The American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical
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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
6-12
10.37547/tajabe/Volume07Issue03-02
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
20 January 2025
ACCEPTED
18 February 2024
PUBLISHED
17 March 2025
VOLUME
Vol.07 Issue03 2025
CITATION
Namozov Jurabek Abduazizovich, & Dushamova Shahnoza Ikrombek qizi.
(2025). Regional features of the use of amudarya water. The American
Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering, 7(03), 6
–
12.
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/Volume07Issue03-02
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Regional features of the
use of amudarya water
Namozov Jurabek Abduazizovich
Associate Professor of Chirchik State Pedagogical University, PhD, doc,
Uzbekistan
Dushamova Shahnoza Ikrombek qizi
Student of Chirchik State Pedagogical University, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
The article presents the distribution and flow
of the Amu Darya River in the country's agriculture,
population needs and industry, in terms of its
importance by region. The state of water use of the
regions and their share in water distribution are
scientifically analyzed. At the end of the article,
proposals and recommendations are given for the
rational use of the Amu Darya River.
Keywords:
Amu Darya, water distribution, Amu -
Bukhara Canal, Amu - Karshi Canal, Qoshtepa Canal.
Introduction:
The Amu Darya River is one of the largest
rivers in Central Asia and is an important source of water
supply and agriculture in the region. In recent years,
climate change, anthropogenic impacts and the
construction of hydraulic structures have had a
significant impact on the river's water flow. This study
aims to study the variability of the Amu Darya River
flow, analyze the distribution and consumers of river
water. Its distribution is related to regional, economic
and environmental problems.
METHODOLOGY
The Amu Darya has been known by various names
throughout history. For example, the Greeks called it
Oxus, the Arabs called it Yaksart, and the ancient local
people called it Jayhun. It is the second longest river in
Central Asia (2,540 km) and the largest river by basin
(534.7 thousand km²) [source]. The Amu Darya begins at
the confluence of the Panj and Vakhsh rivers in the
Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan, passes through the
territories
of
Uzbekistan,
Afghanistan
and
Turkmenistan, and flows into the Aral Sea. The
Vohondarya is called Panj after it merges with the Pamir
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River, which originates in the Pamirs, Zarko. The Panj is
joined by the Gunt, Bartang, Yazgulom, Vanj, and
Kyzylsuv tributaries from the right, and finally, after the
largest and most freshwater tributary, the Vakhsh
River, it takes the name Amu Darya. In this part, it is
joined by the Kunduz Darya, which originates from
Afghanistan, on the northern slope of the Hindu Kush
mountains, at an altitude of 4950 m, from the glacier.
Then, from the right, the Kafirnihan from Tajikistan,
the Surkhandarya and Sherobodarya from Uzbekistan
flow into the Amu Darya, and the water of the
Kohitangdarya to the west is also used for irrigation
along the way. After that, no other tributary joins it for
more than 1200 km until it reaches the Aral Sea. The
Zarafshan and Kashkadarya are ancient tributaries of
the Amu Darya, and their water is used entirely for
irrigation.
Main Part
The main water volume of the Amu Darya is formed in
its upper part. Here, the Amu Darya flows through a
narrow, sometimes deep bed. The bed decreases on
average by 4 meters per km (and in some places by
more than 10 meters). Because of this, the river flows
very quickly, the speed of the current is 1.5-2.5 m / s.
The river valley is also narrow, it goes around the steep
rocky mountains that are part of the Pamir mountain
system. Having reached the plain, it passes through the
Karakum and Kyzylkum deserts, in the middle part the
average width of the riverbed is 1500 m. In the part of
the river flowing through the plain, the slope is small
(0.2-0.3 m per km). Due to the high speed of the river
flow (2-3 m / s), it constantly erodes the bed and banks,
which is why the bed is constantly changing. In the
plain, the width of the Amu Darya valley is 10-15 km,
and in some places it reaches 20-25 km. Three terraces
have formed where the valley has widened. In places
where the river passes between low mountains, the
width of the valley does not exceed 350-380 meters.
Near Pitnak there is Tuyamoyin, in the middle reaches
there are Duldulhatlagan and Elzhik narrow channels.
In the plains, there are sand dunes 2-3 km wide on both
banks of the river. The lower reaches of the Amu Darya
reach the Aral Sea, the length of the lower reaches is
500 km, of which 325 km falls on the area between
Nukus and the Aral Sea - the current delta of the river.
