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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
22-29
10.37547/tajpslc/Volume07Issue01-04
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
30 November 2024
ACCEPTED
25 December 2024
PUBLISHED
26 January 2025
VOLUME
Vol.07 Issue01 2025
CITATION
Jaafar Hussein Hasan, & Abdullah Aqeel Hussein Al-Sagaabi. (2025).
Commercial defamation in the context of comparative advertising and
advertising through commercial events within the framework of chinese law.
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology, 7(01), 22
–
29. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume07Issue01-04
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Commercial defamation in
the context of
comparative advertising
and advertising through
commercial events within
the framework of chinese
law
Jaafar Hussein Hasan
Master’s In International Law, Wuhan University, China
Abdullah Aqeel Hussein Al-Sagaabi
Master’s Student In International Law, Wuhan University, China
Abstract:
Reputation applies to both legal entities and
natural persons. Since every market entity strives to
establish a positive reputation in order to promote its
goods, reputation is a crucial attribute for market
entities in commercial economic activities. Advertising,
in which businesses advertise their goods to emphasize
their benefits and market them as effectively as
possible, is one strategy to establish this reputation.
These organizations may, nevertheless, use advertising
by contrasting their product with that of another
economic entity in addition to simply displaying their
own. They may plan a ceremony to display and contrast
their product with that of another organization, or they
may employ conventional advertising techniques. They
might also try to promote their product by disparaging
the quality of goods made by other organizations.
As a result, this study offers an analytical examination of
commercial defamation, its concept, and comparative
advertising
—
the practice of comparing the product of
one company with that of another
—
with reference to
European and American law and the framework of
Chinese law. In addition, the study investigates whether
the idea of comparative advertising
—
or advertising in
general
—
applies when a product is presented and
contrasted with another product during a ceremony
instead of using conventional advertising techniques.
Keywords:
Commercial Defamation, Comparative
Advertising, Commercial Ceremonies.
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Introduction:
Commercial businesses use advertising
tactics to persuade the public to purchase their goods
in an effort to increase profits and market their goods.
This strategy boosts their sales and profits in addition
to helping them reach a wider audience. Businesses
may decide to compare their products with those of
rivals because they compete with one another to
maximize profits and establish market dominance,
particularly those that manufacture identical products
under various names and brands.
The purpose of these comparisons is to emphasize the
benefits and superiority of their own products over
those made by other businesses. In order to
accomplish this, these businesses frequently use
commercials or promotional activities, like planned
showcases or open demonstrations, to showcase and
contrast their products with those of other producers.
This begs the question: Is it legal to make such a
comparison? In what way does this comparison relate
to commercial defamation? Furthermore, is it
considered advertising when product comparisons are
displayed at trade shows or promotional events?
We shall examine these matters in the context of
Chinese law in this study. We will start by going over
the idea of commercial defamation, then I'll analyze
product comparisons and look at how these
comparisons are typically presented at showcases or
promotional events. The purpose of this study is to
present a legal viewpoint under Chinese law.
METHODOLOGY
This study relies on a theoretical legal research
methodology, primarily based on library sources, by
conducting a comprehensive and detailed review of
both primary and secondary legal materials. The
primary sources include relevant laws, treaties,
agreements, and official policies that regulate
commercial defamation in the context of comparative
advertising and advertising through commercial
events. Secondary sources consist of academic books,
legal articles, legal journals, and reports issued by
relevant legal and professional institutions.
The study also employs a comparative method to
analyze the legal texts related to commercial
defamation in advertising in the United States, the
European Union, and the People’s Republic of China.
Through this approach, the study evaluates the
effectiveness and relevance of the legislations in these
three countries in addressing commercial defamation
in the context of comparative advertising and
commercial events.
Additionally, the study examines the key differences
between the legal systems in these countries
concerning the application of commercial defamation
and analyzes the impact of these legislations on
advertising practices in each region. The study aims to
provide practical recommendations to strengthen the
legal systems related to commercial defamation in
these areas, in line with international standards, and to
contribute to the improvement of commercial
advertising regulation in different contexts.
