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LINGUISTIC STYLISTIC FEATURES OF EPITHETS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
FICTION
Djoldasova G.B.
PhD, docent of Karakalpak state university
Ochilova Dilfuza
MA student of Karakalpak state university
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the linguistic and stylistic
features of epithets to reveal its both differences and types in English and Uzbek fiction. Moreover,
this paper aims to analyze various types of an epithet which is one of the most common types of
literary devices and is an artistic definition that creates a figurative, vivid picture of a concept or
object.
Key words: epithets, types of epithets, two-step epithets, phrase-epithets, Uzbek and English
fiction.
After the independence of Uzbekistan, it became challenge problem to learn English and
Uzbek languages by comparing them and finding the similarities and differences of these
languages. First President of Uzbekistan I. A. Karimov paid more attention to it and gave lots of
ideas in order to solve this problem. It will be given an example of his speech: “These days, there
are being paid a lot of attention to learn and to teach foreign languages in our country"(2).
Nowadays, learning foreign languages comparing to Uzbek languages are more efficient. Because,
it would be somehow unclear to understand conceptions of foreign languages without comparing.
For instance, degree of comparison, from this it means learning the comparative and the superlative
degrees are becoming more essential.
After the independence of Uzbekistan, it became challenge problem to learn English and
Uzbek languages by comparing them and finding the similarities and differences of these
languages. First President of Uzbekistan I. A. Karimov paid more attention to it and gave lots of
ideas in order to solve this problem. It will be given an example of his speech: These days, there
are being paid a lot of attention to learn and to teach foreign languages in our country. Nowadays,
learning foreign languages comparing to Uzbek languages are more efficient. Because, it would
be somehow unclear to understand conceptions of foreign languages without comparing. For
instance, degree of comparison, from this it means learning the comparative and the superlative
degrees are becoming more essential. The most famous term of stylistics and poetry is epithet.
Epithet is derived from Greek language and it means the adjective added to a phrase used instead
of it, usually in poetry and stylistics" (2). In other words, it assists to describe or to depict smith in
a beautiful and movable way. Epithet gives more color, style and beauty to the thing, which is
being described. That’s why epithet is one of the most important and gist term of stylistic
conceptions. Epithet was being learned from ancient centuries and there were collected a lotof
researches and information about it. This word firstly was used by Aristotle’s and Quintilian’s
works. Aristotle mentioned that epithet is something like metaphor. If someone uses a metaphor,
they use a word in a way that is slightly different from its basic meaning. Metaphors are common
in written than spoken English and often have the effect of sounding quite poetic. To trails, in the
strict sense of this term, only epithets belong to which the words used in figurative meaning
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(golden autumn, tear-stained windows) fulfill the function, and the difference from the exact
epithets expressed by words used in direct meaning (red viburnum, hot midday). Epithets are often
the colorful definitions expressed by adjectives (The watchman struck a clock on the bell tower
twelve strokes, and although the coast was far away, this ring flew up to us, passed the steamer
and went across the water to the transparent twilight where the moon hung. I know: how to name
the weary light of the white night? Mysterious? Or magical? These nights always seem to me an
excessive generosity of nature how much they have pale air and a transparent luster of foil and
silver.-- Paust.). Adjectives-epithets in substantivization can serve as a subject, complement,
treatment (Sweethearted, kind, old, tender! With thoughts sad you do not make friends.) — Ес.).
Most epithets characterize objects, but there are also those that describe actions in a figurative
way. In this case, if the action is indicated by a verbal noun, the epithet is expressed by an adjective
(heavy cloud movement, sleep noise of rain), but if the action is called a verb, then the adjective
can be an adverb that acts as a circumstance (Leaves were stretched out in the wind. Paust.). As
epithets can also be used nouns, playing the role of applications, predicates, giving a figurative
characteristic of the subject (Poet — the echo of the world, and not only — the nurse of his soul.
- MG). Quintilian divides epithet into two: epithet, which is used by poets and epithet, which is
used by orators. He enlightened that poets use epithet often and it is used slightly different from
the described word’s basic meaning, but in orator’s speech epithet should be in the same meaning
of that word, without any spare word. Firstly, A. A. Potebnya and his followers D. N. Ovsyaniko-
Kulikovskiy, A. A. Zelenetskiy did much efforts to develop epithet. V. G. Gak, Gumboldt, I. V.
Arnold, I. R. Galperin, Panasenko and from Russian poets A. N. Veselovskiy, V. M.
