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PUBLISHED DATE: - 19-11-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/Volume06Issue11-04
PAGE NO.: - 16-21
AGROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND HUMUS
RESERVES OF IRRIGATED SOILS OF
GIJDUVAN DISTRICT
Hilola Xamroyevna Salimova
Bukhara State University, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
INTRODUCTION
70% of the total land area of our republic is located
in the desert zone, which includes Ustyurt,
Kyzylkum, Malikchul, Sherabad, deserts of Karshi
and other areas. Currently, the largest share of the
areas occupied in agriculture falls on natural
pastures, about 83% of which fall on arid regions
(desert, hill) [5, 9].
The soil cover of the desert zone is extremely
complex and is characterized by its complexity, the
complexity of the relief, high temperatures, low
humus content, high carbonate content, salinity, as
well as saline sands and gypsum.
The soils of the desert zone have been poorly
studied in comparison with other soils of our
republic. Despite the fact that data on the soils of
our republic have been provided for a long time,
their study was not given importance due to the
fact that sandy accumulations are common in
combination with aeolian sediments, alluvial
deposits.
Currently, sandy desert soils are used in irrigated
agriculture in some areas of Kashkadarya,
Surkhandarya, Bukhara, Khorezm and other
regions. Various agricultural crops (cotton, grain,
alfalfa and other crops) are grown in a number of
districts of the Bukhara region. The study of the
evolution, genesis and properties of these soils
used in agriculture for the preservation and
restoration of their fertility, effective use of soils is
relevant.
The main purpose of the study is to study the
influence of various anthropogenic factors on the
evolution, properties and properties of irrigated
soils common in the Giduvan district of Bukhara
region, increasing their fertility and effective use.
Literature Analysis
Agriculture is gaining momentum all over the
world, and in recent years extensive work has been
carried out to meet the needs of the population for
safe food products, including soil conservation,
conservation, restoration and improvement of soil
fertility, efficient use of land resources,
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
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improvement of soil mechanical composition,
water-physical properties, soil reclamation,
environmental protection, etc. scientific research is
being carried out to study the influence of
anthropogenic factors [21, 22, 23, 24, 25].
The evolution (development) of soils is a
fundamental and relevant theoretical problem of
soil science. The solution to this problem
determines the origin of soil properties, the state of
soil classification and its improvement, the correct
assessment of the influence of anthropogenic
factors on soils, changes in the state, properties and
properties of soils, as well as the development of
medium- and long-term analyses [6].
The evolution of soils is the doctrine of changes
occurring in the soil, which has both theoretical
and practical significance. Time and age of soils
play an important role in the factors of soil
formation, and V.V.Dokuchaev paid great attention
to the evolution of soils in his proposed natural-
history method. Soil evolution is a fundamental
theoretical problem, the result of which is the
assessment of soil properties, the state of soil
classification and its solutions, the study of climate
change, the influence of human activity
(anthropogenic factors) [7, 9, 20].
Through the effective use of the republic's soils, the
introduction of innovative resource-saving
technologies, a number of scientific research works
are carried out to preserve and increase soil
fertility, improve their reclamation condition,
mechanical
composition,
water-physical
properties, and certain results are achieved [1, 5,
12, 15, 16, 20].
On the earth's surface, the evolution of soils does
not develop by chance, but naturally. This
development is related to the history of the
landscape. Also, a special place in the evolution of
soils in irrigated regions is occupied by the
anthropogenic factor [11, 13, 14.].
Having studied the modern agrophysical state of
the soils of irrigated meadows of the Bukhara oasis,
scientific substantiations of the reclamation state,
changes in agrochemical, agrophysical properties
of soils of irrigated meadows of the Bukhara oasis
under the influence of irrigation and anthropogenic
factor are given, the importance of agrophysical
properties in increasing soil fertility is scientifically
substantiated [19].
Having studied the evolution and fertility of the
soils of the Bukhara region, assessing the ecological
state of the territory, the interaction of natural and
anthropogenic factors in the evolution of oasis soils
was studied, the content and reserves of humus,
salt composition and migration were determined,
as well as changes in biological and agrochemical
properties of soils in the context of oasis soils of the
desert region under the influence of irrigation
waters, the conditions for the formation of oasis
soils were determined, the intensity and nature of
the manifestation of the processes of evolution,
depending on their differences from the
elementary processes of natural soils, as well as the
degree of soil change under the influence of
irrigation, the stages of formation of oasis soils
were studied [2, 3, 4].