Concept of Commercial Defamation
A type of rivalry between market participants with the
goal of maximizing profits is called competition. It is a
feature of a market economy by nature. Although it is a
basic characteristic of market economies, competition is
not completely unchecked. Instead, it is regulated by
laws that guarantee equitable competition among
market participants and maintain it within the bounds
of law, thereby avoiding unfair competition. The
practice of disparaging a competitor's brand and its
goods is one of the main rules against fair competition.
Thus, it can be claimed that the following constitutes
commercial defamation:
An unfair competitive practice that involves fabricating
facts or misleading information with the intention of
damaging the reputation of other commercial entities in
order to obtain illegal advantages When someone or a
company makes a disparaging statement about another
company, its owner, or an officer, it is referred to as
"commercial defamation." In order to prove commercial
defamation, a person or organization must demonstrate
that they intentionally made a false statement and that
the statement caused damages. It can be challenging to
prove damages in a commercial defamation case, but
they could include lost sales or other revenues, harm to
the company's reputation, and missed business
opportunities. Establishing the veracity of the allegedly
defamatory statement or contesting the claimed
damages are common strategies used to defend against
a commercial defamation claim.
The essential component of the problem of commercial
defamation is that its main objective is to damage the
reputation of the commercial entity, regardless of the
definition and its variations. Any company's ability to
market its goods is based on its reputation.
Nevertheless, there is no precise definition of
commercial defamation in Chinese law. Rather, it
forbids certain behaviors that have detrimental effects
on the commercial market and fair competition among
market participants, regardless of whether these effects
are related to rival businesses and their goods or have
an effect on consumers. These acts are classified as
commercial defamation. Businesses and employers are
prohibited from creating or disseminating false or
misleading information by the Unfair Competition Law.
Additionally, it forbids the spread of any inaccurate or
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misleading information that could mislead customers.
Manifestations and Characteristics of Commercial
Defamation
As China's market economy has grown, the level of
competition has increased. Some business owners use
legal means to further their financial interests, such as
making significant, long-term investments to improve
their company's reputation and boost their
competitiveness. In the meantime, some turn to
commercial defamation, whereby they harm their
companies' image and the reputation of their rivals in
an effort to strengthen their position in the market and
increase their market share.
Commercial defamation practices are distinguished by
their quick impact, low cost, and ease of
implementation. It can take a long time and sometimes
be challenging to restore a company's positive image
and business reputation once they have been
damaged. In the end, this hurts consumers by causing
a steep drop in the companies' reputation, affecting
market stability, and upsetting healthy competition.
Thus, according to Article 11 of Chinese law, one of the
types of unfair competition is commercial defamation.
Based on the methods used and the contexts in which
these actions occur, commercial defamation behaviors
can be categorized into the following forms:
a)
The most prevalent type of commercial
defamation
involves
business
owners
spreading false information in public settings,
like through press conferences, open letters,
or advertisements, with the intention of
creating and spreading false information to
damage rivals' reputations. For instance, major
media outlets across multiple regions have
given the Chaofu Rida-produced movie
"Forida" favorable coverage since its release.
This glass film can survive impacts, and the
best-quality model can even withstand bullets,
according to a Ministry of Public Security
report. In contrast, Jianchen Building Materials
Company advertised a similar product called
"Glass Covering" in the "Financial News,"
calling the impact-resistant glass a "fraud" and
a "marketing scam." This cast doubt on the
"Forida" movie, harming its popularity and
financial standing. In a different instance, the
Monster Juice Company published pamphlets
in 1995 disparaging the children's product
"Wahaha," alleging that the product contained
hormones
that
accelerated
children's
development and resulted in a number of
illnesses. The reputation of the "Wahaha"
brand suffered greatly as a result of this action,
and sales of the brand fell precipitously. In a
similar vein, a different Nanjing company held a
press conference and claimed that "Silver
Thermos" containers sold in the market
contained "arsenic compounds," despite the
fact that its own product was a "non-toxic
thermos," damaging its rivals' images;
b)
In an attempt to gain market dominance, some
entrepreneurs
publish
deceptive
or
comparative ads that exaggerate the qualities
of their goods in order to damage the
reputation of their rivals. Ads are a powerful
and widely disseminated tool that can swiftly
reach a large audience in the modern era due to
the extensive dissemination of information.