The river receives water from glaciers and snow, there
are about 1,000 glaciers in its basin (including the
largest mountain-valley glacier on the planet -
Fedchenko). Historically, the river flowed into the Aral
Sea, but due to reduced water consumption, it now
rarely reaches the sea. Taking into account the water
demand of the countries located in the Amu Darya
basin, it distributes the available water resources
among itself (since different amounts of water
resources are formed in the basins every year). The
Interstate Commission for Coordination of Water
Management of the Central Asian States and
Kazakhstan is also involved in the use of the Amu Darya.
The Amu Darya basin has enormous hydropower
resources. Total hydropower resources amount to 63.2
million kW. By basin, 29.8% of these hydropower
resources fall on the Panj, 38% on the Vakhsh, 5.6% on
the Kofarnikhan, 3.0% on the Surkhandarya, 1.0% on the
Kashkadarya, 5.4% on the Zarafshan, and 17.1% on the
Amu Darya basins. To date, only a little more than 2% of
the hydropower resources in the Amu Darya basin are
actually used. The largest of the commissioned
hydropower facilities is the Norak reservoir and
hydroelectric power station built in the Pulisangin gorge
of the Vakhsh River. Until the 1960s, water transport on
the Amu Darya was widely established. However, in
recent years, the construction of the Chorjoi-Kungurat
railway and the development of road networks, as well
as the shallowing of the river, have sharply reduced the
share of Amu Darya water transport in total cargo
transportation [4].
Irrigated areas of Uzbekistan provide 10-20 percent of
the world's cotton harvest. The largest canal in the
world, the Karakum, receives about 45 percent of the
Amu Darya's water (20-30 km3); The Amu-Bukhara
Machine Canal, which irrigates the territory of
Uzbekistan, also receives water from the Amu Darya.
These canals and along the Amu Darya (in
Turkmenistan) extend to vast cotton and wheat fields.
In the early 1950s, it was also planned to build the Main
Turkmen Canal, which would start in Nukus and use the
Uzboy Canal, but this plan was not implemented. Since
2020, the vast Qoshtepa Canal has been under
construction on the northern Afghan section of the
river; it is estimated to be 285 km long and 100 m wide.
Construction of the Qoshtepa Canal is underway.
Uzbekistan has expressed concern that the canal will
negatively impact agriculture. The canal is also expected
to exacerbate the Aral Sea disaster, and in 2023, Uzbek
officials held talks with the Taliban on the canal. Images
provided by Planet Labs show that more than 100 km of
canal was dug between April 2022 and February 2023.
Numerous dams have been built on the river and its
tributaries (especially in Tajikistan) to generate
electricity, which Tajikistan exports. Amu-Bukhara
Machine Canal - an irrigation canal in the Bukhara region
begins on the right bank of the Amu Darya, 12 km
upstream of Charjoi (Turkmenistan). It passes through
Kyzylkum and supplies water to the Bukhara oasis. The
first stage was built in 1965, the second stage in 1976.
The total length is 400 km. The maximum water lifting
height is 111 m, the maximum water transfer capacity is
270 m³/s. After the commissioning of the first stage of
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the Amu-Bukhara Machine Canal, it became possible
to irrigate 136.5 thousand hectares of land in the
Bukhara region, which had been irrigated from other
sources, with Amu Darya water, improve the water
supply of 377 thousand hectares of land in the Amu
Darya basin, and irrigate 23.8 thousand hectares of
new land.
To ensure the water level at the upper level of the
Kyzyltepa pumping station, a water discharge facility
was built into the Tudakol swamp. The commissioning
of the 2nd stage of the Amu-Bukhara Machine Canal
made it possible to develop 15.5 thousand hectares of
new land and improve the water supply of 77 thousand
hectares of land in the Bukhara, Samarkand, and Navoi
regions irrigated with Amu Darya water. The canal
begins near the Pulizindan port of the Amu Darya River
in the city of Dostlik, located in the southern region of
the Lebap region of Turkmenistan. The canal is built in a
northeasterly direction and crosses the border of
Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The canal ends at the
confluence of the Kashkadarya River near the town of
Kashkadarya. The mouth is located in the Karshi district
of the Kashkadarya region of Uzbekistan (Table 1).