The study of the evolution, properties and
characteristics of irrigated soils of the Gijduvan
district of the Bukhara region and the influence of
anthropogenic factors on them is of scientific and
practical importance.
METHODOLOGY
Irrigated meadow, desert meadow, takyrno
meadow, light gray-earth meadow soils of Gijduvan
district of Bukhara region were selected as the
object of research. In particular, the f
arm “Omad”,
located in the Hamid Olimjon (Sarmijоn) district of
Gijduvan district of Bukhara region, the farm
“Shukur Tuxta", located in Gulistan (Gulistanobod)
district, and irrigated meadow soils of the farm
“Xasan Rajabiy", located in S.Jabborov (Ok gul
)
district, meadow takyr soils of the farm “Fayz"
which is located in Gulistan (Gulistanobod)
district, grey-
brown soils of the farm “Usmon Nor
Omad” which is located in Hamid Olimjon
(Sarmijоn) district were selected as the object for
our research.
While the research methods were carried out in
preparatory, field, laboratory and chamber
conditions according to standard methods [8, 10]
generally accepted in soil science, geographical,
genetic,
natural-historical,
comparative,
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lithological-geomorphological, chemical-analytical
and profile methods were used in the research, and
laboratory analyses were carried out using
methods that are given in such literature as
“Methods of agrochemical analyses of soils and
plants of Central Asia” [17], “Methods of
agrochemical, agrophysical and microbiological
studies in irrigated cotton areas” [18]. The
mathematical and statistical analysis of the
obtained data was calculated using the variance
method using the Microsoft Excel program.
RESULTS
The territory of the Bukhara region is located
mainly in the Kyzylkum desert with a total area of
39.4 thousand km2. It borders on the south-east
with the Zarafshan valley, on the north-west with
the Khorezm region and the Republic of
Karakalpakstan, on the north-east with the Navoi
region, on the south-east with the Kashkadarya
region and on the south-west with the Republic of
Turkmenistan. Agricultural irrigated lands amount
to 226.6 thousand hectares.
Gijduvan district is located in the northeastern part
of the region, its total area is 384,068 thousand
hectares. It borders in the northeast and southeast
with Konimex, Karmana districts of Navoi region,
in the south with Vobkent district, and in the west
with Shafirkan district. The territory of Gijduvan
district, the total area of agricultural land is 27,007
thousand hectares, of which irrigated and
cultivated land is 19,994 thousand hectares. Of
these, meadow soils make up 52.8%, desert -
meadow - 27.4%, meadow-takyr -13.7%, grey-
brown soils - 3.3%, and grey-brown meadow soils
- 2.8%.
There are a number of factors that control the soil,
such as the conditions of humus formation in the
soil,
agrochemical
properties,
mechanical
composition of soil layers, physical properties,
water properties, irrigation cycle, crop, thickness
of the agroirrigation layer, type and degree of
salinity. Therefore, the agrochemical properties of
irrigated meadow soils of Gijduvan district were
studied in 1984 (I.N.Felisiant) and 2022
(H.X.Salimova) (Table 1).
According to I.N.Felisiant data from 1984, the
humus content in the 0-25 cm layer was 1.14, and
the total nutrient content (TNC) was 0.075; 0.25;
2.0%, respectively, in the 25-45 cm layer the
humus content was 0.81%, and TNC was 0.68; 0.17;
1.86%. It was found that as the layer deepens, the
content of humus and gross nutrients decreases.
In our studies (2022), the humus content in the
arable (0-29 cm) layer was 1.12; the gross nutrient
content was 0.11; 0.14 and 2.0%, and in the under-
arable (29-52 cm) humus layer was 0.71 and the
gross nutrient content was 0.09; 0.12; 1.7%,
respectively.
