The American Journal of Management and Economics Innovations
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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
07-26
10.37547/tajmei/Volume07Issue04-02
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
27 February 2025
ACCEPTED
24 March 2025
PUBLISHED
07 April 2025
VOLUME
Vol.07 Issue 04 2025
CITATION
SIVER KIBUH. (2025). Availability and Effectiveness of Support Systems
for Church Ministers in Nairobi County. The American Journal of
Management and Economics Innovations, 7(04), 07
–
26.
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajmei/Volume07Issue04-02
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Availability and
Effectiveness of Support
Systems for Church
Ministers in Nairobi
County.
SIVER KIBUH
Salt Lake Bible College University of America
Abstract:
This study investigates the availability and
effectiveness of support systems for church ministers in
Nairobi County, Kenya, focusing on their psychological
well-being, coping mechanisms, and ministerial
performance. Drawing from a target population of
1,300 church ministers, including pastors, youth
leaders, and administrative personnel, a sample of 306
participants was selected using stratified random
sampling. A descriptive research design was employed
to analyze the interplay between psychological
stressors, support resources, and coping strategies in
addressing the challenges faced by church ministers.
The findings highlight the multifaceted nature of stress
experienced by church ministers, including emotional
labor, congregational expectations, and personal
pressures, which often affect their mental health and
professional output. Despite the significant role of
institutional support systems, such as counseling
services and peer support groups, their accessibility
and effectiveness remain inconsistent. Many ministers
report insufficient resources to address burnout and
unique ministerial challenges, pointing to a need for
structured and culturally sensitive interventions. Family
and community support systems emerge as crucial yet
often compromised by the demanding nature of
ministry work. Spiritual practices, including prayer and
meditation, serve as key coping mechanisms, though
their impact is enhanced when combined with
professional psychological care. The study also
underscores the potential of peer-mentoring programs
and online support platforms in fostering emotional
resilience among church ministers, though digital and
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structural barriers limit their widespread adoption. The
study recommends enhancing the organizational
framework of religious institutions to prioritize the
mental health of church ministers. This includes
integrating structured counseling services, expanding
peer-support programs, and addressing socio-cultural
and economic factors that hinder access to care.
Further, it advocates for the adoption of holistic
approaches, such as the Rehabilitation Model, to create
personalized and sustainable support systems for
clergy. By addressing these gaps, the findings aim to
inform policies and practices that promote the well-
being and effectiveness of church ministers in Nairobi
County.
Background Information
According to the findings of a research conducted by
Martin and Bernard, ministers reported better levels of
work satisfaction and lower levels of stress in situations
where religious organizations actively offered tools and
programs for stress management and personal
development. This research showed the essential role
that institutional support plays in increasing the
psychological wellness of church clergy
1
.
Facilitation of support for church clergy has proven to
be an area of focus among scholars within the
framework of this research. Anderson and Thompson
undertook studies in which they found out the
accessibility of ministers to professional mental health
resources; as well as the comprehensiveness and
quality of such resources regardless of the ministers
religious beliefs. Responding to the question about how
ministers access professional mental health, the data
indicated that a large proportion reported they do not
and there is a large gap in support. Pastors’ concerns
that emerged from the research indicated that there is
a necessity to create appropriate, better structured,
and more accessible support mechanisms within
religious organizations to address specific problems
that pastors experience
2
.
Wilson and Taylor embarked on a seminal quantitative
research study at a time in New South Wales to
establish the extent of success that religious groups had
in engaging mental health professionals. The
researchers, therefore, came to the realization that
ministers within the frameworks of integrated
programs received the improved mental health
outcomes. However, the study also portrays that such
integration was not popularized, thereby implying that
their use needs to be promoted extensively
3
.
Schneider and Vogel did study on church pastors’
support systems in Germany, which revealed the
importance of community support systems. The study
showed that the positively integrated clergy/sector in
supportive community demands/ religion; business
organizations demonstrated higher resilience to
professional stress. However, the research was aware
of the fact that not all ministers interviewed had the
same level of access to networks of communities, which
gave an indication that there is a disparity as regards to
the availability of help out there. The Schneider and
Vogel 2021 study Another study is by Schneider and
Vogel 2021
Some of the research which was done by Harris and
Clarke was to determine the extent to which the
mentoring as well as the peer support programs
offered to the church clergy. The conclusion drawn
from the study is that such programs were quite useful
in offering moral and logistical support aimed at
enabling ministers to cope with challenges that are
associated with their work. At the same time, it was
realized that these, support systems were not available
to the independent individuals, thus, drawing attention
to the lack of support system that is provided to the
church pastors of the United Kingdom
4
.
Another systematic research study by Adegoke and
Olamide also took place in Nigeria and the aspect of the
research focused on leaders’ satisfaction analyzed
denominational support. In the study, it was observed
that pastors who served employment in extensive
denominational offices that possessed enhanced
formal structures of support described feeling superior
psychological well-being compared to pastors who
served employment in limited denominational offices
that were associated with lesser formal structures of
support. In this it was highlighted that, the need for
structure within an organization to effectively provide
help to church pastors was emphasized by this
5
.
Mahmoud and El-Sayed research focused on the
possibilities of having intercessions in support of
religious workers employed in Christian ministries. In
light of the research study findings, it was evident that
interfaith engagements provided ordination for
ministers a provides them with emotional and social
support that helped them overcome unique challenges
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associated with ministering in a region that is
predominantly dominated by Islamic influence. There
was, however, no such type of interfaith solidarity all
over the place in each location
6
.
The sample makes it easier to infer the results
presented by Van Dyk and Coetzee in their research
study, whereby the ability of counseling services that
are provided to church clergy was explored. In this case,
although it was established that some ministers
received counseling services, it was also evident that
the availability, quality, and frequency of such services
was not consistent. Moreover, the work also showed
that there existed cultural barriers that, sometimes,
prevented ministers from seeking such assistance,
implying the necessity of counselling interventions
which were culturally sensitive
7
.
