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The role of expertise in the qualification of intentional
grievous bodily harm
Sabina BAKHODIROVA
1
Tashkent State University of Law
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received August 2024
Received in revised form
15 September 2024
Accepted 25 September 2024
Available online
15 October 2024
This article examines the importance and contribution of
expert research in the investigation of cases of intentional
infliction of grievous bodily harm. The author analyzes various
types of expertise, such as forensic, psychological, as well as
their impact on establishing the circumstances of the incident
and identifying the perpetrators.
Special attention is paid to the methods and technologies
used in modern expert practice, as well as the interaction of
experts with the preliminary investigation authorities.
Examples from real judicial practice are given, demonstrating
the effectiveness of the use of expert opinions in the process of
investigation and trial.
The article discusses the problems and challenges faced by
experts in the performance of their duties, as well as offers
recommendations for improving expert activities and
improving cooperation between various departments. The
author emphasizes the need for professional development of
specialists and the introduction of innovative techniques to
improve the quality and reliability of expert opinions.
2181-
1415/©
2024 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol5-iss1
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
expertise,
intentional grievous bodily
harm,
forensic medical expertise,
forensic expertise,
crime investigation,
judicial practice.
Qasddan
badanga
og
‘
ir
shikast
yetkazishning
kvalivikatsiya qilishda ekspertizaning roli
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
ekspertiza,
qasddan og
‘
ir shikast
yetkazish,
sud-tibbiy ekspertiza,
kriminalistik ekspertiza,
Ushbu maqolada qasddan og’ir shikast yetkazish holatlarini
tekshirish jarayonida ekspert tadqiqotlarining ahamiyati va
hissasi ko’rib chiqiladi. Muallif sud
-tibbiy, psixologik kabi turli
xil ekspertizalarni, shuningdek ularning voqea holatlarini
aniqlash va aybdorlarni aniqlashga ta’sirini tahlil qiladi.
1
Doctoral student, Tashkent State University of Law. E-mail: sabina.mamadjanova@gmail.com
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jinoyatlarni tergov qilish,
sud amaliyoti.
Zamonaviy ekspert amaliyotida qo’llanil
adigan usul va
texnologiyalarga, shuningdek ekspertlarning dastlabki tergov
organlari bilan o’zaro munosabatlariga alohida e’tibor
qaratilmoqda. Tergov va sud jarayonida ekspert xulosalarini
qo’llash samaradorligini ko’rsatadigan haqiqiy sud amaliyotidan
misollar keltirilgan.
Maqolada mutaxassislar o’z vazifalarini bajarishda duch
keladigan muammolar va qiyinchiliklar muhokama qilinadi,
shuningdek, ekspert faoliyatini takomillashtirish va turli
idoralar o’rtasidagi hamkorlikni yaxshilash bo’yicha tavsiyalar
beriladi. Muallif mutaxassislarning malakasini oshirish va
ekspert xulosalarining sifati va ishonchliligini oshirish uchun
innovatsion usullarni joriy etish zarurligini ta’kidlaydi.
Роль экспертизы при квалификации умышленного
тяжкого телесного повреждения
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
экспертиза,
умышленное тяжкое
телесное повреждение,
судебно
-
медицинская
экспертиза,
криминалистическая
экспертиза,
расследование
преступлений,
судебная практика.
В данной статье рассматривается значимость и вклад
экспертных исследований в процессе расследования
случаев умышленного причинения тяжкого телесного
повреждения. Автор анализирует различные виды
экспертиз,
такие
как
судебно
-
медицинская,
криминалистическая и психологическая, а также их
влияние на установление обстоятельств происшествия и
идентификацию виновных лиц.
Особое внимание уделяется методам и технологиям,
применяемым в современной экспертной практике, а
также
взаимодействию
экспертов
с
органами
предварительного следствия. Приводятся примеры из
реальной
судебной
практики,
демонстрирующие
эффективность применения экспертных заключений в
процессе расследования и судебного разбирательства.
В статье обсуждаются проблемы и вызовы, с которыми
сталкиваются
эксперты
при
выполнении
своих
обязанностей, а также предлагаются рекомендации по
совершенствованию
экспертной
деятельности
и
улучшению
сотрудничества
между
различными
ведомствами.
Автор
подчеркивает
необходимость
повышения квалификации специалистов и внедрения
инновационных методик для повышения качества и
достоверности экспертных заключений.