1 - table
Regional characteristics of Amu Darya water use (during the growing season)
Regions
(canals)
April
May
June
July
August
September
To-
tal
Amo-
unt
Sh-
are
Amo-
unt
Sh-
are
Am-
ount
Sh-
are
Amo-
unt
Sh-
are
Amo-
unt
Sh-
are
Amo-
unt
Sh-
Are
Kashka-
darya
37
3,5
16,9
24
4
11
30
7
13,
9
67
9,2
30,
7
39
7,8
18
21
1,2
9,5
221
2,7
Amu-
Bukhara
Machine
Canal
21
0,8
7,9
27
4,6
10,
4
51
4,3
19,
4
84
2
31,
7
57
3,4
21,
6
23
7,8
9
265
2,9
Bukhara
15
0,9
6,7
21
0
9,3
44
4,2
19,
7
76
9,4
34,
1
50
5,8
22,
4
17
4,5
7,7
225
4,8
Navoi
59,7
15
64
,6
16
,2
70,3
17,
7
72
,5
18,
2
67
,6
17
63
,4
15
,9
39
8,1
Karakalpaks
tan
38
7,6
8,4
66
6,1
14
,4
98
1,4
21,
3
12
22,9
26,
5
48
7
10,
5
87
2,6
18
,9
461
7,6
Khorezm
272
9,7
40
9
14
,6
582
20,
8
64
8
23,
2
58
2
20,
8
30
4,6
10
,9
2797
,6
Total:
12
43,9
10
15
93,7
12
,9
25
29,7
20,
4
31
92,4
25,
8
249
1,8
20,1
13
26
10
,7
123
78
Amu-Surkhan
Canal
16
0,6
13,3
18
4,3
15
,2
22
5,6
18,
7
28
9,2
23,
9
19
8
16,
4
15
1,9
12
,6
120
9,6
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Source: Prepared by the author based on data from the Water Management of the
Republic of Uzbekistan for 2024.
Note: Absolute figures are given in million m
3
, shares are given in percent.
The length of the canal is 290 km. The banks are more
than 100 km concreted. The maximum water flow is
about 195-220 m³/s, and the water is pumped in 6
stages by powerful pumps to a height of 132 meters.
Approximately 80 km from the beginning of the canal
is the Tallimarjon reservoir, which receives water from
the system. There are six pumping stations designed to
overcome the height difference of 132 m before
connecting to the reservoir. The system includes 36
pumping units with a total capacity of 450 MW. In
addition, the flow along the main canal is carried out
by gravity, and the branch to the reservoir is equipped
with a seventh pumping station[1].
The construction of the first stage of the canal began in
1965 and was completed in 1973. The purpose of the
construction is to provide the arid regions of the Karshi
steppe with Amu Darya waters for the development of
cotton cultivation. The canal will irrigate more than
218 thousand hectares of land in the Nishon, Karshi,
Guzar, Koson and other districts of the Kashkadarya
region of Uzbekistan.
There are 276.7 thousand hectares of irrigated land in
the Khorezm region, of which 191.3 thousand hectares
are irrigated through the Tashsoqa system. This system
supplies the Amu Darya water to the region. 120
kilometers of the Tashsoqa, Shovot, Polvan Gazovot
and Gazovot main canals have been reconstructed,
and 318 new hydraulic structures have been built. As a
result, the use of 279 pumping units has been
discontinued, saving 31.6 million kilowatt-hours of
electricity. Amu Darya water is the main source of
drinking and irrigation water in the Khorezm region,
and the river flows throughout the entire territory. This
reduces salinization of the land and improves soil
composition. The Amu Darya River plays a significant
role in the economic life of the Khorezm region. The
Polvan, Yermish, Shovat and Kilichniyozboy canals
distribute the Amu Darya River water throughout the
region. At the same time, water-saving technologies
are being introduced in the region to improve water
supply. For example, it was planned to implement such
technologies on an area of 49.5 thousand hectares by
2022. The agriculture of the Khorezm region mainly
consists of cotton growing, melon growing, rice
growing and meat and dairy farming, which rely on the
water of the Amu Darya River. The climate of the
Khorezm region is sharply continental, and in the
summer months the temperature can rise to +40°C.
Despite this, the arable land in the region has high
productivity, since the Amu Darya River, the main
source of drinking and irrigation water, flows through
the entire territory, washing away the salt from the soil
and improving its composition.
In 2024, Bukhara region continued to receive Amu Darya
water mainly through the Amu-Bukhara machine canal
and use it for agricultural and drinking water supply.
There are a total of 274.60 thousand hectares of
irrigated land in the region, and the main water source
for these areas is the Amu Darya.