Detailed in a study by Mensah in Ghana, the authors’
aim was to determine the effect that traditional
support structures which are families and communities
had on the chur
ch pastors’ wellbeing and happiness.
According to the study conducted, assertion revealed
that traditional systems had a pivotal role in supporting
individuals through emotions; nonetheless, there were
a lot of defects, including the absence of experience to
deal with intricate thoughts that called for professional
care
8
.
A study that was done in Nairobi by Ochieng and Kiman
concerns the role that non-governmental organizations
(ngos) perform in availing services to church clergy. The
study conducted to align to the objectives uncovered
the following: NGOs were seen to complement for
mental health through providing services and support
that the internal institution structure failed to provide.
At the same time, it was pointed out that loss of
exterior and idiosyncratic support could lead to
fluctuations in the quality and accessibility of the
supportive services
9
.
Mwangi and Otieno emphasized the usefulness of
online support groups for church pastors and
emphasized their effectiveness. According to the
findings of the research, digital platforms offered
ministers a vital resource that allowed them to connect
with one another, share their experiences, and get
support, particularly during periods in when face-to-
face encounters were restricted. On the other hand,
the report also highlighted the digital divide, which is a
situation in which some ministers do not have access to
or are not conversant with certain internet tools
10
.
A study carried out in Kenya by Njoroge & Mbogo was
a comparative study on the extent and accessibility of
professional psychological support for church clergy.
Some of the ministers suffer from stress, emotional,
and mental related disorders but are unable to receive
professional treatment as avices the findings of the
research indicate a severe shortage of these services. It
revealed a critical area which religious organizations
should ensure priority of the mental health of pastors
and accessible competent counselling services that be
made frequent
11
.
It is still the roles to contribu
te to the church pastors’
supports by implementing the usage of peer-mentoring
services. Based on thematic areas developed by
participants of the study, such programs were effective
in allowing ministers to discuss challenges and seek
assistance from colleagues with more practice. The
study established that, although there was stress on
such-like programs, their introduction was not
frequent, thereby pointing to possible growth room
within religious organizations
12
.
Namely, working within the scope of Nairobi, the
aforementioned authors undertook the research that
concerned the impact of the available family support on
the level of psychological distress in pastors. However,
the same research pointed out that due to the
demanding nature of the ministerial job, one is
normally forced to compromise with the family
resulting in poor support system, probably may not be
effective. According to the study conducted, it was
clear that family support in the lives of the researcher’s
participants played a key role in giving a cushion to
stress though it noted that most of the support systems
provided by the families could not be effective
13
.
Kioko and Lumumba lend insights into the role played
by prayer and meditation in enhancing mental health
among church pastors in Kenya in a study conducted in
the said country. Based on the research conducted in
this study, these activities were fundamental to
reducing tension and as a part of several tactics that
many ministers used to help them to get through their
workdays. However, the results of the present study
also emphasized the importance of enhancing these
religious practices by taking help from mental health
professionals
14
.
Specifically, within the existing div of knowledge in
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Kenya, Wanjiru & Onyango explored the nutritional
dimensions of institutional mechanisms as a means of
enhancing the mental health status of church pastors.
From the study, it was established that ministers gave
high scores in psychological well being where there
were clear policies as well as(Programs) for ministerial
care in the church. These programs were programs that
offered free and reasonable ‘time offs’ such as paid
annual leave and other programs like mental health
programs. However, the implementation of such
regulations was not homogenous in the churches,
further showing that there is some work to be done
within the religious organizations
15
.
Study Objective
The study was guided by the following objective;
To examine the availability and effectiveness of support
systems for church ministers in Nairobi County.
Rehabilitation Model Theory
The central focus of Rehabilitation Model Theory,
which is one of the imperative principles of studying
psychology as well as counseling, is to bring back
persons to their optimal functioning after the impaired
functioning due to a range of factors including but not
limited to disease, addiction, and mental stress.
Because it is actually more inclined towards
rehabilitation as well as overall well-being of
communities, this model is more valuable with relation
to the psychology of health as well as recovery for
individuals who are in high stress occupations, including
the church pastors in Nairobi County
16
.
The Rehabilitation Model is based on the key belief that
the individuals can revert to a methodology that
comprises of methodical support and intervention and
regain the lost potential. One of the postulates of this
perspective is the belief in the concept of
‘temperamental strengths,’ which are inherent in
people as a natural capacity for self-development. The
premise of this theory is that people are viable to
treatment and change, and are able to regain or even
improve upon previous levels of functioning if supplied
with adequate support. Smith & Jones post this as the
methodology constituting a holistic approach whereby
a consideration of all facets of man’s being –
the
physical,
emotional,
psychological
and
social
dimensions of his existence is done
17
.
It is worthy of note to realize that the Rehabilitation
Model has been applied in different sectors some of
which are the mental health and occupational therapy
even though its application is most recognized within
the physical therapy section and the rehabilitation
process of addiction. This PARM is used in the field of
mental health to help individuals regain their well-
being and help them overcome mental disorders and
stress by applying therapeutic treatment, counseling,
and community support. Johnson and Davis
propounded occupational therapy in the working
definition of this type of treatment as an independent
technique aimed at the restoration of the skills required
for performing routine tasks and practical activities in
one’s occupation. This is usually done when people go
through physical or psychological irreversible ordeals.
Of all the individuals who could benefit from the
Rehabilitation Model, the people in the ministry of the
church may be the most inclined and suitable.