INTRODUCTION
The investigation of intentional infliction of grievous bodily harm is a complex and
multifaceted process that requires the involvement of various types of expertise to
establish the circumstances of the crime and identify the perpetrators. This article
examines the role and importance of expert research in this process, as well as analyzes
the methods and technologies used in modern expert practice.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Analytical, comparative, and statistical methods were used to conduct this
research.
THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY
Expertise plays a key role in the investigation of intentional grievous bodily harm,
as it provides objective data that helps establish important facts of the case and
determine the degree of guilt of the suspect. Medical, forensic, and forensic expertise s
are most often carried out in such investigations.
Let’s
look at several key aspects of the
expertise:
ESTABLISHING THE NATURE OF THE DAMAGE
According to Article 104 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
intentional infliction of bodily injury is recognized as life-threatening at the time of
causing or resulting in loss of vision, speech, hearing, or any organ or complete loss of its
functions by an organ, mental or other health disorder associated with a permanent loss
of general working capacity of over thirty-three percent, or termination of pregnancy or
an indelible disfigurement. [1].
The qualifying signs of the severity of harm caused to human health in relation to
serious harm:
•
harm dangerous to human life;
•
loss of vision, speech, hearing, or any organ, or the organ
’s
loss of its functions;
•
termination of pregnancy;
•
mental disorder;
•
the disease of drug addiction or substance abuse;
•
indelible facial disfigurement;
•
significant permanent loss of general working capacity by at least one third;
•
complete loss of professional ability to work; in relation to the average severity of
harm;
•
long-term health disorder;
•
significant permanent loss of general working capacity by less than one-third;
about minor harm:
•
short-term health disorder;
•
minor permanent loss of general working capacity.
To determine the severity of the harm caused to human health, it is sufficient to
have one of the qualifying signs. If there are several qualifying signs, use the one that
corresponds to the greatest degree of severity of harm to health. The severity of the harm
caused to human health is determined in medical institutions of the state health care
system by a forensic medical expert. [2].
So, the harm caused to human health is classified by severity based on certain
signs. Serious harm is characterized by signs that pose a danger to life, including loss of
bodily functions or organs, permanent disfigurement of the face, loss of significant work
capacity, and other serious consequences. Moderate severity implies a long-term health
disorder and partial loss of general ability to work. Minor harm includes temporary
health problems or minor disability. The degree of severity is determined by a forensic
medical expert in public medical institutions, and one of the signs is sufficient to
establish; if there are several of them, the largest one is taken into account.
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In forensic medicine, damage is a violation of the structure and function of the
div as a result of the action of one or more external damaging factors. The definition
reflects all the main features of the concept:
1) Dialectical unity of structure and function;
2) Damage as a property of a living organism, since the function is peculiar only to
a living one;
3) Damage as a consequence, as a result of the action of the damaging factor;
4) Damage is opposed to disease, as it is caused only by external causes. [3].
In forensic medicine, damage is defined as a violation of the structure and
functions of the div under the influence of external factors. This definition includes the
main aspects of the concept: the relationship between structure and function, the
characteristic of damage as a phenomenon inherent only in living organisms, its causal
dependence on an external factor and the difference from a disease that is not related to
external influences.
Forensic medical expertise helps to determine the nature, mechanism and
prescription of bodily injury. The expert can determine exactly what kind of object or
method the damage was inflicted, as well as assess the degree of their severity, which is
important for the qualification of a crime.
When developing tactics for examining a corpse at the scene, they take into
account the characteristics of cadaveric phenomena and their changes over time, signs
that allow us to judge the weapon that was damaged; when developing methods for
investigating murders, rapes, bodily injuries and some other crimes, the possibilities of
forensic medical expertise, etc. [4].
The effective investigation of crimes related to violent death largely depends on
the correct tactics of examining the corpse and the competent use of the possibilities of
forensic medical expertise. The analysis of cadaveric phenomena, the nature of injuries
and the use of expert methods make it possible to establish important details of what
happened, determine the weapon of the crime and significantly contribute to the
establishment of the truth in the investigation.
Determination of the severity of the injuries:
A medical expertise allows you to
determine how serious the injuries are and assess their possible consequences for the
health of the victim. This is important for the qualification of the crime and the definition
of punishment.
