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The use of computer technology in the projecting of the design
object
Nazokat AKHUNOVA
1
Kamoliddin Behzod National Institute of Painting and Design
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received September 2021
Received in revised form
15 September 2021
Accepted 20 October 2021
Available online
15 November 2021
This article discusses various aspects of using Autodesk
software when designing various design objects. The
possibilities of automated design systems and software for
three-dimensional modeling and visualization are analyzed.
2181-
1415/© 202
1 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol2-iss10/S-pp
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
3D modeling,
three-dimensional graphics,
CAD,
AutoCAD,
3d Max,
visualization.
Dizayn obyektini loyihalashda kompyuter texnologiyalaridan
foydalanish
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit s
o‘
zlar:
3D modellashtirish,
uch
o‘
lchamli grafika,
CAD,
AutoCad,
3d Max,
vizualizatsiya.
Ushbu maqolada dizayn obyektini loyihalashda Autodesk
dasturlarini q
o‘
llashning turli y
o‘
nalishlari k
o‘
rib chiqiladi va
avtomatlashtirilgan loyihalashtirish tizimlari, uch
o‘
lchovli
modellashtirish va vizualizatsiya qilish dasturlarining imko-
niyatlarini tahlil qiladi.
1
Teacher Faculty of Applied Arts and Design Kamoliddin Behzod National Institute of Painting and Design.
Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
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464
Использование
компьютерных
технологий
при
проектирование объекта дизайна
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
3D моделирование,
трехмерная графика,
САПР,
AutoCad,
3d Max,
визуализация
.
В этой статье обсуждаются различные аспекты
использования программного обеспечения Autodesk при
проектировании
различных
объектов
дизайна.
Анализируются возможности автоматизированных систем
проектирования
и
программного
обеспечения
для
трехмерного моделирования и визуализации.
Bugungi kunda kompyuterda modellashtirish va 3D-vizualizatsiya jamiyat hayotida
muhim rol
o‘
ynaydi. Biz uni deyarli har kuni uchratamiz: uch
o‘
lchamli grafikalar
yordamida loyiha ishlari, eksteryer va interyer dizayni, reklamalar, kompyuter
o‘
yinlari,
filmlar va multfilmlar... Ushbu r
o‘
yxat juda uzoq vaqt davom etishi mumkin.
Hozirda arxitektura va qurilish, dizayn sohasini zamonaviy kompyuter model-
lashtirish dasturlarida yaratilgan uch
o‘
lchovli sahnalar, interaktiv renderlar va
animatsiyalar, realistik vizualizatsiyalarsiz tasavvur qilish qiyin. Innovatsion texno-
logiyalarga asoslangan kompyuter grafikasi dasturlari va texnik vositalarining yangi avlodi
an’anaviy loyihalash, modellashtirish va taqdimotlar usullaridan kompyuter yordamida
avtomatlashtirilgan loyihalash (ALT), 3d modellashtirish va skulpting, vizualizatsiya
(render), informatsion modellashtirish (BIM) tizimlaridan foydalanishga keng imkoni-
yatlar ochib berdi [1].
Dizayn obyektini kompyuterda loyihalash obyektning geometrik modelini, vizual
grafik tasvir
–
ikki yoki uch
o‘
lchamli tasvir shaklida modellashtirishga asoslangan.
Kompyuter grafikasi va kompyuter yordamida loyihalash (ALT) tizimlari har
qanday zamonaviy dizayner kasbiy faoliyati uchun eng muhim va zarur tarkibiy
komponent hisoblanadi.
Yurtimizda k
o‘
plab oliy va
o‘rta ta’lim muassasalari, shuningdek turli xil o‘
quv
markazlari loyiha ishlarini kompyuterda modellashtirish va vizualizatsiya dasturlari
b
o‘
yicha
o‘
qitishni taklif qilmoqda. Kompyuter texnologiyalariga bunday qiziqishning
sababi nimada? Ehtimol, ma’lumotni taqdim etishning aniqligi va tushunarliligida, uning
fotorealizmida, shuningdek dizaynning istalgan bosqichida osongina tahrirlash imkoniyat-
larining mavjudligidadir.
Kompyuter yordamida avtomatlashtirilgan loyihalash tizimlari yordamida interyer
va eksteryer k
o‘rinishlari, jihozlar, kichik me’moriy shakllar, sanoat buyumlari, ya’ni
atrofimizni
o‘
rab turgan barcha elementlarni va muhitni t
o‘
liq hajmli uch
o‘
lchovli
modellarda loyihalashtirish mumkin, va ular barcha kerakli ish hujjatlarini va chizmalarini
olishga imkon beradi.