Culturally there are also several specific pressures that
are unique to a minister position which include the
social pressure that comes expecting higher work
produce, the emotional labor of doing pastoral care,
and the pressure that comes with managing family and
work. All the above stated environmental stresses are
possible sources of psychological pressure, emotional
exhaustion and possibly break even in the mental
health of the individuals. In relation to discovering how
ministers may be able to overcome some of these
challenges, the Probability Theory or Rehabilitation
Model as it may be termed, can assist us in doing this.
It forms part of the system to the said stresses that
church pastors are faced with, which are complex in
nature. This is achieved through focus on the both
physical and the psychological health of a client and
offering him/her personalized treatment
18
.
o implement the Rehabilitation Model into the existing
environments of support to the church ministers, it is
helpful to design treatments that deal with physical,
emotion/mental, and social realms of the minister’s
personality. Some of the examples of what may be in
this category include providing clients access to
counseling services, developing peer support groups,
promoting physical well-being innovations, and
offering seminars on stress reduction. For example,
within the framework of this model, a program may
include facilitating scheduled check-ups with mental
health, spiritual and emotional rejuvenation, and
training on building practical and still efficient
strategies for handling stressful conditions.
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When trying to introduce the Rehabilitation Model to
the Nairobi County the peculiarities of the cultural,
social and economical environment that affects church
pastors need to be taken into consideration. To this
progression, such traditions of therapy and support
may need to be incorporated into the design, to ensure
that treatments are highlighted for the urban rural
divide in Nairobi and to address the issues severally
proffered by the socio economic nature of the area.
Thus, the kind of help which is delivered is not only full-
scope, but culturally sensitive and more effective when
matched with the needs of the Kuala Lumpur church
pastors Finally, it is important to note that tailoring of
the model in such way in a positive way influences the
effectiveness of recovery process among church
pastors of Nairobi County
19
.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This chapter presents the research methodology for the
study on "Examining the Psychological Breakdown and
Wellbeing of Church Ministers in Nairobi County:
Implication for Counselling." It delineates the research
design, study location, target population, sampling
method, research instruments, data collection
procedures, and the approach to data analysis.
Research Design
The purpose of this study is to examine sources of
psychological stress, availability of support and coping
resources, and their overall impact on well-being and
ministry outcomes of church ministers in Nairobi
County, Kenya. Descriptive design was used in this
study to effectively capture these variables defined by
the study in the context that was considered.
Quantitative descriptive research, as discussed by
Mugenda and Mugenda, is a systematic way of
presenting an overview of the situation at the time of
carrying out the study since it provides important
information on the studied phenomena
20
.
Study Variables
Dependent Variables:
Psychological Wellbeing: Assessed through indicators
such as stress levels, anxiety, and overall mental health
status.
Ministerial Performance:
Evaluated based on
effectiveness in pastoral care, administrative duties,
and congregation engagement.
Independent Variables:
Psychological Stressors: Including workload, emotional
labor, and congregational expectations.
Support System Availability:
Encompassing counseling
services, peer support, and institutional backing.
Coping Mechanisms:
Covering spiritual practices, social
support, and personal strategies.
Intervening Variable:
Socio-Cultural and Economic Factors:
Impact of Nairobi
County's
unique
socio-cultural
and
economic
environment on the study variables.
Location of the Study
This study aimed at identifying and comparing the
availability and utilization of mental health services
between facility and community-based settings in
Nairobi County of Kenya, which is in the southern part
of the country. Another reason for selection of Nairobi
was its metropolitan environment because it is the
nation’s capital, thus making it easier to take research
among the many churches, to identify and understand
the many factors that cause variation in pastors’ mental
health. Since the purpose of the research was to get
notions of the problems that individual church
ministers experience and the resources that they turn
to, the research focused on recruiting church ministers
working in this urban setting.
Target Population
According to Mugenda and Mugenda, the term target
population
represents
the
overall
population
comprising of all individuals with similar characteristics
that may be relevant to the specific study. For this
research on "Examining the Psychological Breakdown
and Wellbeing of Church Ministers in Nairobi County:
Consequently, in the paper section entitled
“Implication for Counselling,” the target population
includes only church ministers who are currently in
active practice within Nairobi County in Kenya.
Due to the religious diversities and the dynamic
religious demography, Nairobi County has been found
to register many churches and religious related
institution across the Country. This study involved the
population of the church ministers with a wide net cast
over the first-line leaders, inclusive of the \
’senior
pastors, \
’assistant or co
-pastors, \
’youth pastors,
\
’worship leaders among others who are in active
ministry in this urban setting.
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The target population to be used in this study is an
estimate sampled from the filed church ministers
affiliated to the religious organizations and associations
in Nairobi. Some data forthcoming about 1200 church
ministers of different denominations registered in the
county. In particular, the idea is to select a large pool of
participants that would belong to the major
denominational groups, thus capturing the diverse
psychological problems and coping strategies as
experienced by this population subgroup.
Also, to this, the study incorporated the roles provided
by other employees within these religious bodies,
including the pastoral counselors and administrative
workers who are known to constantly support the
ministers. To supplement the study, about 100 such
persons were targeted so as to get an understanding of
the available support services institutions and their
appropriateness.
Table 1 below outlines the distribution of the target
population across different categories: Table 1 below
outlines the distribution of the target population across
different categories:
Table 1: Target Population
Category
Number
Lead Pastors
300
Associate Pastors
300
Youth Pastors
300
Worship Leaders
300
Pastoral Counselors
50
Administrative Personnel
50
Total
1300
Sampling Size Determination
Consequently, the sample size for this study was
determ
ined to match Kombo and Tromp’s prescription
of a strict and detailed sample size selection process in
order to acquire an accurate look at a representative
subset of the target population. Presenting the subjects
under study and outlining how the participants
sampling procedure was arrived at. In this sampling
procedure, the church ministers were divided into
equally proportionate strata depending on the
ministerial positions
and
denominations,
and
thereafter, the participants were randomly sampled
from each of the resulting strata. Due to the complexity
and scope of the church ministry in the entire Nairobi
County, the sample size was estimated using Taro
Yamane formula where the formula allows for
minimum sampling error which is acceptable at
5%level, where by the number is regarded as feasible
21
:
n =N/1+N(e)^2 = 1300 /1+ 1300(0.05)2 = 306
Therefore, the study size of the sample size was 306
respondents which comprises of 21.3% (0.213) of the
whole population. The description of the sample size is
given in Table 2.