Harm to health should be understood as a violation of the anatomical integrity and
(or) the physiological function of organs or tissues caused by the influence of a damaging
factor (factors) of the external environment, manifested in damage or in a disease or
painful condition. A damaging factor is a material div or a material phenomenon
capable of harming human health. Damaging factors are divided into physical
(mechanical, thermal, barometric, electromagnetic, radiation), chemical, biological and
mental. [5].
Identification of the crime weapon:
A forensic expertise can help determine
which specific weapon caused the injuries. This may be important for linking a suspect to
a specific crime.
The identification of a crime weapon in forensic medicine and criminology is the
process of determining or confirming the object that was damaged, left on the victim
’s
div or at the crime scene. This process involves analyzing the physical traces and
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characteristics of the implement, which may be unique to a particular item. Experts
examine factors such as shape, size, weight, damage marks and microstructures to
determine which object was used to perform the action.
Fingerprints and footprints on bones, skin and soft tissues are often used for
identification, which can provide information about the type and parameters of the
weapon. For example, cutting objects leave linear wounds with even edges, whereas
blunt objects lead to bruised and lacerated wounds. It is also important to take into
account the direction, force of impact and other mechanical aspects.
Modern identification methods include the use of digital technology and software
that matches footprints with possible tools. The results of such identification often
become important evidence in court cases, helping the investigation to recreate a picture
of what happened and link a specific weapon to the alleged perpetrator.
Establishing a causal relationship:
The expertise helps to establish a causal
relationship between the actions of the accused and the consequences that have
occurred. This may include determining whether the injuries sustained actually caused
the deterioration of the victim
’s
health or death.
Bodily injury (trauma) does not exist when internal causes (reactivity of the div)
are of primary importance in the development of painful processes in the div. In such
cases, the external factor is only accidental, perhaps a trigger point in the development of
the disease, but the injury is not the original cause of the disease. As a result, on the one
hand, there is no direct causal relationship between external influences, on the other
–
between the nature of the disease and the peculiarities of its course. [6].
An injury is not considered a bodily injury if the main role in the development of
the painful process is played by internal causes, such as the reactivity of the div. In such
cases, external influence acts only as an accidental or triggering factor, and not the main
cause of the disease. Consequently, there is no direct causal relationship between
external exposure and the nature of the disease or its course.
Objectification of evidence:
The expert
’s
opinion is objective and independent
evidence that can significantly affect the course of the investigation and the outcome of
the trial.
The objects of research may be physical evidence, samples for research, other
material objects, corpses and their parts, documents, as well as materials of the case in
which a forensic expertise is being conducted.
Research is also being conducted on a living person. Samples for research are
objects that display the properties of a living person, corpse, animal, plant, object,
material or substance necessary for a forensic expert to conduct research and give a
conclusion.
During the production of a forensic expertise, the objects of research (except for a
living person) may be damaged or used up only to the extent necessary for conducting
the study. In this case, it is necessary to obtain written permission from the div
(person) who appointed the forensic expertise for partial damage or expenditure of the
object of study, except in cases where the features of the appointed forensic expertise
imply damage (damage) or expenditure of the object.
Damage or expenditure of research objects carried out with the written permission
of the div (person) who appointed the forensic expertise, or related to the specifics of
the appointed forensic expertise, does not entail compensation for damage to the owner
of these objects by a state forensic expert institution, another organization or a forensic
expert.
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The objects of the study, if their dimensions and properties allow, must be handed
over to the forensic expert in a packed and sealed form.
If it is impossible to deliver the object of research to the place of work of the
forensic expert, the div (person) who appointed the forensic expertise provides him
with unhindered access to this object and the possibility of its study. [7].
When investigating cases involving intentional grievous bodily harm, the most
common expertise is forensic. Forensic medical expertise is a key element in the
investigation of intentional grievous bodily harm. It allows you to determine the nature,
degree and mechanism of damage, as well as establish a causal relationship between the
actions of the perpetrator and the consequences that have occurred. Forensic experts
examine the victim, analyze medical documents and use various methods such as
radiography, computed tomography and laboratory tests.
The conduct of a forensic expertise is conditioned in cases where a fact essential to
the case cannot be established by its direct perception. In this case, in accordance with
the procedural regulations, a forensic medical expertise is appointed, in which the main
actor is a doctor who solves the tasks that have arisen before him [8].