Commercial defamation has the potential to
significantly affect rivals through these
commercials. For instance, the reputation of the
other product suffered greatly when Klei, a
company in Jiangsu Province, promoted its
"Kira" product by making an inaccurate
comparison with "Angli One" from Shanghai
University. Similarly, Dandani in Jiangsu
Province falsely claimed that traditional laundry
detergent contained phosphorus and benzene,
which cause pollution, while their product, "Fao
Soap," contained none of these dangerous
substances;
c)
Some entrepreneurs purposefully disseminate
misleading information in front of their
competitors' customers in an effort to harm
those competitors' and their products'
reputations. They may also spread lies or
misrepresent the truth in an effort to influence
customers, to strengthen their position in the
market, some rivals might, for instance, spread
untrue rumors among other businesses' clients.
For example, some shops might say that goods
from other shops are fake or unfit for human
consumption, or they might say that some
eateries serve bad food, or that other hotels
provide illegal services;
d)
Some
entrepreneurs
use
instructional
brochures or packaging to spread misleading
information in an effort to harm their rivals'
reputations. For instance, businesses that
advertise their goods with brochures or
packaging that disparages rival goods. This is
comparable to the actions of Longfeng in
Shandong and Dandani in Jiangsu, who used
packaging bags to damage the reputation of
their rivals' goods;
e)
In an effort to draw clients, some
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entrepreneur’s instructor encourages others
to spread untrue rumors that damage their
rivals' reputations or to make fictitious
complaints about their rivals' goods to the
appropriate authorities. This kind of behavior
entails trying to disseminate untrue rumors in
an effort to change consumers' perceptions of
the product, which can cost rivals a lot of
money.
Commercial Product Comparison
To advertise their products and emphasize their
benefits, some market entities may turn to contrasting
their offerings with those of other market entities.
Consequently, it's important to consider whether
these comparisons are legal:
Concept of Comparative Advertising
Comparing commercial products is regarded as one of
the competitive tactics employed by companies to
draw attention to the benefits of their offerings and
expand their customer base. These comparisons
represent one facet of business competition because
they are made through advertising. A lot of us have
seen countless ads that contrast products in real-world
situations. This raises the question of whether these
comparisons are permitted or prohibited. Identifying
the appropriate classification results in the
unavoidable conclusion of whether these comparisons
are considered unfair competition or fair competition.
In the United States, the first well-known comparative
advertisement debuted in 1930. Comparative
advertising has been used extensively in Western
countries' commercial activities since the 1970s and is
still widely used today. Because of this, academics in
Western nations started researching this particular
advertising strategy at an early age, examining it from
the standpoint of its legal regulation. At the moment,
the majority of Western academics favor the use of
comparative advertising. For instance, in his book The
Law of Mass Media, Don R. Pember outlined his
support for comparative advertising. He made the case
that comparative advertising shouldn't be condemned,
stating that it greatly aids consumers in choosing
between products and services and helps them
exercise their right to information. Therefore, as long
as comparative advertising does not contain false
statements or confuse consumers, trademark owners
are not allowed to interfere with its use. In his book
Introduction to Unfair Trade, Charles R. McNees noted
that when comparative ads are truthful and objective,
they give consumers crucial information that enables
them to make well-informed decisions about what to
buy. He went on to say that comparative advertising
can support ongoing product updates, lower costs, and
technological innovation. Consequently, its use ought to
be promoted. In his paper New Developments in Unfair
Competition Law in Europe, Greg Srikol, on the other
hand, took a more circumspect approach to
comparative advertising, pointing out that its
application might be morally dubious. He contends that
choosing legal principles for comparative advertising
should be centered on upholding a competitive order,
which necessitates that comparative ads be carried out
while adhering to several guidelines and being
supervised by the idea of fair competition.
On comparative advertising, Chinese academics hold
varying opinions. Some people think it encourages
product innovation, lowers the cost of consumer choice,
and is an expression of freedom of speech. As a result,
it ought to be freely acknowledged by the law. However,
some contend that comparative advertising is a form of
unfair competition because it is founded on the idea of
"highlighting the best while ignoring the flaws," which
can result in deceit. Comparative advertising has both
benefits and drawbacks, according to the middle-
ground viewpoint, but overall, the former outweighs the
latter. As a result, it ought to be acknowledged by law,
with a suitable regulatory structure to stop its misuse
and severe sanctions for offenders.
What does comparative advertising mean according to
Western
laws?