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Table 2: Distribution of the Sample Size
Category
Sample Size
Lead Pastors
60
Associate Pastors
60
Youth Pastors
60
Worship Leaders
60
Pastoral Counselors
30
Administrative Personnel
30
Total
306
Research Instruments and Techniques
The research methodology for this study involves the
use of cross-sectional design and data collection
involving the use of questionnaires and interviews to
triangulate results for a better understanding of the
matter at hand concerning the psychological wellbeing
and coping strategies amongst the church ministers in
Nairobi County. Questionnaires and interviews are
complimented by document analysis taking advantage
of triangulation to create an all-round approach to the
subject content.
Questionnaires for Church Ministers
As it has already been implied, questionnaires are
elaborated with meticulous adherence to the
objectives set within the framework of the research,
and they are intended to be the basis of the
informational input. Since, the replies are already being
provided to match the contexts of the ministers
personal and professional lives, each of the
questionnaires are divided in to several sections
including, demographic information. The following
parts enhance the identified primary research
questions which concern the clarification of the types
and consequences of psychological stressors; support
resources and their efficiency; coping strategies and
psychological wellbeing’s influence on ministerial
activities. In a Likert scale, consenting respondents are
required to express the extent of their discrepancy by
ticking the boxes in a prepared statement. The features
of this approach include: The research can gather
multikausal, multifaceted
information
on
the
respondents’ experiences, attitudes, an
d the adequacy
of their coping strategies
22
.
Interview Guides for Key Informants
The data which was collected from the study was
supplemented with the results of semi-structured
interviews conducted with key informants such as
senior church leaders, pastoral counselors, and
administrative staff. These interviews were also held,
alongside surveying activities. As for the use of these
interviews, we hope to get deeper insights into the
challenges, that church ministers face, on the support
structure which is available now, and the stories, how it
is to struggle and stay strong. The Interview guide
prepared with synergy of psychological knowledge,
theological knowledge and pastoral care involved the
open-ended questions that followed prompts which
invited cumulative and reflective answers. This also
added quality to the research besides the quantity as
the interviews allowed for in-depth exploration.
Validity and Reliability of Instruments
This means there is a need to ensure the validity and
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reliability of the research instruments that are going to
be
used.
The
content
validity
of
the
questionnaires/interview guides was further confirmed
through
validity
assessment
by
the
key
informants/experts in the study from both South Africa
and Uganda. Experts in the respective areas gathered
opinions about the suitability of the instruments to
capture selectively and validity of the perceived
variables accurately, and made recommendations to
the developers. In sequence to these expert reviews, a
pilot study was done to determine the feasibility of the
instruments to the small random sample of the target
population, it enabled an evaluation of their reliability.
A measure of internal consistency for the questionnaire
item was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient
with the goal of achieving a minimum value of 0.70.
Results from constructive back presentations of the
pilot study also guided any modifications on the
instruments with a view of enhancing the reliability of
the instruments before the actual data collection
phase. By employing this approach to the development
and validation of the research instruments, it implies
that the study is has been set in the best position to
capture and yield accurate, relevant and exhaustive
data on the psychological wellbeing of Church ministers
in Nairobi County to support analysis and conclusions
23
.
Piloting of the Study
As per the recommendations outlined by Orodho, the
present study also had pilot phase to assess the
precision and efficiency of the questionnaires. This
phase therefore of the exercise is sensitive for
preliminary scrutiny of any problems or lack of clarity
inherent in the questions before full data collection.
In line with Mugenda and Mugenda, who suggest that
the pilot study should involve roughly 10% of the
sample size that is planned for the main study, this
study included 31 church ministers in the pilot study,
given that the main study was estimated to have about
306 respondents. The pilot study was carried out in a
limited number of churches randomly selected in
Nairobi County to provide a sample comprising a cross-
section of the entire population of ministers in the
area
24
.
Data Collection Procedure
Before data was actually collected for this study, all the
necessary and relevant clearances and permissions was
sought ad granted as well, including an ethical
clearance to conduct research from an academic
institution and all necessary permissions from relevant
religious and local authorities in Nairobi County. To
ensure the smooth administration of questionnaires to
the participants for collecting data, the cooperation of
the leaders of the church was to be sought. Informed
consent was given to each respondent wherein to took
time to explain to them the ethical proposal of the
study especially the aspects of confideniality and
voluntariness of participation and the indispensability
of their contribution in the overall purpose and aim of
the study. Self-administered questionnaires were
collected as soon as the participants finished filling in
order to achieve a high response rate and to avoid bias
by external or accidental factors that could lead to the
loss of the information gathered.
Data Analysis and Presentation
The research applied both qualitative and quantitative
research methodology to ensure that the study had a
wide and objective understanding of the results. The
author has transcribed and conducted content and
thematic analysis on some of the qualitative data
collected through the closed and, more importantly,
the open-ended questions and interviews that have
purposefully sought to explore the ministers’ overall
and perhaps more specifically, their psychological
health. The closed-ended questions from the
questionnaires collected quantitative data that was
analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences (SPSS: version 26) software, where Descriptive
analysis was used to summarize the data collected and
inferential statistics such as ANOVA was used to
determine the relationship between variables. Data
significance was ascertained by the confidence interval
of 95% with the results used to either accept or refute
the study hypotheses where necessary. Quantitative
results were supplemented by aggregative descriptive
and graphical data along with frequencies and
percentages as well as selected inferential data to
ensure the comprehensiveness of the findings of the
given research.