Forensic medical expertise plays a key role in the investigation of intentional grievous
bodily harm, helping to establish the nature, extent and mechanism of the injuries inflicted,
as well as the causal relationship between the actions of the perpetrator and their
consequences. Experts analyze the condition of the victim, medical documentation and apply
methods such as X-ray, CT and laboratory tests. An expertise is appointed when the facts
essential to the case cannot be visually established, and it is conducted by a doctor who
performs tasks within the framework of procedural regulations.
When conducting a forensic medical expertise in relation to a living person who
has any disease preceding the injury or damage to a div part with fully or partially
previously lost function, only the harm caused to health caused by the injury and causally
related to it is taken into account. The severity of the harm caused to human health, in the
presence of damage caused by repeated traumatic effects (including during the provision
of medical care), is determined separately for each such impact.
If multiple injuries mutually burden each other, the degree of severity of harm to
health is determined by their totality.
In the presence of injuries of different age of occurrence, the degree of severity of
harm to health is determined by each of them separately. [9].
In addition, a forensic expertise is also being carried out. Forensic expertise is
aimed at identifying, fixing and investigating traces of a crime. As part of this expertise,
blood traces, fingerprints, fabric fibers, weapons and other physical evidence are being
examined. The use of modern technologies, such as DNA analysis and ballistic studies,
makes it possible to increase the accuracy and reliability of expert conclusions.
Often, when investigating criminal cases, it becomes necessary to conduct a
forensic expertise of various products, substances and materials to determine their
nature, properties and composition. This expertise has its own specifics, including
characteristic objects, tasks and research methods.
Scientific approaches to forensic expertise of substances and materials are based
on the study of patterns that determine the dependence of the structure and composition
of the object under study, for example:
−
geological
–
the difference in the carbon composition of minerals from different
deposits (oil, metals), allowing identifying signs of the source of origin;
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−
chemical
–
the difference in the composition of substances;
−
physical
–
a different crystal structure of the object, which makes it possible to
determine the technologies and methods of manufacturing the corresponding products,
types of mechanical or thermal treatment [10].
Psychological expertise plays an important role in establishing the psychological
state of the victim and the suspect, as well as in assessing the motives and circumstances
of the crime committed. Expert psychologists analyze the behavior of the participants in
the incident, conduct interviews and tests, which allows you to get additional information
about the causes and mechanisms of the crime.
The subject of any forensic expertise is determined by the subject of the science
that is basic for it, as well as the tasks solved during the procedural activities of law
enforcement agencies. According to V.V. Romanova, Doctor of Psychological Sciences, the
subject of forensic psychological expertise is the mental processes, states, 14 properties
of the psyche of healthy people involved in criminal and civil proceedings, the
peculiarities of their mental activity, temporary (not painful) changes in consciousness
under the influence of various facts, the expert assessment of which is important for
establishing objective truth in the case. That is, the subject of the expertise is the
individually peculiar features of the psychological reflection of the participants in the
process of various phenomena of the surrounding reality, which are important for the
correct resolution of criminal and civil cases. The subject of psychological expertise is not
to establish the reliability of testimony, which falls within the competence of the
investigator and the court, but to clarify the possibility of the interrogated person, due to
the individual characteristics of the course of mental processes, to correctly perceive,
store in memory and reproduce information about the facts included in the subject of
evidence [11].
Based on this, it can be understood that the subject of forensic psychological
expertise covers the study of mental processes, states, and properties of the psyche of
participants in criminal and civil proceedings, including temporary changes in
consciousness under the influence of certain factors. The expertise is not aimed at
establishing the reliability of testimony (which is the task of the investigator and the
court), but at assessing the ability of the interrogated person to adequately perceive,
remember and reproduce facts important to the case, taking into account his
psychological characteristics.
METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN EXPERT PRACTICE
Modern methods and technologies significantly expand the possibilities of expert
research. In forensic medical practice, digital visualization methods and 3D modeling of
injuries are actively used, which makes it possible to more accurately determine the
mechanism of their application. In criminology, automated trace identification systems
are used, as well as molecular biology methods for DNA analysis. Psychological expertise
is carried out using computer programs and tests, which ensures the objectivity and
reliability of the results.
According to the nature of the damaging properties, the following groups can be
distinguished among the traumatic factors:
1. Physical factors:
–
mechanical
–
traumatic effect of kinetic energy of objects;
–
electromagnetic
–
traumatic effect due to the energy of charged particles and the
fields created by them;
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–
barometric
–
injury occurs due to altered environmental pressure;
–
thermal
–
damage due to the action of thermal energy or due to a violation of the
thermal exchange between the div and the environment;
–
radiant energy
–
damage from ionizing radiation (X-rays and gamma rays,
corpuscular radiation), infrared and ultraviolet radiation.