(Considering
their
innovative
contribution
to this field's
legal regulation):
Comparative advertising is defined as follows in the
United States: Comparative advertising is described as
"advertising that compares alternative brands on
objectively measurable attributes or price and identifies
the alternative brand by name, illustration, or other
distinctive information" in the comparative advertising
policy statement released by the U.S. Federal Trade
Commission (FTC). Two essential components are
specified in this definition: The competitor must be
easily recognized in the first place, and the products
being compared must fall into the same category or type
in terms of price or quality.
Comparative advertising was defined as "any
advertising which explicitly or by implication identifies a
competitor or goods or services offered by a
competitor" in the 1997 amendment to the European
Commission's Directive (Directive 84/450) in the
European Union. Despite having a unique advertising
law, China lacks a precise definition for comparative
advertising. According to Yang Ming, comparative
advertising is any form of advertising that contrasts a
product or service in the same category with a rival
product or service. The comparison can be made using
particular features of the products or services or by
highlighting the competitor's advantages over the
competition.
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We can infer from the earlier analysis that a
comparison of particular product attributes or a
specific reference to the competitor are not always
necessary for the legal definition of comparative
advertising. Instead, what matters is that the
commercial presents a comparison between goods or
services, either overtly or covertly, with the intention
of influencing the choices of consumers, whether the
comparison applies to all or just some of the attributes.
Fair and Unfair Comparisons
Comparisons in advertising are not illegal, as the
previous paragraph demonstrated, and in certain
nations they are subject to legal regulations. But the
question remains: are comparisons of competing
products in advertisements entirely permissible, or do
they need to be subject to rules to ensure that they
stay within the bounds of fair competition? The rules
that must be followed in comparative advertising are
known as the general principles of comparative
advertising. False advertising should be applied to any
statement that hurts competitors, regardless of
whether it is supported by credible evidence or not.
Some academics have recognized instances of
deceptive and misleading comparative advertising,
such as inflating minor differences, presenting goods in
an untruthful manner, or suggesting to customers that
there are no or only partial advantages. Second,
comparative advertising should not harm competitors'
trade names, trademarks, logos, goods, or services in
any way, including by confusing consumers,
undermining their worth, or attempting to gain unfair
advantages.
Comparative advertising is not specifically governed
by any laws in China, and the relevant legal texts are
dispersed throughout different legal provisions. The
Advertising Law, the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, and
a few associated administrative rules and regulations
all contain these passages. The Anti-Unfair
Competition Law's Article 9 forbids businesses from
running deceptive ads that could give the wrong
impression, and Article 14 forbids the distribution of
inaccurate information. The same law's Article 2
highlights that honesty, good faith, and business ethics
must be followed in all business dealings.
Regulating advertising in China is specifically done by
the Advertising Law, which regrettably lacks a section
specifically for comparative advertising. Article 12,
which forbids advertisements from devaluing the
goods or services of other producers; Article 14, which
forbids comparative advertising pertaining to
pharmaceuticals and medical devices; and Article 47,
which imposes civil liability on those who damage the
reputation of other producers, are the only provisions
in this law that deal with comparative advertising.
In regulatory documents like the "Cosmetics Advertising
Administration Measures," "Drug Administration
Measures,"
and
"Advertising
Management
Regulations," certain clauses are incorporated to stop
advertising practices that devalue other products.
Comparatively speaking, the "Advertising Examination
Standards" have the most extensive provisions
pertaining to comparative advertising because they
prohibit comparative ads in advertisements for drugs,
pesticides, medical devices, and cosmetics and contain
eight articles that more thoroughly regulate the
principles, content, and forms of comparative
advertising.
Certain regulatory documents, like the "Code of Ethics
for Advertising," have contributed to the regulation of
comparative advertising. Article 11 of this document
forbids "one-sided promotion or exaggeration of the
flaws of similar products or services in a comparative or
suggestive manner against others." Furthermore, the
"Advertising Publication Guidelines" forbid direct
comparative advertising and stipulate that it must be
founded on the idea of fair and legitimate competition.
They mandate that indirect comparative advertising be
backed by scientific evidence and foundations, defining
the comparison method, the language used, and the
data and survey results.
Comparison
through
Commercial
Presentation,
ceremony
We are aware that businesses can showcase and market
their goods using a variety of advertising techniques.
