Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
81
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
81-87
DOI
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
26 October 2024
ACCEPTED
28 December 2024
PUBLISHED
23 January 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue01 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Periodontal Disease -
Symptoms and Treatment
Farkhatov Sunnatillokhan Furkhatovich
Clinic Resident of the Department of Orthopedic Dentistry, Samarkand
State Medical University Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Akhmedov Alisher Astanovich
DSc, Head of the Department of Orthopedic Dentistry, Samarkand State
Medical University Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
Periodontal disease is a disease of
periodontal tissues of a dystrophic nature.
Periodontal tissues include tissues whose main task is
to hold the tooth in the jaw bone. These include: the
gum; the ligamentous apparatus that holds the tooth
—
the periodontium; the tooth cement
—
the outer
surface of the tooth covering its root; and the alveolar
part of the jaw bone.
Keywords:
Periodontal disease, dystrophic nature, jaw
bone.
Introduction:
Definition of the disease. Causes of the
disease
Periodontal disease is a disease of periodontal tissues
of a dystrophic nature.
Periodontal tissues include tissues whose main task is
to hold the tooth in the jaw bone. These include: the
gum; the ligamentous apparatus that holds the tooth
—
the periodontium; the tooth cement
—
the outer
surface of the tooth covering its root; and the alveolar
part of the jaw bone.
According to world statistics, about 60% of the
population suffers from periodontal disease.
The risk of developing the disease increases with age
and is associated with metabolic disorders in the div,
a decrease in bone strength of the whole div and
jaws, including (osteoporosis). The main cause of
periodontal disease is insufficient blood supply to the
gums (impaired trophic tissue, insufficient oxygen and
other substances).
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
82
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
Plaque is the cause of paradontosis
Development factors
This disease is often characteristic of people suffering
from:
• diabetes mellitus;
• malignant formations;
• liver pathologies;
• atherosclerosis;
• increased acidity of the stomach;
• endocrine diseases;
• chronic kidney diseases;
• lack of vitamins and
trace elements in the div;
• neuropsychiatric diseases (the amount of saliva
decreases and more plaque forms, and the hormone
cortisol is released, which slows down the healing
process of tissues).
The course of periodontal disease is significantly
affected by such an addiction as smoking: in addition to
reducing the immune forces of the div as a whole, the
gums suffer due to a violation of oxygen supply to the
tissues, as well as their irritation. Therefore, it has been
observed that smokers have a threefold worse course
of periodontal diseases compared to non-smokers. In
recent years, scientists have also identified an
important role of the hereditary factor in the
occurrence of periodontal disease.
Among the causes of periodontal disease of teeth
should be highlighted:
1. The presence of dental deposits (tartar, plaque) on
the teeth (this factor creates an accumulation of
bacteria on the teeth, which in the process of their vital
activity cause gum inflammation and support it.
2. Incorrect closure and position of teeth in the
dentition (malocclusion).
3. Increased chewing pressure.
The difference between periodontal disease and
periodontitis
Periodontitis increases the mobility of teeth, inflames
the mucous membrane and bone tissue surrounding
the tooth. There are no signs of periodontal disease.
If you find similar symptoms, consult your doctor. Do
not self-medicate - it is dangerous for your health!
Symptoms of periodontal disease
The first signs of periodontal disease
Tooth mobility is not observed in the early stages. At
the beginning of the disease, patients may experience
discomfort, itching in the gum area, and periodontal
disease is characterized by increased sensitivity of the
teeth. The amount of dental deposits is usually
insignificant.
The main symptoms of periodontal disease
The clinical picture of periodontal disease: exposure of
the necks of the teeth (part of the tooth near the gum)
and roots, recession (drooping) of the gums, the tooth
becomes "elongated", while inflammation, swelling
and bleeding are absent, the gum color is pale pink
(may be paler than the color of healthy gums), the gum
tightly covers the tooth (unlike inflammatory
periodontal
tissue
diseases
–
gingivitis
and
periodontitis).