Kompyuter texnologiyalari imkoniyatlaridan foydalanmaydigan qurilish kompa-
niyasi, arxitektura yoki dizayn kompaniyasini topish juda qiyin b
o‘
lib, interyer va
eksteryer vizualizatsiyasi kompyuter grafikasi bozorining muhim segmentini egallab
kelmoqda. Qurilish boshlanishidan oldin ham b
o‘
lajak uyni barcha detallari bilan k
o‘
rish-
fotorealistik vizualizatsiya amalda soha standartiga aylandi.
Kompyuter texnologiyalari yordamida loyihalash jarayoni ijodiy qidiruvni
osonlashtirishi va sezilarli darajada
g‘
oyani amalda qanday k
o‘
rinishini modellashtirish
orqali, uni tasavvur qilishga imkon beradi. Kompyuter texnologiyalaridan erkin foydalana
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olish, dizaynerning tasavvurini yangi
g‘
oyalarni faol ravishda ishlab chiqarishga,
shuningdek, murakkab jarayonlar va vaziyatlarni modellashtirishga imkon beradi [2-5].
Misol uchun, s
o‘
nggi yillarda juda mashhur b
o‘
lgan yoru
g‘
lik dizayni faqat uch
o‘
lchamli
kompyuter simulyatsiyasi dasturlari yordamida ishonchli tarzda ifodalanishi mumkin.
Quyida eng zamonaviy sohada talab yuqori b
o‘
lgan va dizaynerlar tomonidan tavsiya
etilgan dasturiy ta’minotlar bilan tanishamiz.
Autodesk 3DS Max
–
Autodesk tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan 3D modellashtirish va
animatsiyalarni yaratish va tahrirlash uchun professional dasturiy ta’minot tizimi.
Dasturda dizaynerlar va arxitektorlar uchun eng zamonaviy uskunalar mavjud. Hozirgi
vaqtda dastur
o‘
zining keng funksionalligi va vositalarning imkoniyatlari tufayli dizayn
sohasida eng ommaboplaridan biri hisoblanadi.Shuning uchun dizayn b
o‘
yicha
mutaxassislarni tayyorlaydigan a
ksariyat ta’lim muassasalarida 3DS Max dasturi o‘
quv
dasturiga kiritilgan.
“3D modellashtirish” –
uch
o‘lchamli obyekt modelini yaratish jarayonidir. “D”
prefiksi inglizcha, “dimensional”
-
o‘lcham ma’nosini anglatadi. Uch o‘
lchamli model-
lashtirishning vazifasi kerakli obyektning vizual hajmli k
o‘
rinishini yaratishdan iborat.
“Uch o‘lchamli grafika” –
uch
o‘
lchovli fazoda hajmli obyektlarni modellashtirish
orqali tasvir yoki video yaratish usullariga ba
g‘
ishlangan kompyuter grafikasi b
o‘
limi.
Uch
o‘
lchamli grafikalar yordamida muayyan obyektning aniq nusxasini yaratish va
hali mavjud b
o‘
lmagan obyektning yangi, hatto real b
o‘
lmagan yechimlarini ishlab chiqish
mumkin. Ilmiy va ishlab chiqarish sohalarida, masalan, dizayn ishlarini avtomatlashtirish,
arxitektura vizualizatsiyasi tizimlarida ekran yoki bosma mahsulot k
o‘
rinishida tasvirlarni
yaratish uchun faol ishlatiladi.
1-
rasm. Uch o‘lchamli tasvir yaratish.
•
Uch o‘lchamli tasvirni olish uchun quyidagi amallarni bajarish kerak:
•
Modellashtirish
–
sahna va obyektlarning uch o‘lchamli matematik modelini
yaratish (2-rasm, a);
•
yoritish-
yorug‘lik manbalarini o‘rnatish va sozlash (2
-rasm, b);
•
teksturalash-rastr yoki materiallar teksturasini modellarning sirtlariga tayinlash
(shuningdek, materiallarning xususiyatlarini
–
shaffoflik, aks ettirish, g‘adir
-budurlik va
hokazo.) (2-rasm, c);
•
animatsiya (ba'zi hollarda)
–
obyektlarga harakatni berish;
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•
dinamik simulyatsiya (ba
’
zi hollarda)
–
zarralar, shamol, surish va hk, shuningdek
bir-biri bilan taqqoslanadigan tortishish kuchlari bilan zarralar, qattiq va yumshoq jismlar
va boshqalarning o‘zaro ta'sirini avtomatik ravishda hisoblash;
•
render
–
(vizualizatsiya)
–
tanlangan jismoniy modelga muvofiq proeksiyani
yaratish (2-rasm, d);
•
kompozitsiya
–
(komponovka)
–
tasvirni takomillashtirish;
•
olingan tasvirni chiqish qurilmasiga chiqarish-displey yoki maxsus printer.