With the development of technology and the
introduction of the internet, advertising techniques
have expanded in variety. Advertising as a medium is
distinguished by its capacity to reach a wider audience,
contingent on media coverage, including social media
and television channels. This indicates that these
advertising strategies are excellent at giving a product
wide exposure. An unfair competition scenario that
hurts the competing product arises if these widespread
advertising techniques result in an unfair comparison of
products. What happens, though, if these popular
advertising techniques are not used to compare
products? Can it still be considered advertising, for
instance, if a comparison is made between the hosting
company's product and that of other companies by
planning an event at a particular location to which
customers are invited? Can this presentation be
categorized as an advertisement since it only reaches
the attendees of the event and does not reach a wide
range of consumers? We will make an effort to address
this in light of some international laws, then Chinese
law.
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Unfair Comparative Advertising through Commercial
ceremony in International Laws
Since European and American laws were among the
first to regulate unfair comparative advertising, we will
concentrate on them in order to examine this topic in
international law. It should be mentioned that unfair
comparative
advertising
through
commercial
celebrations is not specifically mentioned in these two
legal systems. Nonetheless, it can be deduced from the
European Directive 2006 that advertising is not limited
to any specific format. This makes me believe that a
commercial celebration and the product comparisons
it contains are within the purview of advertising.
According to the directive mentioned above: In
accordance with this Directive,
a)
"advertising" refers to any representation
made in connection with a trade, business,
craft, or profession to encourage the supply of
goods or services, including immovable
property, rights, and obligations;
b)
"Misleading advertising" refers to any form of
advertising that, in any way, including how it is
presented, deceives or is likely to deceive the
people it is intended for or reaches, and that,
because of its dishonest nature, is likely to
influence their purchasing decisions or that,
for those reasons, harms or is likely to harm a
rival;
c)
"Comparative advertising" refers to any
advertising that specifically or implicitly names
a rival or the products or services that they
provide.
Martin Senftleben makes a similar argument, stating
that the EU's harmonization of unfair competition law
has resulted in a notable concretization of the
prohibited misleading acts as outlined in Article 10bis
(3) PC. When a commercial practice deceives or is likely
to deceive the people it is intended for and has the
potential to influence their economic behavior
because of its deceptive nature, it is considered
misleading. Additionally, deceptive behavior is
actionable if it harms or is likely to harm a competitor
due to its impact. 58 The deceptive behavior may be
related to a number of factors.
There isn't a clear definition of advertising in US law.
Nonetheless, "unfair or deceptive acts or practices in
or affecting commerce" are forbidden by Section 5 of
the Federal Trade Commission Act (FTC Act) (15 USC
45). All parties involved in commerce, including banks,
are subject to this ban. When unfair or dishonest acts
or practices are found, the Board is empowered to take
the necessary action under Section 8 of the Federal
Deposit Insurance Act.
There is no precise definition of advertising in the
Lanham Act. However, it stipulates in the pertinent
section of 15 U.S.C. Section 1127, Section 43(a) of the
Lanham Act: "Any person who... uses in commerce any...
false or misleading description of fact, or false or
misleading representation of fact, which: (B) in
commercial advertising or promotion, misrepresents
the nature, characteristics, qualities, or geographic
origin of his or her or another person's goods, services,
or commercial activities
Unfair Comparative Advertising through Commercial
ceremony in Chinese Law
The idea and legal definition of advertising, along with
the event's goal and character, should all be considered
in order to ascertain whether a product promotion
event qualifies as advertising under Chinese law. This
evaluation is predicated on pertinent legislation,
including the People's Republic of China's (2018)
Advertising Law and its (2017) Anti-Unfair Competition
Law, as well as their interpretations. Although there is
no precise definition of advertising in Chinese law, the
People's Republic of China's (2018) Advertising Law
declares:
This law will apply to commercial advertising activities
where commodity dealers or service providers directly
or indirectly introduce their marketed goods or services
within the People's Republic of China through specific
media and formats. For the purposes of this law, an
"advertiser" is any individual, business, or organization
that creates, produces, and distributes advertisements
or permits another individual to do so in order to
promote its products or services.