Periodontal disease is often accompanied by the
appearance of wedge-shaped defects (in the near-
gingival area). A wedge
—
shaped defect is a lesion of
teeth of a non-carious nature, in the form of a "step"
near the gums, on the cheeks and lips. Most often, the
front teeth and canines suffer, less often the teeth in
the lateral sections. If inflammation in the gingival
tissue joins the process, the patient notices bleeding
gums when brushing teeth, eating hard food, and bad
breath may appear.
Patients with periodontal disease rarely go to the
dentist in the early stages, because there is no
pronounced pain. The course of the disease is chronic,
sluggish and prolonged. The rate of progression of
periodontal disease is directly related to the patient's
age, general health, dental care, lifestyle and
treatment, or ignoring the treatment of pathology.
Pathogenesis of periodontal disease
In periodontal disease, changes affect a part invisible to
human eyes
—
the bone tissue of the jaw. The changes
that occur in it lead to tooth mobility and, as a result,
their removal. At the bone level, changes affect the
process of bone tissue formation: new tissue, against
the background of destruction, does not have time to
recover with the help of special cells that build it. The
bone tissue of the jaw is gradually decreasing. This
process is only visible on an X-ray of the jaws.
Gum recession in periodontal disease
With periodontal disease, disorders appear in the blood
vessels feeding the bone: their lumen narrows due to
thickening and changes in the walls of the vessels.
Protein metabolism at the cellular level is disrupted on
the gum surface, and connective tissue fibers that
support teeth in the jaw are destroyed in the deeper
layers of the gum mucosa.
Against the background of these disorders, the
metabolism of nutrients in the gums suffers and their
deficiency occurs
—
dystrophy.
Stages of periodontal disease
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
83
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
At the moment, there is also an opinion about the
destruction of bone tissue by cells of one's own div
during periodontal disease. According to this theory,
under certain circumstances, an immune restructuring
begins in the div: cells that are usually responsible for
fighting bacteria, viruses and other foreign cells begin
to mistake their own cells for such. An immune
response is triggered, which directs its forces to
periodontal tissues (bone tissue, blood vessels and
nerves of the periodontium). Thus, this process can be
compared with the rejection of donor organs during
transplantation into another organism.
Classification and stages of periodontal disease
development
Periodontal disease occupies a separate place in the
classification of periodontal diseases. According to the
Russian classification, adopted at the end of the
twentieth century, it is classified as a dystrophic
disease.
According to its prevalence on the tissue, periodontal
disease can be of only one type: generalized (i.e. it
spreads to the upper and lower jaw and all teeth).
According to the nature of the course of periodontal
disease, there are:
1. Chronic course.
2. The stage of remission.
The acute course is not typical for this pathology.
It should be noted that the WHO classification in some
European and American countries includes 2 forms of
periodontal disease: inflammatory-dystrophic and
dystrophic.
Stages of periodontal disease
There are mild, moderate and severe degrees of
periodontal disease.
Mild severity is characterized by the absence of
complaints, changes in bone tissue are visible only on
an X-ray.
The average degree of periodontal disease is
characterized by exposure of the necks of the teeth and
roots (up to 3mm), on the X-ray image you can see a
decrease in the height of the bone partitions between
the teeth, reaching half the height of the roots of the
teeth. Patients may complain of unpleasant sensations
in the gums, itching, and a change in the position of the
teeth (tilt, fan-shaped displacement).
With severe periodontal disease, the exposure of the
necks of the teeth and roots reaches 5 mm, the bone
septa are already destroyed by 2/3 of the length of the
roots of the teeth, which leads to the appearance of
tooth mobility and a change in their position in the jaw
and closure with each other.
Complications of periodontal disease
As periodontal disease occurs and develops, the
mobility of teeth also progresses, which leads to their
loss. As a result, the chewing pressure is distributed
unevenly to the remaining teeth, and this further
exacerbates the course of the disease. After the loss of
teeth without proper treatment, the process of bone
atrophy does not end, but continues to destroy the jaw.