In 2024, Navoi region mainly used the water of the
Zarafshan River, and also partially consumed the water
of the Amu Darya. In the Kyzyltepa and Karmana
districts of the region, three-quarters of the water
supply is obtained from the Amu Darya. The Kushtepa
canal under construction in Afghanistan can divert 20
percent of the Amu Darya water, which is likely to
reduce the volume of water entering Uzbekistan by 15
percent. As a result, water supply disruptions may occur
in regions such as Navoi region.
The districts of Kashkadarya region are mainly irrigated
with water from the Amu Darya. Water from the Amu
Darya is pumped into the Tallimarjon reservoir through
7 pumping cascades. The area of the reservoir is 77.4
km2. The length of the reservoir is 14 km, width is 5.5
km. The length of the coastline is 36 km. The average
depth is 19.8 meters. The total volume of water is 1.53
billion cubic meters, the area of use is 1.4 billion cubic
meters. The complex of hydraulic structures includes
two earthen dams, a pumping station, a water intake
and discharge channel, a drainage system and a
pumping station. The reservoir is filled in the fall. Water
is raised to a height of 26.6 m using electric pumps.
There are two dam structures in the reservoir. During
the irrigation season, water from the reservoir is
returned to the Karshi main canal through the drainage
system. The water flow is 360 m3/s.
In 2024, the Republic of Karakalpakstan continued to
use the Amu Darya River mainly for agricultural, drinking
water supply and industrial needs. The Amu Darya River
is the main water source in this region, and its water is
used for irrigation and other purposes. In 2023,
Uzbekistan consumed 38.4 % of the Amu Darya River's
water (approximately 18.3 cubic kilometers). This
amount of water is distributed to various regions of the
country, including the Republic of Karakalpakstan.
Although exact figures for 2024 have not been
announced, it can be assumed that the water
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distribution was carried out on the basis of agreements
from previous years. In order to effectively use water
resources and improve water supply in the Republic of
Karakalpakstan, a number of projects were
implemented in 2024. For example, new water
pipelines were laid and existing networks were
reconstructed to eliminate the shortage of drinking
water. Attention is also paid to optimizing water
consumption by introducing water-saving technologies
in agriculture. Due to the threat of depletion of the
Amu Darya River, the issues of rational use of water
resources and the widespread introduction of water-
saving technologies remain relevant in the Republic of
Karakalpakstan. These measures will ensure the
ecological stability of the region and improve the living
standards of the population.
The Amu Darya is one of the largest rivers in Central
Asia, and its waters are of great importance for
Uzbekistan. The river is formed mainly in the territories
of Tajikistan and Afghanistan, and then flows through
Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Uzbekistan forms about
8.5% of the Amu Darya's water. Afghanistan, in turn,
uses about 6% of the river's water. The Amu Darya's
water is used mainly for agriculture, drinking water
supply, and industrial needs. Although the distribution
of water by region is not disclosed with precise figures,
Khorezm, Bukhara, Surkhandarya, Navoi regions and
the Republic of Karakalpakstan rely on the water of the
Amu Darya. It is planned to take an additional 10 cubic
km of water from the Amu Darya through the Kushtepa
Canal under construction in Afghanistan, which could
reduce the volume of water entering Uzbekistan by
about 15%. The distribution and use of the Amu Darya
water require regional cooperation and agreements.
The rational use and protection of water resources is a
pressing issue for Uzbekistan and neighboring
countries.
Geographical route
Tajikistan is located in the upper reaches of the Amu
Darya River. The main water source.
Afghanistan - The river flows along a large part of the
border.
Uzbekistan - The Amu Darya supplies water to
Karakalpakstan, Khorezm, Bukhara, Surkhandarya and
Navoi regions.
Turkmenistan
–
The river crosses the southwestern part
and provides water for the Garagum Canal.
Additional information:
Kazakhstan does not use the Amu Darya water directly,
but may be connected via the Syr Darya.
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, although part of
Uzbekistan, uses the Amu Darya water separately.
Water distribution is carried out on the basis of
agreements between the Central Asian countries.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results section describes the regional distribution of
Amu Darya water, annual changes, and water
consumption indicators. The results obtained are clearly
presented using tables and graphs, which strengthens
the scientific basis of the study. The scientific and
practical significance of the results is discussed in the
discussion section. The problems identified in the study,
water resources management strategies, and future
research directions are analyzed. This section proposes
theoretical and practical solutions based on the
available tables and graphs.