2. Chemical -injury due to the energy of chemical bonds and physico-chemical
properties of the substance (chemical burns, poisoning).
3. Biological -injury due to the energy properties of biological objects. It should be
noted that biological factors are isolated and combined by origin. The damaging effect of
biological objects may be due to their chemical and physico-chemical properties (for
example, poisoning by toxins of insects, snakes, microorganisms, etc.), or due to physical
effects (for example, mechanical damage by representatives of the animal world), etc.
4. Mental
–
bodily injury occurs due to the energy of mental impact. Apparently,
from a general biological point of view, the possibility of violation of the anatomical
integrity and function of tissues due to mental influence is allowed. At the same time,
modern medical science does not have reliable methods for measuring and evaluating
mental energy. The nature and nature of the trauma that directly arose as a result of the
influence of a mental damaging factor are also unknown.
From the standpoint of forensic medicine, such initial concepts as "bodily injury"
and "disease" should not be considered identical. In clinical medicine, when treatment
issues are being addressed, there is no need to differentiate the concepts of "injury
(bodily injury)" and "disease". Such a need exists in legal practice. [12].
Summarizing the above, the traumatic factors leading to bodily injury are classified
into physical, chemical, biological, and mental. Physical effects include mechanical effects,
electromagnetic fields, barometric, thermal, and radiation effects. Chemical factors are
associated with chemical reactions and can lead to burns and poisoning. Biological
factors are caused by exposure to biological objects such as toxins and mechanical
damage from animals. Mental factors suggest the impact of mental energy, but medical
science does not have objective methods for assessing this impact. In forensic medicine, it
is important to distinguish "bodily injury" from "disease", which is not required in clinical
practice, where they are often combined for treatment.
INTERACTION OF EXPERTS WITH THE PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
AUTHORITIES
Effective interaction of experts with the preliminary investigation authorities is an
important factor in a successful investigation. The timely involvement of experts and
clear formulation of questions allow us to obtain the necessary data to establish the truth.
The interaction between experts and investigators should be organized based on mutual
respect and trust, which contributes to better and faster work.
The interaction of experts with the preliminary investigation authorities during
the expertise of serious bodily injuries is important to ensure the objectivity and
completeness of the investigation. This collaboration includes several key aspects:
1. Purpose and definition of the tasks of the
expertise
:
The investigator formulates
the questions and tasks that will be solved during the expertise, determining what
information needs to be obtained from the expert. Tasks may include determining the
severity of the injuries, the mechanism of their application and the causal relationship
between the actions of the suspect and the consequences for the health of the victim.
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2. Transfer of materials and information:
The investigating authorities provide the
expert with access to medical documents, protocols of inspections of the scene,
photographs of damage, as well as to the testimony of witnesses and other participants in
the case. The completeness and accuracy of the transmitted information allows the
expert to conduct a study taking into account all possible circumstances.
3. Consultations and information exchange:
At the stages of preparation and
conduct of the expertise, the expert and the investigator can interact to clarify issues, and
discuss interim conclusions and details of the study. Such consultations help the
investigation to take into account medical nuances, and the expert to better understand
the context of the case.
4. Documentation and reporting:
Upon completion of the expertise, the expert
draws up a conclusion in which his conclusions on the issues raised by the investigation
are recorded. This document is handed over to the investigating authorities and becomes
part of the evidence base.
5. Participation in interrogations and court:
In some cases, experts may be invited
to participate in interrogations to clarify difficult points related to the medical aspects of
the case, or be summoned to court to explain the conclusions of the expertise.
Effective interaction between investigative authorities and experts ensures high-
quality expertise, which, in turn, contributes to an objective and fair resolution of the case.
However, the decision on the recognition of the method of intentional serious or
moderate bodily injury as having the character of special cruelty belongs to the
competence of the investigating authorities and the court, and not the forensic medical
expert. [13].
PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN EXPERT ACTIVITY
The expertise of serious bodily injuries is accompanied by a number of problems
and challenges that may affect the accuracy, objectivity and completeness of expert
conclusions. Key challenges in this area include:
1. Incompleteness or poor quality of the initial data:
The expert opinion
directly depends on the quality of the information provided by the investigative
authorities. A lack of photographs, incomplete medical documents, or a lack of
description of the conditions under which the damage was caused make it difficult to
conduct an accurate analysis.