The loss of full-fledged chewing function leads to
difficulty chewing food, and this in turn disrupts the
digestive function, thus causing diseases of the
stomach and intestines, the div does not fully receive
nutrients and vitamins. In addition, the appearance and
pronunciation of sounds suffer if teeth are lost in the
smile area.
Do not forget that periodontal disease can be joined by
an inflammatory process, and infection from the gum
tissue through the blood and lymph vessels enters the
internal organs, causing cardiovascular diseases,
disrupting kidney function, and can provoke
rheumatism in the joints. Abscesses (ulcers) may occur
in the gum area due to the penetration of pus through
the pocket between the tooth and gum.
In the oral cavity, infection can cause inflammation in
the periosteum (periostitis), which further progresses
into an abscess (limited inflammation) and phlegmon
(unlimited inflammation), lymphadenitis of the
maxillofacial region (inflammation in the lymph nodes),
osteomyelitis. Such severe conditions are already life-
threatening, and treatment is carried out in a hospital.
Diagnosis of periodontal disease
Periodontal disease is usually diagnosed by a dentist or
periodontist. Clinical experience helps the doctor to
suspect the onset of the disease, since there may be no
complaints or visible changes in the oral cavity.
Finding out details about the state of health, the
presence of chronic diseases and bad habits, and the
type of professional activity is an integral part of
collecting information about the patient. After all, the
cause of periodontal disease often depends on these
factors.
During the examination and examination, the specialist
determines the level of oral hygiene of the patient, the
presence and nature of dental deposits, changes in
color, gum density, gum recession, wedge-shaped
defects, checks the integrity of the dentition and the
presence of chewing overload on the teeth, the
presence of improper tooth closure, problems with
bite.
Inflammation in the gums is determined using the
Schiller-Pisarev test and evaluated on a point scale
before and during treatment. The condition of the
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
84
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
vessels of periodontal tissues can be assessed by
determining the resistance of small blood vessels (the
author is Kulazhenko, the time of formation of
hematomas in the gum area is recorded when exposed
to vacuum). For these purposes, the method of
rheoparodontography, photoplethysmography, and
biomicroscopy is also used. In recent years, the
polarography method has been used to determine the
saturation of periodontal tissues with oxygen.
The degree of destruction of the jaw bone is examined
using X-ray examination (panoramic radiography,
computed tomography), by which it is possible to
distinguish the stages of periodontal disease. Bone
density is studied using echosteometry. Studying the
composition of saliva and the microflora of the oral
cavity provides great opportunities in the treatment of
periodontal disease.
Differential diagnosis of periodontal disease is
performed with periodontitis.
Treatment of periodontal disease
Periodontal disease treatment is selected individually,
depending on the clinical situation and the general
condition of the div. It should be aimed not only at
correcting pathology in the oral cavity, but also at
eliminating the causes that led to the occurrence of
periodontal disease.
Often, thanks to modern equipment and anesthesia,
treatment is painless.
Applied:
1. Drug therapy for periodontal disease: Trental
(improves blood microcirculation, dilutes blood, is
indicated for atherosclerosis), Insadol (also improves
microcirculation, accelerates the formation of new
bone tissue, increases immunity), Pumpkin (fights
atherosclerosis, relieves inflammation, promotes tissue
regeneration).
2. Drugs for normalization of metabolism: vitamins C, A,
E, PP, group B.
3. Physiotherapy for periodontal disease: water therapy
(hydrotherapy both for the whole div and topically in
the oral cavity) to increase microcirculation;
electrophoresis of drugs, the use of the D'Arsonval
apparatus, oxygen therapy, magnetic laser therapy,
phototherapy.
4. Folk remedies for the treatment of periodontal
disease: decoctions of ginseng, eleutherococcus, aralia
Manchuria, moralia root, roseola rosea (not indicated
for hypertension). They will not cure periodontal
disease, but they will help reduce inflammation of the
oral cavity.
5. Toothpastes and gels. Periodontal disease is a non
—
inflammatory disease, so paste, gel, or mouthwash
won't help directly. But such therapy won't hurt.:
careful oral hygiene prevents the formation of plaque
and tartar.
In the treatment of periodontal disease at home, you
can use gum massage.