In 2024, Uzbekistan continued to use the Amu Darya
River mainly for agricultural, drinking water supply and
industrial needs. The annual water withdrawal limit
from the Amu Darya basin is 56 billion cubic meters, of
which 40 billion cubic meters falls on the growing
season (from April to October). In previous years, 16
billion cubic meters of water were allocated for
Uzbekistan during the growing season. In 2024, water-
saving technologies were introduced in Uzbekistan on
326 thousand hectares of land in order to effectively use
water resources, which allowed saving 2 billion cubic
meters of water. At the same time, there is a risk of a
decrease in the Amu Darya River, which could negatively
affect Uzbekistan's water supply. For example, the
Kushtepa Canal under construction in Afghanistan could
increase the volume of water withdrawn from the Amu
Darya, which would likely reduce the amount of water
entering Uzbekistan.
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Figure 1.
Share of countries in the distribution of Amu Darya waters
Source: Prepared by the author based on data from the Water Management of the
Republic of Uzbekistan for 2024.
In 2024, Tajikistan continued to use the Amu Darya
River mainly for agricultural, drinking water supply and
industrial needs. In previous years, Tajikistan was
allocated 6.9 billion cubic meters of water during the
growing season. In 2023, Tajikistan consumed 15
percent of the Amu Darya River (about 9 cubic
kilometers). Although exact figures for 2024 have not
been announced, it can be assumed that the water
distribution was carried out on the basis of agreements
from previous years. Tajikistan is located in the upper
reaches of the Amu Darya River and plays an important
role in the formation of the river flow (Figure 1). In
2024, Turkmenistan continued to use the Amu Darya
River mainly for agricultural, drinking water supply and
industrial needs. According to 2023 data, the total
water withdrawal from the Amu Darya was 47.58 cubic
kilometers, of which Turkmenistan used 35%, or
approximately 19.9 cubic kilometers of water. Despite
having the smallest population in the region,
Turkmenistan is the largest consumer of Amu Darya
water. According to official data, the country has a
population of over 7 million, while independent
estimates put the figure at just over 5 million. Based on
the official population, Turkmenistan's water
withdrawal from the Amu Darya in 2023 was 6,741.7
cubic meters per capita.
In 2024, Afghanistan continued to use the Amu Darya
water mainly for agriculture and drinking water supply.
Afghanistan has the right to use the Amu Darya water,
and dialogues are underway with neighboring countries
in this regard. For example, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan
have formed a joint working group on the construction
of the Kushtepa Canal. Through this canal, Afghanistan
plans to irrigate 300,000 hectares of land, which will
require approximately 4-5 billion cubic meters of water.
According to the discussion: Water distribution requires
international cooperation. The Kushtepa Canal may
affect the water supply of Uzbekistan and
Turkmenistan.
Environmental problems of the Amu Darya
Water shortage - Water consumption is increasing due
to irrigation works.
The drying up of the Aral Sea - Due to the extensive use
of the waters of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya for
agriculture, the sea level has dropped sharply.
The Afghan Kushtepa Canal project may reduce the
volume of water entering Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
The distribution of Amu Darya water is an important
issue for all countries in the region, and it is necessary
to use water resources rationally and take into account
the interests of neighboring countries.
CONCLUSION
The Amu Darya is one of the most important water
resources in Central Asia, its water is used mainly for
48%
35%
15%
2%
Uzbekistan
Turkmenistan
Tajikistan
Afghanistan
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The American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering
agriculture, drinking water supply and industrial needs.
The river is of strategic importance for Uzbekistan,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan and plays an
important role in regional water distribution. The main
area of water use in Uzbekistan is agriculture. The
article describes in detail the geographical features,
distribution and use of the Amu Darya water. In
particular, the volume of water withdrawn from the
river, the main channels (Karaqum, Amu-Bukhara,
Kushtepa, etc.) and their impact on agriculture are
analyzed. In particular, it is noted that the Kushtepa
Canal under construction in Afghanistan may cause
regional problems due to the possibility of reducing the
volume
of
water
entering
Uzbekistan
and
Turkmenistan. The environmental problems of the
Amu Darya, including the drying up of the Aral Sea,
water shortages and increasing water consumption in
agriculture, may further complicate water distribution
in the future. Therefore, rational management of river
water, widespread implementation of water-saving
technologies, and international agreements on water
distribution between countries are of great
importance. In this regard, the Amu Darya provides
important information for studying the water
distribution
process
and
regional
problems,
contributing to the formation of scientific and practical
approaches to the effective use of water resources.
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