Jirmunskiyadded their share to the development of epithet. So, epithet is considered as a stylistic
device which emphasizes some features, quality of thing, person, phenomenon or idea. Its function
is to reveal the evaluating subjective attitude of the writer towards the thing, person or idea
described. Thus, epithets can also be based on similarity of characteristics, on nearness of the
qualified objects, and on their comparison respectively. The epithet can be based on the interplay
of logical and emotive meaning in an attributive word, phrase or even sentence, used to
characterize an object and pointing out to the reader some of the properties or features of the object
with the aim of giving an individual perception and evaluation of these features or properties.
Many outstanding philologists studied the epithet as a variety of the path: F. I. Buslaev, A. N.
Veselovsky, A. A. Potebnya, V. M. Zhirmunsky, B. V. Tomashevsky and others, but until now
science does not have a developed theory of the epithet, there is no single terminology necessary
for characterizing various kinds of epithets. The concept of «epithet» is sometimes unfairly
expanded, referring to it any adjective that acts as a function of definition. However, epithets
should not include adjectives that indicate the distinctive features of objects and do not give them
a figurative characteristic. For example, in the sentence Oak Leaf broke away from the branch by
the homeland (2.) — adjectives perform only a semantic function. Unlike epithets, such definitions
are sometimes called logical.
Epithets in English describes something in a beautiful and emotional way; beauty of nature
are often used; they use a word in a way that is slightly different from its basic description; describe
their lovers in unrepeatable, unique and moving way; the epithets, which are used in Byron’s
poems are metaphorical, metonymic and ironical; it describes things with our visional, hearing,
smelling sensational functions; English poetry is rich with epithet to describe their brave and clever
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kings and their beautiful queens; it is a byname, or a descriptive term, accompanying or occurring
in place of a name and having entered common usage; it can be described as a glorified nickname.
REFERENCES:
1. Corbett E.P.J,1969. Rhetorical Analysis of Literary Works. London, Oxford University press.
2. Cruse D.A, 2011.Meaning in Language.an Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics. Oxford.
Oxford university press.
3. Galperin I.R,1971.Stylistics.Moscow.
4. Kukharenko V.A, 1986. A Book of Practice in Stylistics. Moscow.
5. Tursunova L.A., 1973. Structural Types and Stylistic Functions of Epithet in the language of
Fiction of the 20th century. Moscow.
References: Эпическое творчество славянских народов и проблемы сравнительного
изучения эпоса. М., 1958, Потебня А. А. Эстетика и поэтика. — М.: Искусство, 1976.— 613
с Жирмунский В. М. «О некоторых вопросах еврейской диалектографии», в кн.: Язык и
мышление, т. 9, Минск, 1940. Aristotle (1908–1952). The Works of Aristotle Translated into
English Under the Editorship of W. D. Ross, 12 vols. Oxford: ClarendonPress. Арнольд И. В.
Стилистика. Современный английский язык: М.: Флинта: Наука, 2002. — 384с.
STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS OF ORNITHONYMS IN KARAKALPAK PHRASEOLOGY
AND PROVERBS
Djumambetova Dilfuza,
PhD, Karakalpak State University
Iskenderova Sahibjamal,
MA student of Karakalpak State University
Since ancient times, man has tried to understand environment around him. A large number
of idiomatic concepts have been created by the people, in which the world view, interests and
everyday problems of the humankind are reflected.
The world of birds is important in the cultural life of the Karakalpak people, and most of
their phraseology and proverbs have been created depending on the name of birds. Phraseological
units and proverbs with ornithonym components emdiv the characteristics of Karakalpak
peoples’ life wisdom, strong humor, sharp sense, etc. Examples:
Tańlayinda búlbúldey,
Sayrap turǵan tili bar (''Edige'' epos).
Kimniń tarisi pisse, soniń tawiǵi (Karakalpak folk proverb).
Qirǵiy ushsa, shimshiqti jariqta kór (K.f.p).
Ájeli jetken ǵarǵa, búrkit penen oynaydi (K.f.p).
So, proverbs and phrases related to bird terms give opportunities to understand the national
characteristics, culture, and history of the people. By studying them from a linguistic point of view,
we can determine the broad stylistic peculiarities of these lexical units in the language.
Ornithonyms, which are often used in the form of language, have a very broad meaning. In
most cases, they are based on a human figure. Therefore, they are given with metaphorical,
expressiveness, semantic-stylistic colors.
