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Results of the weed control in onion (Allium Cepa L.) field
Dr. Ariunaa
1
, Erdenenzorig T.
2
, Dondov B.
3
Plant Protection Research Institute
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received September 2020
Received in revised form
15 October 2020
Accepted 15 November 2020
Available online
31 December 2020
Our country has provided about 52% of vegetables from
domestic production, the rest part imported others from outside.
Thus, imports of potatoes and vegetables have been reduced last
year, for this reason, main vegetable seeds, were produced
domestically a
nd provided over 80 percent of the country’s
demand. In the future domestic production demand of vegetable
goal set working to provide by 100 percent from government our
country in this connection issues urgent need to solve sowing
seeds, variety supply, seed production, and plant protection.
According to our research, during the growing season, 150-
350 weeds growing per 1m
2
of rounded onions shows that the
amount of crop damage is relatively high. For the purpose of
control against weeds in the onion field with 3 repetitions of 7
variants of 2 types of herbicides are conducted experimental
research. These include; pre-emergent Estamp (Stomp)
herbicide applied in doses 2.5; 3.5 l/ha that controls all types of
weeds, but showed results of 65.2-72.4%. The growing season
during a selective post-emergent of Gaur herbicide in doses 0.7;
0.9l/ ha used against broadleaf and grassy weeds that became
clear of weed species density reduced by 92.7-93.4%. It was
tested in this study Pendimethalin, 33% + Oxyfluorfen 24 %
mixture herbicides have reduced the number of weeds by 92.4-
94.1%.
2181-
1415/© 2020 in Science
LLC.
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
Pendimethalin
Oxyfluorfen
Herbicide
Yield
Onion
1
Doctor of Agricultural Science, Weed Research Laboratory, Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Ulaanbaatar,
Mongolia
Email: ariunaa.ochir14@gmail.com
2
Master, Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
3
Associate professor, Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
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Результаты борьбы с сорняками на луковом поле (Allium
Cepa L.)
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
Пендиметалин
Оксифлуорфен
Гербицид
Уступать
Лук
.
Около
52%
овощной
продукции
Монголии
выращивается самой, остальная часть импортируется из
соседних стран. Однако из
-
за сокращения импорта 2020
году 80 % овощей была выращена в стране. Правительством
страны поставлена цель обеспечить население овощной
продукцией на 100 % в последующие годы, в связи с чем
возникает острая необходимость в решении проблемы
посева семян, предложения сортов, производства семян и
защиты растений от вредителей.
Согласно нашим исследованиям, в период вегетации 150
-
35
0
сорняков,
произрастающих
на
1м2
лука,
свидетельствует об относительно высокой степени
поражения урожая. С целью борьбы с сорняками на луковом
поле в 3
-
х повторах 7 вариантов 2
-
х видов гербицидов
проводятся
экспериментальные
исследования.
Они
включают;
довсходовый
гербицид
Estamp
(Stomp),
применяемый в дозах 2,5; 3,5 л / га, что подавляет все виды
сорняков, но дает результат 65,2
-
72,4%. Вегетационный
период во время селективной послевсходовой обработки
гербицида Gaur в дозах 0,7; 0,9 л / га против
широколиственных и травянистых сорняков, очищенных от
сорняков, густота снизилась на 92,7
-
93,4%. В этом
исследовании было испытано, что смесь гербицидов
пендиметалин 33% + оксифлуорфен 24% снизила
количество сорняков на 92,4
-94,1%.
INTRODUCTION
Onion (Allium cepa L.), is an important species belonging to family Alliaceae. It
is an indispensable item in every kitchen as vegetable and condiment used to flavor
many of the food kinds of stuff. Therefore, onion is popularly known as ‘Queen of the
kitchen’.