Y = β0 + β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X3 + ε
Whereby
Y= Psychological disposition of accused
persons
X1= Social environment
X2= Physical environment
X3= Feeding patterns
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β1 to β3 = coefficients
ε = error term
Ethical Consideration
In the research project
titled “Psychological breakdown
and Wellbeing of church Ministers in Nairobi County,”
it is equally crucial to consider the ethical requirement
to maintain ethical practices throughout the whole
research process. Another crucial consideration is that
of obtaining and documenting consent from the
participants where they are put through an informed
consent process to explain the purpose and intended
approaches, risk, and benefits of the proposed study
and to indicate that participation is voluntary and may
be withdrawn at any time. Complete identity of
participants remains undisclosed to the public due to
the sensitive nature of information expected to be
received accredited to ethical standards of research,
information collected from participants are to be
anonymised to eliminate chances of recognition. Since
psychological wellbeing is a very personal issue, during
the research for this paper, the author was very careful
to monitor participants’ levels of stress or any signs of
discomfort and offer help or refer them to institutions
that can if necessary. Moreover, the multicultural and
multifaith nature of the church ministers in Nairobi
County was done in a sensitive way in the course of the
research, which makes the study socially and religiously
sensitive
to ministers’ cultural beliefs. The above ethical
guidelines also protect the participant’s dignity as well
as their rights, while at the same time strengthening the
validity and research results.
Anonymity of Research Participants
The researcher will endeavor to guarantee that the
privacy of the respondents shall be observed at all
times during the study and shall ensure that it comes
clean that all information relating to the individuals,
including names and contacts address, shall not be
provided at all times. There were no disclosures of
personal identification details to anyone in the
institution or any interested party.
Privacy and Confidentiality
To ensure that the confidentiality and privacy of the
respondents was upheld the researcher will commit to
carefully handle all the confidential information and
undertake not to reveal to third parties any identifiable
information on the study materials. Information
collected was kept under lock and key. Once the
information obtained has been used for its intended
purpose it was destroyed.
Data Storage
The researcher will endeavour to store data that was
obtained securely and under lock and key. All hard
copies were filed and stored in a secure environment
and soft copies was stored safely on digital devices that
was guarded from access by third parties. This will
ensure that data collected is not accessible to third
parties. The data was destroyed after usage.
Plagiarism check
The current study will employ rigorous measures to
ensure the originality and integrity of the research
content. This will involve using Turnitin, a widely
recognized plagiarism detection software, to scan all
written material and generate similarity reports. These
reports were manually reviewed by the research team
to differentiate between legitimate academic
referencing and potential plagiarism. The study will
adhere to strict guidelines for citation and referencing,
following the APA style, and researchers will receive
training on academic integrity. Additionally, the draft
versions of the research papers will undergo a peer
review process, and the study will comply with
institutional plagiarism policies to uphold academic
standards.
Informed Consent
The respondents were advised and enlightened on the
nature and intent of the study and relevant information
was revealed to them. The subjects will also be
informed that participation is on voluntary basis and
that one was free to leave the study at any stage. The
researcher will also bring to the attention of the
respondents that no monetary benefits would be
offered as compensation for taking part in the study.
The participants were given a consent form to sign to
show as prove that they have consented to voluntarily
take part in the study.
Respondent’s privacy was guaranteed information
given was treated with a lot of confidentiality. The data
collected will only be used for academic purposes only.
The researcher also did a debrief of the study area to
the respondents with the help of facility counselors to
deter physical and psychological harm as a means of
preparing
and
protecting
the
respondents’
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psychological dispositions since the study area is a
sensitive one that may trigger emotions.
Response Rate
The study had a sample size of 306 respondents, the
researcher issued 306 questionnaires for the study, 276
(90.19%) of the respondents returned their
questionnaires whereas 30 (9.80%) of the respondents
did not return their questionnaires , the study
therefore, had a response rate of 90.19%.
Demographic information
The study demographic analysis was as follows;
Age
The study found out that 44 (15.9%) of the respondents
were under the age of 30 years, 66 (23.9%) of the
respondents were between 31-40 years of age, 89
(32.2%) of the respondents were between 41 to 50
years, 66 (23.9%) of the respondents were between 51
–
60 years while 11(4.0%) of the respondents were over
the age of 60. Majority of the respondents were
between 41 to 50 years of age.
Figure 1: Age
Gender
The study also revealed the gender of the respondents
as illustrated in figure 2. The study found out that232
(84.1%) of the respondents were male while 44 (15.9%)
of the respondents were female. Majority of the
respondents were male in the study carried out to
examine the psychological breakdown and wellbeing of
church ministers in Nairobi County: implication for
counselling.
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Figure 2: Gender
Marital Status
The study also revealed the marital status of the
respondents, the study revealed that 99 (35.9%) of the
respondents were single, 146 (52.9%) of the
respondents were married, 18 (6.5%) of the
respondents were divorced while 13 (4.7%) of the
respondents were widowed. Majority of the
respondents in the study were married
Figure 3: Marital Status
Education level
The study also found out the educational level of the
respondents, the study revealed that 22(8.0%) of the
responds had high school or lower as their highest level
of education, 43(15.6%) of the respondents had college
as the highest level of education,144(52.2%) of the
respondents had bachelor’s de
gree as their highest
level of education, 55(19.9%) of the respondents had
master’s degree as their highest level of education
while 12(4.3%) of the respondents had doctorate
degree or higher as their highest level of education .