It was found that the arable layer belongs to a
group of soils with a moderate humus content, very
low nitrogen content in the form of nitrates and
ammonium (N-NH4 + N-NO3), low content of
mobile phosphorus (P2O5) and low content of
exchangeable potassium (K2O). (1st table)
1
st
table
Agrochemical characteristics of irrigated meadow soils
Layer depth,
cm
Humus,
%
Gross, %
Mobile, mg/kg
N
P
K
N-NH
4
N-NO
3
P
2
O
5
K
2
O
7 incision. Irrigated meadow soils (I.N.Felisiant, 1984)
0-25
1,14
0,075 0,25
2,0
-
-
-
-
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25-45
0,81
0,068 0,17 1,86
-
-
-
-
50-60
0,71
0,056 0,17 1,91
-
-
-
-
80-90
0,62
0,051 0,14
1,87
-
-
-
-
1 incision. Irrigated meadow soils (H.X.Salimova, 2022)
0-29
1,12
0,11 0,14
2,0
12,4
11,1
15,7 182,1
29-52
0,71
0,09 0,12
1,7
9,7
6,4
11,8 164,5
52-79
0,52
0,08 0,09
1,5
5,2
3,5
8,4
142,3
79-103
0,31
0,05 0,06
1,3
3,0
2,1
4,1
128,4
103-115
0,12
0,02 0,03
1,1
1,0
0,8
1,3
106,4
The agrochemical properties of irrigated meadow
takyr soils of Gijduvan district were also analyzed.
According to I.N.Felisiant data from 1984, in the
arable (0-20 cm) layer, humus was 0.85%, and the
gross nutrient content was 0.068%; 0.207% and
1.72%, respectively, while the 2022 study showed
that in the arable (0-25 cm) layer, humus was
0.82%, and the gross nutrient content 0.07%;
0.11% and 1.81%. It was found that as the layer
deepens, the amount of humus, mobile and gross
nutrients also decreases.
It was found that if the humus content in the upper
layer is low, and the nitrogen content in the form of
nitrates and ammonium (N-NH4 + N-NO3), as well
as mobile phosphorus (P2O5), is very low, then this
soil belongs to the group of soils with a low content
of exchangeable potassium (K2O). (2nd table)
2
nd
table
Agrochemical characteristics of irrigated meadow-takyr soils
Layer depth,
cm
Humus,
%
Gross, %
Mobile, mg/kg
N
P
K
N-NH
4
N-NO
3
P
2
O
5
K
2
O
14
th
incision. Irrigated meadow soils (I.N.Felisiant, 1984)
0-20
0,85
0,068 0,207
1,72
-
-
150,0
-
20-50
0,52
0,048 0,195
1,72
-
-
56,25
-
65-75
0,39
0,034 0,212
0,65
-
-
12,50
-
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4
th
incision. Irrigated meadow soils (H.X.Salimova, 2022)
0-25
0,82
0,07
0,11
1,81
8,9
9,5
12,5
188
25-57
0,46
0,06
0,09
1,69
7,1
7,8
10,6
171
57-98
0,23
0,05
0,08
1,43
5,8
5,7
8,5
152
98-122
0,14
0,03
0,05
1,36
4,2
4,6
5,3
1,39
122-178
0,11
0,02
0,03
1,48
2,5
2,7
3,3
1,49
It has been established that irrigated meadow and
meadow-takyr soils are humus reserves. According
to I.N.Feliciant's data for 1984, humus reserves in
the arable layer of meadow soils amount to 38.8
t/ha, in our study conducted in 2022, humus
reserves amounted to 43.5 t/ha.
According to 1984 data, humus reserves in the
arable layer of meadow
–
takyr soils amounted to
23.6 t/ha, and according to our data for 2022 - 27.9
t/ha. It was found that these soils increased in
humus reserves, while the humus content
decreased due to an increase in the arable layer
over 38 years.
CONCLUSION
The evolution of irrigated meadow and meadow-
takyr soils of Gijduvan district of Bukhara region
has been studied. At the same time, the humus
content in the arable layer of irrigated meadow
soils in 1984 was 1.14%; with a reserve of 38.8
t/ha, the humus content in 2022 was 1.12%; with a
reserve of 43.5 t/ha. In meadow-takyr soils, the
humus content in 1984 was 0.85%; reserves-23.6
t/ha, in 2022 the humus content was 0.82%;
reserves were revealed-27.9 t/ha. Over 38 years,
humus reserves in meadow soils increased by 4.7
t/ha, and in meadow-takyr soils-by 4.3 t/ha. It was
found that the amount of gross and mobile
nutrients varied.
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