The following manipulations should be performed
directly in the oral cavity by the dentist:
1. Professional oral hygiene
—
removal of hard and soft
dental deposits;
2. treatment of caries and its complications, elimination
of all foci of infection;
3. correction of premature dental contacts;
4. correction of the incorrect position of teeth and bite
(orthodontic treatment);
5. Replacement of dental defects and missing teeth
with crowns, dentures and other structures for proper
chewing and proper load distribution;
6. Surgical treatment (flap operations on gum tissues).
Additional treatment methods include:
• Selective grinding of teeth. With periodontal disease,
the teeth eventually shift and stop closing normally.
During the procedure, areas of the teeth are identified
that are in contact with each other and do not allow the
jaws to close normally. They are ground with dental
drills, after which the jaws begin to close with multiple
tooth contacts.
• Splinting of movable teeth. It is performed only in very
severe forms, when the teeth become mobile due to
pronounced root exposure. Several teeth are held
together with a filling material and a special wire, such
as fiberglass. The procedure helps to eliminate tooth
mobility.
Diet for periodontal disease
There should be enough vegetables, fruits, fish, dairy
products and fewer sweets in the diet. Proper nutrition
will provide the div with vitamins and minerals that
are important for immunity, gum and dental health. A
sugar-restricted diet will prevent the intensive growth
of bacteria in the oral cavity.
Forecast. Prevention
The prognosis of the disease depends on the stage at
which the patient seeks help. The earlier the stage of
periodontal disease, the higher the probability of
successful treatment. It is worth noting that the course
of periodontal disease is chronic and prolonged, the
development of the disease and the changes that have
already occurred can be stopped by choosing a
comprehensive treatment.
Unfortunately, advanced stages of periodontal disease
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
85
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
lead to loosening of teeth, their loss and destruction of
bone tissue. The resulting defect in the jaw is quite
difficult to repair, for example, the success of
implantation and further prosthetics in patients with
periodontal disease is significantly lower than in people
with healthy periodontitis.
Oral hygiene for periodontal disease
Careful and regular oral hygiene will help prevent
periodontal disease. You should use a toothbrush,
toothpaste, dental floss and a variety of toothbrushes
to clean teeth in hard-to-reach places.
Other measures to prevent periodontal disease, as
well as other gum diseases, include:
1. Finger gum massage (using an irrigator or self-
massage);
2. professional oral hygiene at the dentist every six
months, treatment of all foci of infection in the oral
cavity;
3. eliminating dental defects (missing teeth) in a timely
manner (to prevent changes in the bone tissue of the
jaws);
4. elimination of occupational hazards;
5. normalization of daily routine;
6. prevention of disorders of the general condition of
the div;
7. rational nutrition (hard food, the presence of
vegetables, fruits, fish, dairy products in the diet,
limiting the consumption of sugar and sweets);
8. giving up bad habits (smoking, alcoholism, drug
addiction);
9. Avoiding stressful situations.
REFERENCES
Asrorovna, X. N., Baxriddinovich, T. A., Bustanovna, I.
N., Valijon O’g’li, D. S., & Qizi, T. K. F. (2021). Clinical
Application Of Dental Photography By A Dentist. The
American
Journal
of
Medical
Sciences
and
Pharmaceutical Research, 3(09), 10-13.
Ugli, A. A. A., & Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). STUDY OF THE
CONDITION OF PARODONT IN PERIODONTITIS IN FETAL
WOMEN.
European
International
Journal
of
Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies,
4(05), 149-156.
Kizi, J. O. A., & Bustanovna, I. N. (2024).
FAMILIARIZATION WITH THE HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT
OF THE CONDITION OF THE ORAL MUCOSA IN
ORTHOPEDIC TREATMENT. European International
Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management
Studies, 4(05), 89-96.
Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). Determination of the
Effectiveness of Dental Measures for the Prevention of
Periodontal Dental Diseases in Workers of the
Production of Metal Structures. International Journal of
Scientific Trends, 3(5), 108-114.