It is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world with a total
production of about 61 million tonnes (FAO, 2006). Onion (
Allium cepa L
.) is an
important export-oriented vegetable crop, valued for its distinctive flavor and
spiciness. Being an indispensable ingredient of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian
diets, its demand is getting increased as the only vegetable spices. India contribut es a
21.5% share in world onion production although it globally ranks ninth in terms of
productivity (FAOSTAT 2019). The productivity of onion is reasonably low and
remains almost static with a negligible variation for a long period. Weed infestation is
one of the vital limiting factors that cause comparatively more losses than those
caused due to insect pests and diseases. Crop losses due to weeds vary from 30 to 95%
in onion (Praksh et al. 2000, Rameshwar et al. 2001; UditKumar 2014). Onion is
considered to be the second most important vegetable crop grown in the world next
to the tomato. In the world, India stands first in the area and ranks second to China in
production; the total area in India under onion cultivation during 2012-13 was 10.51
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lakh hectare with a production of 168.13 lakh tons and productivity of 16 t ha -1
(Tiwary, 2014). Onion exhibits greater susceptibility to weed competition as
compared to other crops due to its inherent characteristics such as slow germination,
extremely slow growth in the initial stages, short stature, non-branching habit, sparse
foliage, and shallow root system. This favors quick and fast growth of weeds in the
initial stages and competition thus tends to be severe. Moreover, the use of a liberal
dose of FYM, fertilizers, and frequent irrigations creates favorable conditions for weed
growth (Singh et al., 1986). According to the results of a study conducted in similar
climates in Russia, [8] 33.0% of turnip crops, 26% of tomatoes and 5.2-33.0% of onion
yields are lost due to weeds [9]. In onion field application of Fusillade-super herbicide
at a dose of 2.0-2.5 l/ha increased crop yield by 22.3-28.5% and increased the crop
yield by 13% for the variants with agro-technical treatments (Ariunaa O, 2004-2006).
Weed control efficiency, plant height, Number of leaves, leaf area, average bulb weight,
total yield and zero per cent weed control index in weed free check followed by with
application of pre-emergence spray of Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC @ 0.25 kg ai ha-1 + post-
emergenc
e spray of ½ dose of (Quizalofop ethyl 5% EC @ 0.05 kg ha
-1 + Oxyfluorfen
23.5% EC @ 0.25 kg ai ha-1) at 40 DAT along with highest cost benefit ratio [11].
Application of Oxyfluorfen + one hand weeding recorded the lowest number of
monocot weeds (26.33/ m
2
), fresh weight of weeds (40.08 g/m
2
) and dry weight of
weeds (14g/m
2
) (Sahoo B.B, Tripathy P, 2019).
Weed control is one of the most difficult tasks in crop production agriculture
that accounts for a considerable share of the cost involved in agricultura l production.
There are many methods for weed management, but out of those methods, chemical
methods are the most popular. To sustainably increase the yield of vegetables,
including onions for planting varieties and cultivation techniques do regularly and the
selection of suitable regions is of great importance. Therefore, the aim of the
experiment was to develop a control method suitable for the biological characteristics
of dominate weeds against to choice useful dose, treatment do time and herbicide
type in onion field.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental site
•
A field experiment was conducted at the SDC's Mongolian Vegetable Project
experimental site located in Bornuur soum of Tuv province.
•
The field experiment was conducted during the growing season 2017-2018,
which is located at N 48°486530 latitudes, E 1060265387 longitude with an altitude
1350 meters above mean sea level.
Climatic conditions
•
The meteorological data for 2017-2018 and the mean of the previous 10 years
were collected from the Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology, and Environment,
Mongolia, and presented in Figure 1.
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Figure 1.
Climatic factors during the year of 2017 and 2018.
(Bornuur soum of Tuv province).
•
According to the graph, in 2017 the weather parameters were slightly warmer than
in 2018, and the temperature was increased by 4.1, the number of days above 30 degrees
was 11 days higher, and the amount of precipitation was 14.8 mm low /Graph 1/. In May
2018, the air temperature was 12.4 °C and then the long
-term a
verage by 8.15 °C lower but
observed to prolong the growth period of young onions.
•
Of onion crop the growing season has fall 209 mm of precipitation (7-8 months)
and that 70% of the annual precipitation. Those have had a positive effect on crop growth.
Soil and its characteristics
•
The experimental field was conducted on medium-deep brown soil and the sandy-
loam texture with a pH from 6.5 to 7.0.
Experimental details
The experiment consisted of seven herbicide variant viz.., Pendimethalin,
Oxyfluorfen, Pendimethalin 30% EC + Oxyfluorfen 24.0% EC in different concentrations
with control.
The onion variety Stutt garter was sown at 15×10cm spacing from 20 to 25th May
of the year 2017-18. The experimental design was split-plot with a randomized complete
block arrangement with three replications.
2017
2018
preciptation, mm
24,5
14,7
33,7
0
67,7
0,7
11,6
126
79
86,4
average temperature
14,6
21,4
21
17,4
11
15,3
20
18,3
18,5
9,1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Climatic parameters of Bornuur soum Tuv province
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Table 1.
The common name, trade name and chemical names of herbicide
Common name Active
gradient
Trade
name
Chemical name
Pendimethalin 33% EC
Estamp
3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitro-
N
-
pentan-3-ylaniline
Oxyfluorfen
24% EC
Gaur
2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-
nitrophenoxy)-4-
(trifluoromethyl)benzene
The experimental field consists of seven variants viz.,
1.
