different strategies that we use to process them.
Syntactic issues are also important in the field of natural language processing.
Natural language processing is the study of how computers can be used to understand
and generate human language. In order to build effective natural language processing
systems, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of the syntactic structure of
language.
Stylistic, lexicological, and syntactic issues are all important areas of study in
modern linguistics. These issues provide insights into how we use language to
communicate, how new words are created, and how sentences are processed by the
human brain. By understanding these issues, we can gain a better understanding of
ourselves and the world around us.
Topical issues of language training
in the globalized world
346
References
1.
Abduganiyeva.J.R. (2023) Historical and Technological Outlook of Simultaneous
Interpretation (article) “Таржимашунослар форуми –
2023”. Халқаро илмий
-
амалий
конференция. 14 декабрь. –
Б 314
-320.
2.
Abduganiyeva.J.R. (2018) Modern Model of The Translation Competence In the Context of
Translators Training (article) АГУ”Педагогика инноватика: раҳбар кадрларга хорижий
тилларни ўқитиш”: Респ. Илмий
-
амалий конф.–
С. 20
-25.
3.
Bauer, L. (2003). Introducing linguistic morphology. Washington, DC: Georgetown
University Press.
4.
Baker, Mona. (2018). Translation as a Method and Translation Studies as Discipline. In:
*Translation Studies,* vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-6. DOI: 10.1080/14781700.2017.1391939
5.
Marchand, H. (1969). The categories and types of present-day English word-formation.
Munich: C.H. Beck.
6.
Matthews, P. H. (1991). Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7.
Saidova.G.A., (2021) The importance of identifying types and methods of translation
(article) International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS)
8.
Vol. 5 Issue 1, January, Pages: 104-105
9.
Saidova.G.A., (2024) Why creative and modern methods are key to successful language
translation education (article) “Хорижий филология, адабиётшунослик ва
таржимашунослик масалалари”
-
Жиззах, 30
-
март, Б. 263
-266
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BILINGUALISM AND
INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE IN MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION
Jurayeva Nigora,
Makhmudova Maryam,
Students
UzSWLU
Scientific advisor: Umarov Bobir,
Senior teacher
UzSWLU
Abstract
This article explores the pivotal role of multilingual education in promoting bilingualism
and intercultural competence. In an increasingly globalized world, the capacity to communicate
across linguistic and cultural barriers is essential. Multilingual education not only advances
linguistic skills but also enhances intercultural understanding, preparing individuals for effective
participation in a diverse global environment. By examining theoretical underpinnings, educational
methodologies, and the benefits of bilingualism and intercultural competence, this discussion
underscores the transformative impact of multilingual educational approaches.
Key words
: bilingualism, multilingualism, Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)
Introduction