Bustanovna, I. N. (2022). Assessment of clinical and
morphological changes in the oral organs and tissues in
post-menopause women. Thematics Journal of
Education, 7(3).
Bustanovna, I. N., & Berdiqulovich, N. A. (2022).
ПРОФИЛАКТИКА
И
ЛЕЧЕНИЯ
КAРИЕСA
У
ПОСТОЯННЫХ ЗУБОВ. JOURNAL OF BI
OMEDICINE AND
PRACTICE, 7(1).
Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). PATHOGENESIS OF
PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN ELDERLY WOMEN. Лучшие
интеллектуальные исследования, 21(3), 25
-29.
Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). TO STUDY THE HYGIENIC
ASSESSMENT OF THE CONDITION OF THE ORAL
MUCOSA DURING ORTHOPEDIC TREATMENT. Лучшие
интеллектуальные исследования, 21(1), 9
-15.
Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). CLINICAL AND LABORATORY
CHANGES IN PERIODONTITIS. Journal of new century
innovations, 51(2), 58-65.
Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). Morphological Changes in Oral
Organs and Tissues in Women after Menopause and
their Analysis. International Journal of Scientific Trends,
3(3), 87-93.
Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). Hygienic Assessment of The
Condition of The Oral Mucosa After Orthopedic
Treatment. International Journal of Scientific Trends,
3(3), 56-61.
Bustanovna, P. I. N. (2024). Further Research the
Features of the Use of Metal-Ceramic Structures in
Anomalies of Development and Position of Teeth.
International Journal of Scientific Trends, 3(3), 67-71.
Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). The Effectiveness of the Use
of the Drug" Proroot MTA" in the Therapeutic and
Surgical Treatment of Periodontitis. International
Journal of Scientific Trends, 3(3), 72-75.
Bustanovna, P. I. N. (2024). Research of the Structure of
Somatic Pathology in Patients with Aphthous
Stomatitis. International Journal of Scientific Trends,
3(3), 51-55.
Bustanovna, I. N., & Abdusattor o’g, A. A. A. (2024).
Analysis of Errors and Complications in the Use of
Endocal Structures Used in Dentistry. International
Journal of Scientific Trends, 3(3), 82-86.
Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). Complications Arising in the
Oral Cavity after Polychemotherapy in Patients with
Hemablastoses. International Journal of Scientific
Trends, 3(3), 62-66.
Bustanovna, I. N., & Sharipovna, N. N. (2023). Research
cases in women after menopause clinical and
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
86
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
morphological changes in oral organs and their analysis.
Journal of biomedicine and practice, 8(3).
Bustonovna, I. N., & Sharipovna, N. N. (2023). Еssential
Factors Of Etiopathogenesis In The Development Of
Parodontal Diseases In Post-Menopasis Women.
Eurasian Medical Research Periodical, 20, 64-69.
Fakhriddin, C. H. A. K. K. A. N. O. V., Shokhruh, S. A. M.
A. D. O. V., & Nilufar, I. S. L. A. M. O. V. A. (2022).
ENDOKANAL PIN-KONSTRUKSIYALARNI ISHLATISHDA
ASORATLAR VA XATOLAR TAHLILI. JOURNAL OF
BIOMEDICINE AND PRACTICE, 7(1).
Очилов, Х. У., & Исламова, Н. Б. (2024). Особенности
артикуляции и окклюзии зубных рядов у пациентов
с
генерализованной
формой
повышенного
стирания.
SAMARALI
TA’LIM
VA
BARQAROR
INNOVATSIYALAR JURNALI, 2(4), 422-430.
Ortikova, N., & Rizaev, J. (2021, May). The Prevalence
And Reasons Of Stomatophobia In Children. In E-
Conference Globe (pp. 339-341).
Ortikova, N. (2023). ANALYSISOF ANESTHESIA
METHODS FOR DENTAL FEAR AND ANXIETY.
Центральноазиатский
журнал
академических
исследований, 1(1), 8
-12.
Ortikova, N. K. (2023). DENTAL ANXIETY AS A SPECIAL
PLACE IN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE. SCHOLAR, 1(29),
104-112.