Control
2.
Pre-emergence spray of Pendimethalin 30% EC 3.0 l/ha
3.
Pre-emergence spray of Pendimethalin 30% EC 3.5 l/ha
4.
Post-emergence spray of Oxyfluorfen 24% EC 0.7 l/ha
5.
Post-emergence spray of Oxyfluorfen 24% EC 0.9 l/ha
6.
Pre-emergence spray of Pendimethalin 30% EC + Post-emergence spray of
Oxyfluorfen 24.0% EC 3.0 + 0.7 l/ha
7.
Pre-emergence spray of Pendimethalin 30% EC + Post-emergence spray of
Oxyfluorfen 24% EC 3.5 + 0.9 l/ha
Weed parameters
•
We determined the weed species composition and density in the onion field by
methods N.N.Libershtein and A.M.Tulikow, 1980. Counting of weeds conducted at two
locations within each plot, using a 0.5 yard2 quadrant [13].
•
Weed numbers were taken, on 20, 40, 60 days after sowing from one square meter
area.
Data on weeds was recorded 14, 21, and 30 DAS in each plot in quadrates, each
measuring 50x50cm. The weeds in every frame were conducted weed density count and
classified into biological groups. Before and after spaying the herbicides (7, 14, and 21
days) the 1m2 area selected from each experimental plot in four replications to establish
weed density and mass during a tillering stage of onion. Weed control efficiency was
calculated using the following formula;
WCE (%) =
𝑊
2
∗100
𝑊
1
− 100
WCE (%)- Weed control efficiency
•
Herbicide applications were made to pre-emergence, post-emergence of onions
with a hand sprayer equipped with Flat Fan nozzle at a pressure of 291kPa.
•
Onions were harvested by hand using a small hand-hoe. Fresh weights of onion
bulbs were recorded after harvest for a one-meter quadrate from each plot.
Statistical analysis
•
Fisher’s method of analysis of variance was applied for the analysis and
interpretation of data was made as per the method of Dospehov BA (1973). The relative
yield of each experimental plot was calculated as a percent of the corresponding weed-free
yield for each level the main factor.
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RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
Weed species distribution.
Figure 2.
The study years in 2017 to 2018, of the 13 species of weeds belonging to 10 families,
12 genera including 77.5% annual, 22.5% perennial weeds have occurred during the onion
growing period. The total combined density of weed species, ranged from 108-252 weeds
per square meter, in the experimental
–
production field at Bornuur sum, Tuv province. The
major grassy weeds For example; Common millet- (
Panicum miliaceum L
), Couch grass-
(
Agropyron repens L
) sp and broadleaf weeds Redroot Pigweed- (
Amaranthus retroflexus
L
), lambs quarters- (
Chenopodium album L
), Black bindweed- (
Polygonum convolvulus
L
), Mallow weed- (
Malva mochileviensis Down
), Field bindweed - (
Convolvulus arvensis
L
), Dwarf bifurcate cinquefoil-(
Potentilla bifurca L
), Perennial Sowthistle-(
Sonchus
arvensis L
) weeds have been distributed in the onion field. The crop field was dominated
more with the monocot weeds /Figure 2/. According to a study conducted in Russia, when
250-400 weeds grow on 1 m2 of onions and carrots, the crops completely lose their yield
[8, 15]. Also as in our country in vegetable fields is relatively high the amount of harm
caused by weed.
Effect on weed control efficiency.
The Pendimethalin (33%) herbicide at doses 3.0-3.5 l/ha was applied in pre-
emergence in onion field to control annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds. Post-
emergence herbicide Oxyfluorfen (24%) were applied at 0.7-0.9 l/ha have reduced the
number of weeds by 92.7-93.4% and Pendimethalin, 33% + Oxyfluorfen 24 % mixture
herbicides applied at 3.0+0.7 l/ha have reduced the number of weeds by 92.4-94.1% and
presented in Table 1. The results demonstrate a slight benefit of the Pendimethalin, 33%
weed control program compared to the Oxyfluorfen (24%) herbicide in terms of weed
control efficacy.
annual
weeds
77%
biennial weeds
15%
perennial weeds
8%
The ratio of biological groups of weeds, in%
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Table 2.
Effect of the herbicides applied against weeds in onions (2017-2018)
№
Variant of
herbicides
Herbicid
e doses,
(l/ha)
Herbicide to spray
Weed
density,
(weeds/
m
2
)
Weed control
efficiency, (%)
before
in
weeds/
m
2
after in
weeds/
m
2
1.