Majority of the respondent
s had bachelor’s degree as
their highest level of education in the study carried out
to examine the psychological breakdown and wellbeing
of church ministers in nairobi county: implication for
counseling
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Table 3: Education level
Frequency
Percent
Valid
High School or lower
22
8.0
Some college
43
15.6
bachelor’s degree
144
52.2
Master's degree
55
19.9
Doctoral degree or higher
12
4.3
Total
276
100.0
Year in ministry
The study revealed the number of years in which the
respondents had been in the ministry, the study
revealed that 44(15.9%) of the respondents had been
in the ministry for less than 5 years, 44(15.9%) of the
respondents had been in the ministry for between5 to
10 years , 89(32.2%) of the respondents had been in the
ministry for between 11 to 20 years while 99(35.9%) of
the respondents had been in the ministry for more than
20 years in the study carried out to examine the
psychological breakdown and wellbeing of church
ministers in Nairobi county: implication for counselling
Table 4: Year in ministry
Frequency
Percent
Valid
less than 5 years
44
15.9
5 - 10 years
44
15.9
11 - 20 years
89
32.2
more than 20 years
99
35.9
Total
276
100.0
Role of ministry
The study further revealed the role of the respondents
in the ministry, the study found out that 77(27.9%) of
the respondents were lead pastors, 111(40.2%) of the
respondents were associate pastors, 33(12%) of the
respondents were youth pastors, 55(19.9%) of the
respondents were worship0 leaders. majority of the
respondents were associate pastors.
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Table 5: Role of ministry
Frequency
Percent
Valid
Lead pastor
77
27.9
Associate pastor
111
40.2
Yourth pastor
33
12.0
worship leader
55
19.9
Total
276
100.0
Size of congregation
The study also found out the size of congregation the
respondents have, the study found out that 22(8.0%)
have small members (1-100) in their congregation,110
(39.9%) of the respondents have medium members
(101-500) in their congregation, 89(32.2%) of the
respondents have large number of members (501-
1000) while 55(19.9%) of the respondents have very
large number of members in the congregation.
Majority of the respondents have medium number of
members (101-500).
Figure 4: Size of congregation
Frequency of services conducted
The study also found out the frequency of services
conducted by the respondents, the study found out
that 22 (8%) of the respondents conduct one service,
165 (59.8%) of the respondents conduct two services,
45 (16.3%) of the respondents conduct three services
while 44 (15.9%) of the respondents conduct 4 of more
than 4 services.
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Table 6: Frequency of services conducted
Frequency
Percent
Valid
one
22
8.0
two
165
59.8
three
45
16.3
4 or more than
44
15.9
Total
276
100.0
Availability and effectiveness of support systems
The study sought to examine the availability and
effectiveness of support systems for church ministers in
Nairobi County, the study found out that a mean of
2.3261reflecting a standard deviation of 1.23089 of the
respondents suggested that adequate mental health
support is available to them as a church minister, the
study also found out that a mean of 2.2935with a
standard deviation of 1.18664 of the respondents
suggested that they feel supported by my religious
organization in addressing personal stress, the study
further found out that a mean of 2.2717with a standard
deviation of 1.21598 of the respondents revealed that
there are effective peer support groups for ministers in
my area, a mean of 2.2464 with a standard deviation of
1.18972 of the respondents revealed that they have
access to professional counselling services through my
ministry, the study further found out that a mean of
2.2971with a standard deviation of 1.18112 of the
respondents suggested that the support systems in
place adequately address the unique challenges of
ministry work. The study also found out that mean of
2.2971witha standard deviation of 1.19032 of the
respondents revealed that they are satisfied with the
level of community support I receive as a minister, the
study also revealed that a mean of 2.3297 with a
standard deviation of 1.20151 of the respondents
revealed that training provided by my religious
organization helps them manage work-related stress
while a mean of 2.3514with a standard deviation of
1.18000 of the respondents suggested that there are
sufficient resources for dealing with burnout in their
ministerial role. Majority of the respondents
ascertained that there are sufficient resources for
dealing with burnout in their ministerial role in the
study carried out to examine the psychological
breakdown and wellbeing of church ministers in Nairobi
County: implication for counseling
Table 7: Availability and effectiveness of support systems
N
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std.
Deviation
Adequate mental health
support is available to me
as a church minister.
276
1.00
5.00
2.3261
1.23089
I feel supported by my
religious organization in
addressing personal stress.
276
1.00
5.00
2.2935
1.18664
There are effective peer
support groups for
ministers in my area.
276
1.00
5.00
2.2717
1.21598
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I have access to
professional counseling
services through my
ministry.
276
1.00
5.00
2.2464
1.18972
The support systems in
place adequately address
the unique challenges of
ministry work.
276
1.00
5.00
2.2971
1.18112
I am satisfied with the
level of community
support I receive as a
minister.
276
1.00
5.00
2.2971
1.19032
Training provided by my
religious organization
helps them manage work-
related stress.
276
1.00
5.00
2.3297
1.20151
There are sufficient
resources for dealing with
burnout in my ministerial
role.
276
1.00
5.00
2.3514
1.18000
Valid N (listwise)
276
A study conducted by Njoroge and Mbogo in Kenya
provides information on the demand for professional
psychological help, with regard to church clergy, to fill
the aforementioned gap. A shocking revelation is that
many ministers do not have the privilege of a
professional treatment, this shows that religious
institutions should be keen on the state of the mental
wellbeing of pastors and should consider availing easily
accessible counselling services. This reveals the concern
shared in the study on how ministers manage their
psychological issues, where the main focus is to ensure
that there is suffient resources to adequately address
psychological issues.
Mentoring programs with peers become a condition
that can serve as a valuable resource for church
pastors, as the results of this study revealed. These
programs create opportunities for ministers to focus on
impediments and gain advice from other ministers.
However, the research also indicates that programs of
similar nature have not gained wide acceptance and
adoption hence serve as a chance for religious
organizations to push for the growth of such programs
with a with a view of strengthening the fraternity
support systems. This is in line with one of the goals of
the study to establish the strategies adopted by the
ministers on how to cope with such psychological
stresses since he arrived at peer support.