Исламова,
Н.
Б.
(2024).
ПАРОДОНТ
КАСАЛЛИКЛАРИДА
ОРГАНИЗМДАГИ
УМУМИЙ
ЎЗГАРИШЛАРНИ
ТАҲЛИЛИ
ВА
ДАВОЛАШ
САМАРАДОРЛИГИНИ
ТАКОМИЛЛАШТИРИШ.
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В
МИРЕ, 43(7), 18
-22.
Islamova, N. B., & Chakkonov, F. K. (2021). Changes in
the tissues and organs of the mouth in endocrine
diseases. Current Issues in Dentistry, 320-326.
Исламова, Н. Б., & Исломов, Л. Б. (2021).
Особенности развития и течения заболеваний
полости рта при эндокринной патологии. ББК, 56,
76.
Исламова, Н. Б., & Назарова, Н. Ш. (2023).
СУРУНКАЛИ ТАРҚАЛГАН ПАРОДОНТИТ БИЛАН
КАСАЛЛАНГАН
ПОСТМЕНОПАУЗА
ДАВРИДАГИ
АЁЛЛАРНИНГ
ПАРОДОНТ
ТЎҚИМАСИНИНГ
ДАВОЛАШ САМАРАДОРЛИГИ ОШИРИШ. ЖУРНАЛ
СТОМАТОЛОГИИ
И
КРАНИОФАЦИАЛЬНЫХ
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ,
4(2).
Исламова, Н. Б. (2024). ПАРОДОНТИТ КАСАЛЛИГИДА
ОРГАНИЗМДАГИ УМУМИЙ ВА МАҲАЛЛИЙ ЎЗГАРГАН
КЎРСАТКИЧЛАРНИНГ
ТАҲЛИЛИ.
Журнал
гуманитарных и естественных наук, (8), 23
-27.
Islamova, N. B., & Sh, N. N. (2023, May). STUDY OF
CHANGES
IN
PERIODONTAL
DISEASES
IN
POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN. In Conferences (pp. 15-
17).
Исламова, Н. Б., & Назарова, Н. Ш. (2023, May).
Совершенствование
диагностики
и
лечения
хронического генерализованного пародонтита у
женщин в период постменопаузы. In Conferences
(pp. 13-15).
Islamova, N. B., & Nazarova, N. S. (2023). IMPROVING
THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CHRONIC
GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL
WOMEN. Conferences.
Исламова, Н. Б. (2023). Гемодинамика тканей
пародонта зубов по данным реопародонтографии.
Исламова, Н. Б., & Назарова, Н. Ш. (2023). МЕТОДЫ
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ ПАРОДОНТА У
ЖЕНЩИН,
НАХОДЯЩИХСЯ
В
ПЕРИОДЕ
ПОСТМЕНОПАУЗЫ. In АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ
СТОМАТОЛОГИИ (pp. 334
-338).
Исламова, Н. Б. (2024). Complications Arising in the
Oral Cavity after Polychemotherapy in Patients with
Hemablastosis. International Journal of Scientific
Trends, 3(3), 76-81.
Islamova, N. B. (2022). CHANGES IN PERIODONTAL
TISSUES IN THE POSTMENOPAUSAL PERIOD. In
Стоматология
-
наука и практика, перспективы
развития (
pp. 240-241).
Назарова,
Н.,
&
Исломова,
Н.
(2022).
Этиопатогенетические
факторы
развития
заболеваний пародонта у женщин в периоде
постменопаузы. Профилактическая медицина и
здоровье, 1(1), 55
-63.
Иргашев, Ш. Х., & Исламова, Н. Б. (2021).
Применение
и эффективность энтеросгеля при
лечении
генерализованного
пародонтита.
In
Актуальные вопросы стоматологии (pp. 305
-310).
Иргашев, Ш., Норбутаев, А., & Исламова, Н. (2020).
Эффективность
энтеросгеля
при
лечении
генерализованного пародонтита у ликвидаторов
последствий аварии на чернобыльской АЭС.
Общество и инновации, 1(1/S), 656
-663.