2. Difficulty in determining the severity of damage:
Some injuries may cause
difficulties in assessing their severity and danger to life, especially in the absence of
clearly defined criteria. For example, head injuries or internal injuries do not always have
obvious external signs, which requires additional research methods such as computed
tomography or MRI.
3. Problems with identifying the mechanism of injury:
Sometimes it is difficult
to determine the mechanism of injury, especially in mixed injuries, when several types of
exposure are used (for example, blunt and acute exposure at the same time). This can
make it difficult to establish a causal relationship between the suspect
’s
actions and the
health consequences.
4. Ethical and professional conflicts:
Maintaining the independence and
objectivity of experts is an important challenge. Pressure from the investigation or
interested parties, as well as lack of time to conduct a comprehensive analysis, can lead to
bias in the conclusion.
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5. Lack of specialized methods and technologies:
In some cases, experts lack
modern tools and techniques to study complex injuries, especially when it comes to
unique injuries that require highly specialized research. This limitation may affect the
completeness and accuracy of the analysis.
6. The influence of the mental and physiological conditions of the victim:
The
individual characteristics of the victim
’s
health, such as chronic diseases or the condition
at the time of injury, can make it difficult to assess the severity of the damage and
understand exactly which damage is caused by external influences.
7. Lack of interaction with investigative authorities:
Limited interaction with
investigative authorities, including the lack of dialogue on clarifying the details of the
expertise n, may lead to insufficiently precise formulation of conclusions or omission of
important details.
These problems require the improvement of expert analysis techniques, improved
interaction between experts and investigative authorities, as well as the introduction of
modern technologies, which will ensure a more accurate and objective expertise n.
Despite significant achievements in the field of expertise, there are certain
problems and challenges. One of the main problems is the lack of qualified specialists,
especially in the regions. There are also difficulties associated with outdated equipment
and insufficient funding for expert institutions. An important aspect is the need to
improve the regulatory framework and develop standards for conducting expertise.
ANALYSIS OF THE RESEARCH RESULTS
The severity of the existing injuries is determined by the forensic medical expert
according to the qualifying signs. One qualifying feature is sufficient to determine the
severity; in cases where there are two or more criteria, signs of a higher severity are of
decisive importance.
For example, the victim received a penetrating wound to the abdominal cavity, the
duration of treatment until full recovery was 30 days. When determining the degree of
severity, only the danger to life should be taken into account as a criterion, which makes it
possible to determine the existing bodily injury as serious. The duration of the health
disorder is 30 days (more than 21 days is the criterion of less serious bodily injury) in this
example, it does not matter and is not taken into account to determine the severity. [14].
The fact of causing harm to health and the degree of its severity cannot be
established if:
•
in medical documents, the diagnosis of damage or disease (pathological
condition) caused by the influence of an environmental factor is established incorrectly
and (or) is not supported by objective data;
•
the outcome of a non-life-threatening injury has not been determined or the
attested refuses to conduct additional (laboratory, X-ray, instrumental or other) studies,
without which the nature of the harm to health cannot be assessed;
•
at the time of the expertise, there are no manifestations of harm to health, and
medical documents, without which it is not possible to judge the nature and severity of
harm to health, are missing. [15].
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, expertise plays a key role in the investigation of intentional grievous
bodily harm, providing the necessary knowledge and objective data that are the basis for
the formation of judicial decisions. Forensic medical expertise makes it possible to
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establish the nature, degree and mechanism of damage, as well as to determine the causal
relationship between the actions of the suspect and the consequences for the health of
the victim. The high-quality interaction of experts with the preliminary investigation
authorities contributes to a more complete and thorough analysis of the circumstances of
the case. However, certain problems and challenges also arise in the expertise process,
including a lack of information, difficulties in assessing the mechanism of injury and
ethical conflicts. To increase the effectiveness of expert activities, it is necessary to
continue improving research methods, introducing modern technologies and
strengthening cooperation between experts and law enforcement agencies. This is the
only way to achieve a high degree of reliability and objectivity in establishing the truth,
which is the basis of fair justice. To increase the effectiveness of expert activities, it is
necessary to improve methods and technologies, improve the skills of specialists and
improve interaction between various departments.
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