Control
0
172
328.0
-
-
2.
Pendimethalin,
33%
3.0
158
-
-
65.2
3.5
161
-
-
72.4
3.
Oxyfluorfen 24%
0.7
193
14
179
92.7
0.9
138
9
129
93.4
4.
Pendimethalin,
33% +
Oxyfluorfen 24%
3.0+0.7
106
8
98
92.4
5.
Pendimethalin,
33% +
Oxyfluorfen 24%
3.5+0.9
102
6
96
94.1
The table shows that the applied herbicides in the onion field reduced the number
of weeds per 1 m
2
by 96-179. The data presented on weed control efficiency in onion
(Table 2) revealed significant variations among the treatments. In weed management
treatments highest weed control efficiency (94.1%) was recorded with the treatment
Pendimethalin 30% EC 3.5 l/ha + Oxyfluorfen 24% EC 0.9 l/ha and lowest weed control
efficiency (38.53%) was recorded with treatment Pendimethalin 30% EC 3.0l/ha. Of onion
fields, Demetra herbicides /0.4, 0.5l/ha doses/ broadleaved weeds against applied of
weeds number by 35,1-38,02% and Miura herbicides 0.8l/ha doses grass weeds against
applied by 91,5% reduced [16] the results are in agreement with researchers.
Pendimethalin 3.5l/ha+ Oxyfluorfen 0.9l/ha was significantly better in increasing
the bulb diameter, bulb weight, bulb yield and loss of bulb weight when compared with the
control. That is te air temperature in 2018 was lower by 4.1
0
C compared to the previous
year, which had a positive effect on the growth of onion bulbs and the amount of heat
required for the crops. Compared to the results of the 2017 survey, the size and weight of
bulbs were relatively high, as the weight of one onion in the non-controlled version varied
between 45-91g. These the resuts in agreement other researchers. The reduction in bulb
yield varies to the extent of 48 to 85 percent depending upon the duration, intensity of
weed growth, and weed competition (Bhalla, 1978). The pooled average bulb weight in
onion varies from 44.75g (T1-Control) to 92.65 g (T2-Weed free check). Significantly
heaviest bulb was recorded in T2 (92.65 g) than rest of the treatments except T6 (86.23
g), T4 (86.19 g), T8 (85.88 g), T9 (84.21g) and T7 (82.82 g), which were statistically
at par
/
Sahoo
S.K
et all, 2017/ [11]. In the onion field, the herbicide has been applied against
weeds increased yields by 2.4-32.7 ha compared to controls (Table 3).
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Table 3.
Effects of herbicides on yield of onion /2017-2018/
№
Variants
Herbicides
doses l/ha
Yields, cent/hectare Additional
yields,
(average)
cent/ha
2017
2018
1
Control
-
106.3
84.5
-
2
3
Pendimethalin,
33%
3.0
107.0
88.7
2.4
3.5
109.2
91.4
8.3
4
5
Oxyfluorfen 24%
0.7
114.2
102.0
12.7
0.9
116.3
107.0
27.5
6
Pendimethalin,
33%
+
Oxyfluorfen 24%
3.0+0.7
117.5
`108.4
17.5
7
Pendimethalin,
33%
+
Oxyfluorfen 24%
3.5+0.9
118.3
111.2
32.7
For the statistical correlation analyzed of elements of yield structure, then
correlation a yield from the number of weeds | r =0.4 | that is medium according to the
regression equation, while as the green mass of weeds in the area increases, the weight of
the crop bulbs reduces and the yield decreased by 11.6 percent. The experimental increase
in weeds density then decreased crop bulb weight and biological yield onion. Therefore,
crop rotation, proper herbicide application and herbicide rotation should be used
obligatory in onion fields.
CONCLUSIONS
Our for the survey indicated the effect of weeds of harm threshold, management in
onion. This study Pendimethalin 30% EC 3.5 l/ha + Oxyfluorfen 24% EC 0.9 l/ha
distinguished for the most appropriate method for effective weed management and
profitable cultivation of onion. Other methods were either fewer profit earners or are labor
expensive. Spraying of pre-emergence herbicides keeps the crop in weed-free conditions
during the early stages the application of post-emergence herbicides helps to reduce the
cost of weeding and keep the weed population below economic threshold level throughout
the crop growth period. In this case, onion producers must use all available technologies,
considering both socioeconomic and environmental efficiency.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
To perform this research provided all opportunities project leader Associate
Professor B.Dondov and Academic Council of Institute Plant Protection, and of weed
laboratory colleagues to express thank you very much.
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