Исламова, Н. Б. (2016). Сравнительная оценка
противовоспалительных
цитокинов
крови
в
развитии заболеваний полости рта при гипотиреозе.
Наука в современном мире: теория и практика, (1),
41-44.
Исламова, Н. Б., Шамсиев, Р. А., Шомуродова, Х. Р.,
&
Ахмедова,
Ф.
А.
(2014).
Состояние
кристаллообразующей
функции
слюны
при
различных патологиях. In Молодежь и медицинская
наука в XXI веке (pp. 470
-471).
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
87
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
Исламова, Н., & Чакконов, Ф. (2020). Роль продуктов
перекисного
окисления
липидов
и
противовоспалительных
цитокинов
крови
в
развитии заболеваний полости рта при гипотиреозе.
Общество и инновации, 1(1/s), 577
-582.
Исламова, Н., Хаджиметов, А., & Шакиров, Ш. (2015).
Роль продуктов перекисного окисления липидов и
противовоспалительных
цитокинов
крови
в
развитии заболеваний полости рта при гипотиреозе.
Журнал проблемы биологии и медицины, (1 (82)),
41-44.
Исламова, Н. Б., & Чакконов, Ф. Х. (2021). Изменения
в тканях и органах рта при эндокринных
заболеваниях. In Актуальные вопросы стоматологии
(pp. 320-326).
Nazarova, N. S., & Islomova, N. B. (2022).
postmenopauza davridagi ayollarda stomatologik
kasalliklarining klinik va mikrobilogik ko ‘rsatmalari va
mexanizmlari.
Журнал" Медицина и инновации", (2),
204-211.
Nazarova, N. S., & Islomova, N. B. (2022).
postmenopauza davridagi ayollarda stomatologik
kasalliklarining klinik va mikrobilogik ko ‘rsatmalari va
mexanizmlari. Журнал" Медицина и инновации", (2),
204-211.
Sulaymonova, Z. Z., & Islamova, N. B. (2023, May).
TAKING IMPRESSIONS IN THE ORAL CAVITY AND THEIR
REDUCTION. In Conferences (pp. 21-23).
Sharipovna, N. N., & Bustonovna, I. N. (2022).
Etiopatogenetic factors in the development of
parodontal diseases in post-menopasis women. The
american
journal
of
medical
sciences
and
pharmaceutical research, 4(09).
Sarimsokovich, G. M. (2023). LATEST METHODS OF
STUDY OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN WOMEN.
European International Journal of Multidisciplinary
Research and Management Studies, 3(10), 242-250.
DENTAL PROSTHETICS. Лучшие интеллектуальные
исследования, 18(4), 31
-35.
Содикова, Ш. А., & Исламова, Н. Б. (2021).
Оптимизация
лечебно
-
профилактических
мероприятий
при
заболеваний
пародонта
беременных
женщин
с
железодефицитной
анемией. In Актуальные вопросы стоматологии (pp.
434-440).
Чакконов, Ф. Х. (2021). ЯТРОГЕННЫЕ ОШИБКИ В
СТОМАТОЛОГИИ И ИХ ПРИЧИНЫ. In Актуальные
вопросы стоматологии (pp. 925
-930).
ЧАККОНОВ, Ф., САМАДОВ, Ш., & ИСЛAМОВA, Н.
(2022).
ENDOKANAL
PIN-KONSTRUKSIYALARNI
ISHLATISHDA ASORATLAR VA XATOLAR TAHLILI.
ЖУРНАЛ БИОМЕДИЦИНЫ И ПРАКТИКИ, 7(1).
Xusanovich, C. F., Orzimurod, T., Maruf, U., &
Ollomurod, X. (2023). PROSTHETICS A COMPLETE
REMOVABLE PROSTHESIS BASED ON IMPLANTS.
European International Journal of Multidisciplinary
Research and Management Studies, 3(11), 122-126.
Xusanovich, C. F., Sunnat, R., & Sherali, X. (2024). CLASP
PROSTHESES
–
TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENT. European
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and
Management Studies, 4(03), 152-156.