2-
rasm. Uch o‘lchamli tasvir olish bosqichlari.
a) Modellashtirish; b) Yoritish; c) Material berish; d) Renderlash.
AutoCAD
–
Autodesk tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan kompyuterda avtomatlashtirilgan
ikki va uch
o‘
lchamli loyihalash tizimidir. Avtomatlashtirilgan loyihalashtirish tizimlari
dizaynerning professional faoliyatining ajralmas qismi hisoblanadi. Ushbu axborot
tizimlari dizaynerning
o‘
ziga xos badiiy-dizayn va dizayn-texnologik muammolarni hal
qilishda q
o‘
llaniladi.
AutoCAD (inglizcha
qisqartirilgan, “Automated Computer Aided Drafting and
Design”
, komyuter yordamida avtomatlashtirilgan chizmachilik va loyihalashni bildiradi)
dasturi 1982-yilda Amerikaning grafika sohasida dunyodagi yetakchi dasturlar
yaratuvchisi Autodesk kompaniyasi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va har qanday
murakkablikdagi
chizmalar,
texnik
hujjatlarni
yaratishga
imkon
beradigan
avtomatlashtirilgan loyihalashtirish tizimi(CAD) hisoblanadi (3-rasm).
a)
b)
c)
d)
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3-rasm. Autocad dasturida bajarilgan loyiha.
AutoCAD foydalanuvchi va dastur
o‘
rtasida dialogli rejimda aloqa
o‘
rnatgan holda,
obyektlarning ikki
o‘
lchovli chizma va uch
o‘
lchovli modellarini yaratadi.
CAD
–
dasturlari (computer aided design (kompyuter yordamida loyihalash)
–
loyihalash va texnik hujjatlarni ishlab chiqish uchun tizimli kompleks dasturlar (4-rasm)
b
o‘
lib, q
o‘
lda chizishni avtomatlashtirilgan jarayon bilan almashtiradi.
Ushbu keng q
o‘
llaniladigan dasturlar qurilish hujjatlarini tayyorlashda, dizayn
g‘
oyalarini
o‘
rganishda, loyihani kompyuter muhitida uch
o‘
lchamli modellashtirishga
yordam beradi.
4-rasm. Turli kompaniyalarning CAD dasturlari.
O‘
zbek tilida qisqartirishda ALT
–
Avtomatlashtirilgan loyihalash tizimlari, rus
tilidagi qisqartirishda
–
SAPR (
система
автоматизированного
проектирования
) deb
yuritiladi.
Barcha CAD tizimlari, terminologiyadan qat’iy nazar, loyihalash va muhandislik
ishlarini optimallashtirish uchun m
o‘
ljallangan b
o‘
lib, agar t
o‘g‘
ri q
o‘
llanilsa, tegishli
ravishda ish mahsuldorligini oshiradi va kengaytirilgan grafik imkoniyatlarini beradi.
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Yuqorida keltirilgan misollardan xulosa qilish mumkin-ki, axborot texnologiyalari
vositalaridan foydalangan holda, dizaynerlar maxsus dasturiy ta’minotdan foydalanib,
loyihani tez va aniq tayyorlashlari, loyihaga har qanday tahrirlarni tezda kiritishlari,
kerakli texnik va loyiha hujjatlarini tayyorlashlari, shuningdek,
o‘
z loyihalarini nashr
etishlari va loyihani mijoz va keng jamoatchilik oldida taqdim etishlari mumkin b
o‘
ladi.
Konseptual, funksional va texnik muammolarni hal qilishda yordam beradigan
kompyuter texnologiyalari dizayner ijodida muhim
o‘
rin egallab, dizayn
g‘
oyasining hissiy
ta’sirini kuchaytiradi va loyihaning muvaffaqiyatiga hissa qo‘
shadi.
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