In their study from Nairobi, Otieno and Kimani address
psychological entrepreneurship and concentrate on the
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role of family support as a factor affecting church
pastors’ psychological health. Family support on the
other hand helps in helping with stress never the less,
the strenuous demands of the ministerial tasks may
sometime lead to the disruption of the family support
thus negating this as a source of strength. This
discovery further elaborates that experiencing
mechanisms of ministers are not straightforward as it
indicated how personal and professional domains
relate in considering and managing one’s psychological
health.
Kioko and Lumumba’s study explains the effects of
performing religious activities including prayer and
meditation on church pastors ‘mental health in Kenya.
The above activities are noted to help offer a sense of
tranquility as well as general strengthening after the
ministers stressing the importance of the activities as
coping strategies. But they also stress the necessity of
coupling religious activities with formal counseling
services, which correlates with the goal of this research
that is focused on the coping strategies used by
ministers.
Availability and effectiveness of support systems
Correlations
The following table presents their results regarding the
relationships between demographic data and issues
concerning the availability and efficiency of support
systems within church ministers in Nairobi County.
With regard to the support availability, Hampshire’s
study shows a negligible though negative relationship
with their age where Pearson correlation ratio equals -
0.035 which express that availability trend diminishes
slowly with increase in age though non-significant at
0.560, p > 0.05. On the other hand, the relationship
between education tendency and support system
availability can also be observed; with the Pearson
Correlation = - 0.151, Sig = 0.012, p < 0.05 reveals
negative correlation between support system
availability and education level, meaning that might
increase the perceived incapacities of identified
support system.
With reference to age, the results showed that age was
significantly related to the respondents’ education level
at a low level of the Pearson Correlation at 0.150 level,
thus suggesting that with age, there is tendency for the
education level of respondents to have a slightly
positive increase (Sig. = 0.013, p < 0.05). Moreover, a
negative relationship (Pearson correlation = -0.208, Sig
= 0.001, p < 0.05) is also identified between
availability/likelihood/and efficacy of the support
available and the role of the ministry, meaning that a
higher ministry involvement is likely to be connected
with a lower perceived availability and efficacy of the
support provided. Likewise, an appreciable negative
correlation of the type Pearson Correlation = - 0.662,
Significant = 0.000 indicates the significance for this
relationship indicating that the ministry role has a
significant impact in this perspective.
Collectively, these results support the incorporation of
demographic variables to explore the service access
and assessed support by Gender and age, signifying
directions for enabling church ministers’ support
networks in the future.
Table 8: Availability and effectiveness of support systems Correlations
Availability
and
effectiveness
Age
Education
level
Availability
and
effectiveness
Pearson Correlation
1
-.035
-.151
*
Sig. (2-tailed)
.560
.012
N
276
276
276
Age
Pearson Correlation
-.035
1
.150
*
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Sig. (2-tailed)
.560
.013
N
276
276
276
Education level
Pearson Correlation
-.151
*
.150
*
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
.012
.013
N
276
276
276
Role of ministry
Pearson Correlation
-.208
**
-.662
**
-.144
*
Sig. (2-tailed)
.001
.000
.017
N
276
276
276
The findings from the study done on the church
ministers in Nairobi County give understanding on the
options available to Clergy members in the course of
their duties. It will be useful to discuss these findings
with the existing literature to gain a clearer
understanding of the potential implications for both
the practice of pastoral counseling and support.
Anderson and Thompson (2014) established the
importance of mental health service for ministers,
which correlates with the study results whereby a
considerable number of clients do not seek
professional mental health treatments. This implies a
dire and urgent call for increased organization and
accessibility of support mechanisms in religious
institutions to suit the distinct demands of pastors
25
.
Engagement of church ministers in professional psychological help
depends on several factors, several may be able to access counseling
services within their religious institution while others find it difficult
to get affordable or easily accessible psychologist.
‘The peer
-mentoring programs can be a useful way of receiving the
emotional support and counseling from the like a minister, but not
all churches have them in place, and some pastors ultimately do not
have this kind of support.’
Wilson and Taylor’s 1998 census
-based qualitative
study of the clergy in New South Wales shows that
mental health workers should be included in support
networks for clergy. In light with the Nairobi County
study, the finding implies that the integrated programs
benefiting the ministers will likely record improved
mental health. However, the lack of many such
interfaced applications can be said to act as a proof that
it needs to be employed even more in religious
organizations
26
.
The authors Schneider and Vogel explore the
phenomenon in Germany and highlight the importance
of having support from other members of the
community for clergy to be able to hold on to their
strength. These results conform with the Nairobi
County study which identified that clergy who got
affiliated into supportive community environments are
less vulnerable to professional stress. However, the
status indicates that disparities exist in access to such
networks, thus, implying that support availability may
also differ
27
.
‘However, as part of family support that can boost the well
-being
and coping of church pastors, the nature of church ministry work
may sometime interfere with family relations pending on the sort of
ministry work that the pastor is undertaking hence limiting the
ability of the pastors to rely on their families as a source of comfort
when under stress or pressure.
Prayer and other religious activities are important in the lives of
pastors in maintaining their mental health.Pastors need to engage
in prayer and meditation but it is crucial to have accessibility to
professional care.
A study by Harris and Clarke on the effectiveness of the
mentoring and peer support programs for church clergy
also doesn’t differ with the Nairobi County study
concerning the useful role of the programs in offering
emotional and practical support to the ministers.
Nevertheless, the absence of access to such support
systems also bespeaks of a dearth of adequately and
sufficiently appropriate caring initiatives available to
pastors, as pointed out in the Nairobi County study
28
.