It is clear from the text analysis that the goal of
advertising is to promote goods. Therefore, the purpose
of any promotional event that a commercial entity
organizes to showcase its product and its features by
comparing it to another product from a rival entity is to
promote the product. As a result, it qualifies as
advertising under the definition given in the text above,
and as such, the organization is required to follow the
rules and guidelines of fair comparative advertising for
goods. This is due to the fact that the goal in this
instance is marketing, improving the product's image,
and drawing clients in contrast to the rival product.
Therefore, using unfair comparisons or giving false
information during the promotional event is forbidden
for the commercial entity. Article 8 of the People's
Republic of China's (2017) Anti-Unfair Competition Law
would have been broken if the organization had done
so. It reads as follows:
Any business entity that engages in false or misleading
commercial publicity regarding the performance,
functions, quality, sales conditions, user comments, and
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honors received of its goods is prohibited from
misleading or deceiving consumers. Therefore, I think
that when the Chinese law expressly states "any false
or misleading commercial publicity," it does not
specifically mention any type of deceptive commercial
publicity, as stated in the aforementioned text.
Therefore, planning a commercial ceremony and
comparing it to other products is considered
advertising and publicity, which can result in liability if
it goes beyond the bounds of fair comparative
advertising. In two situations, Feng Yu Qiang contends
that there is no such thing as commercial defamation:
No False Facts: The act is not deemed defamatory if the
published information is accurate. No Publication of
Information: Information is not deemed defamatory if
it is not extensively shared.
However, we think that the legislator has not
mandated that false information or defamation be
widely disseminated, based on my analysis of earlier
texts from the Chinese Advertising Law and the Anti-
Unfair Competition Law. The fact that there is
information that hurts other competitors or
defamation is what counts. The issue should, in my
opinion, also be considered from the standpoint of
other Chinese laws, such as the Chinese Civil Code,
which states that reputation is a right that both natural
and legal persons enjoy and that damaging it is
forbidden. Articles 101 and 102 describe this as
follows:
•
Article 101: The right of reputation is enjoyed
by both citizens and legal persons. The law
protects citizens' human dignity. It is illegal to
damage a citizen's or legal person's reputation
through libel or insult.
•
Article 102: The right to honor is enjoyed by
both citizens and legal persons. Illegally
depriving a citizen or legal person of their
honor is forbidden.
According to what the Supreme People's Court of
China said in Answers of the Supreme People's Court
on Certain Issues Concerning Trials of Cases Involving
the Right to Reputation (the 1993 Answers),
defamation can be proven if (i) the defendant
committed an illegal act, (ii) the plaintiff's reputation
was harmed, and (iii) there was a causal relationship
between the defendant's illegal act and the
reputational harm. Therefore, we think that a business
entity's reputation is the target of commercial
defamation. Therefore, if a commercial celebration's
promotional event targets a company's commercial
reputation, it is considered unfair comparative
advertising and is punishable by law.
CONCLUSION
We have reached a conclusion that there is no set form
for advertising as a result of my research and analysis.
As a result, advertising encompasses any actions
intended to promote goods or make comparisons with
goods from other businesses. As a result, it needs to
abide by the laws pertaining to comparative commercial
advertising and fair competition. According to this
viewpoint, holding a business ceremony to compare
commercial products is considered advertising and is
governed by its laws.
However, we think that specific laws pertaining to
commercial advertising in general
—
including those
governing comparative advertising in China
—
are
required. Instead of depending on sporadic provisions
across various legal texts, China's economic
development necessitates legislative progress on this
issue through the issuance of specific legislation that
addresses this aspect.
REFERENCES
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Unfair Competition Law of the People's
Republic of China [2017]
2.
Advertising Law of the People's Republic of
China [2018]
3.
General Principles of Civil Law of the People's
Republic of China [1987]
4.
Lanham Act of the United States [1946]
5.
European Parliament and Council, Directive
97/55/EC of 6 October 1997 [1997] OJ L290/18
6.
European Parliament and Council, Directive
2006/114/EC of 12 December 2006 [2006] OJ
L376/21
7.
Federal Trade Commission Act, Section 5 [1914]
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Feng Y, ’Judicial determination and legal
regulation of commercial defamation’ [2012]
35(2) Academy Journal of the Party Committee
of Shanxi Province
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Zhang H, Legal regulation research of
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The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
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