Adegoke and Olamide’s study on Nigeria sheds light on
the effects of denominational support on ministerial
welfare which is in accordance with the study that
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reveals that pastors who are associated with a large
denomination are supported by well-structured
organizations, they are likely to have better scores on
the psychological well-being scale. This again
reemphasizes significance of the Organizational
structure as observed in the two studies in relation to
the clergy members
29
.
The study conducted by Mahmoud & El-Sayed about
church-based interfaith support systems of Christian
ministries reveals the importance and efficiency of
interfaith support in helping clergy to cope with
emotional and social stress. This aligns with the
conclusions asserting that the identification of common
issues provides a suitable framework for working
together as multiplex minorities in a predominantly
Muslim environment while ministering. However, the
inconsistency of such a unity between two and other
religious groups establishes the need for more
expansion above
30
.
“Thus, the maintenance of a good human
-to-human relationship
and managing the stress of the minister is after all, a mixture of
prayer, support from fellow ministers and appropriate psychological
intervention as and when a minister feels the need for professional
help.”
Mental health care has been identified as being present in religious
centers, not all pastors even if they seek counseling services, they
lack readily available and affordable means of accessing quality care
for mental illness in their organisations they should make
amendment by ensuring that clergy mental health care services are
enhanced and given serious consideration.
The second population and service context objective of
the study that explored the availability and adequacy of
counselling services for church clergy will be related to
existing literature for better examination of the
difficulties and possible remedies regarding obtaining
mental health assistance for pastors.
Van Dyk and Coetzee’s work also revealed that
counseling services offered to clergy is diverse when it
comes to the quality, and the frequency, of the
sessions, this is in support of the claim that ministers
are not guaranteed frequent and standard counseling
sessions. Also, the cultural barriers to accessing
counseling self MAOA suggest that there is a significant
importance of culturally appropriate interventions in
religious setting for mental health support
31
.
Mensah has stressed the implications of the study
conducted in Ghana for traditional support sources,
including family and community support in meeting the
emotional needs of the pastors. On this, the research
also exposes how these systems fail to handle many of
the intricate mental health challenges meaning that
other professional work is necessary
32
.
While conducting the study in Nairobi, Ochieng and
Kiman reveal that due to the poor coverage of mental
health services by key agencies or governments, NGOs
can offer additional support to priests. These findings
are in concordance with the study’s assertion that while
analyzing the NGOs, it was observed that most of them
provided services that religious bodies did not offer.
However, outsourcing of such services is characterized
by variations in the quality and accessibility of these
services underlining the importance of program
standardization necessary for the identification of
reliable program supports
33
.
”Managing the stresses of ministry can sometimes involve spiritual
and social interventions,” states Geriatric Clinics, ”Many pastors are
able to pray and talk with other pastors as a way of handling stress
but where the stresses gets out of hand the pastors know they have
to seek professional psychological help.”
‘Access to mental health for pastors is quite a mixed bag with some
having very convenient access to counselling while others face
barriers like affordability or access to services They should take care
of their mental health, religious organisations should offer support
for access to mental health services.’
Mwangi and Otieno’s support of how online support
groups benefit church pastors further reinforces the
perception of the study with regards to the efficiency of
online platforms in delivery of crucial support.
Ministers are able to engage, discuss, and seek
assistance from others in their field, all of which are
possible due to the availability of online resources
where explicit interaction is impractical. Nevertheless,
a weakness exists, in that the digital divide will come
into play If, some clergy do not know how to use or have
access to Internet tools
Taken together, these works point to the complex
nature of mental health support for church clergy as
both a concept and a practical approach: while culture
should be acknowledged and, in some cases,
disentangled from traditional support systems, current
services should be supplemented by outside resources
and IFES should utilize digital tools.
Summary of Findings
The study sought to establish the extent to which
professional psychological help can be accessed by
church clergy and the efficacy of peer-support
programmes as the means of dealing with stress. This
highlighted the fact that several ministers currently lack
means to gain professional mental treatment, which
showed the existence of a huge dearth of such services
in most religions. As for peer mentoring programs, the
study also revealed that these programs were effective
in affording ministers an opportunity to navigate and
seek assistance from more experienced counterparts
when encountering challenges. However, such
programs were not introduce earlier, which indicates
that there could be vast scope for expansion within the
religious fields. The research focused on the effect of
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family support on the psycho-social health of church
pastors. The study showed that family resources helped
to lessen stress, but the nature of ministerial jobs keep
them from sustaining relationships, making this kind of
support less useful. Prayer and meditation were also
listed as crucial strategies for the ministers to adopt
throughout their work and spiritual practices. These
activities foster that sense of calm and coping among
many ministers, though there was also an emphasis on
complementing these activities with input from mental
healthcare practitioners, according to the studies. In
light of these findings, consideration should be given to
the
accessibility
of
professional
counselling,
development of peer support programmes, and to the
support provided to families of church ministers to
improve their psychological well-being.
Conclusions of the study
During the consideration of the role of Emotional
Wellness in the counseling tasks of ministers, the
hypothesis was drawn pointing to the fact that church
ministers with higher Emotional Health can indeed
respond to the given and newly offered counseling
tasks better. Evaluating the emotional aspect of care
delivery is quite paramount in studying the dynamics of
pastoral care, the paper exposes how ministers require
personal developments to cultivate emotional
intelligence which leads to enhanced counseling ability.
Recommendations to the Study
Religious institutions should implement and promote
matters that can improve emotional health in ministers
and other superintendents. Organizing occasional
training sessions, meetings with psychologists, and easy
access to their services are the steps that may prevent
pathologic disturbances among the church leaders. As
a few seminaries include emotional wellness in the
courses to be taught to those preparing for the
ministry, simple measures are taken to ensure that
these ministers-to-be are armed with the right tools to
handle their mental health issues and that of the church
congregation members.
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