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Volume 04 Issue 05-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
1-6
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
453
)
(2021:
5.
952
)
(2022:
6.
215
)
OCLC
–
1176274523
METADATA
IF
–
7.659
Publisher:
The USA Journals
ABSTRACT
The paper analyzes the theoretical and methodological bases of scientific research on social policy, the theoretical
and methodological approach to its implementation, the essence of this concept and the methods formed during its
evolutionary development as well as the main directions of scientific research. There is also a discussion of national
and international data, the criteria for scientific research based on the research of scientists, the theoretical and
methodological basis for the scientific study of social policy in the life of a number of other developed countries.
KEYWORDS
Social policy, scientific research, theoretical and methodological bases, development of social policy, social protection,
security.
INTRODUCTION
The evolutionary development of social policy has
gone through many peculiar and complex periods, and
having historically formed as a form of politics, social
policy has evolved differently within each state and
region. Undoubtedly, social policy ensures the
integration of each state into the world community.
Most researchers of the history of science believe that
the basis of early scientific knowledge is myth. It
Research Article
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL POLICY
Submission Date:
April 26, 2022,
Accepted Date:
May 06, 2022,
Published Date:
May 15, 2022
|
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume04Issue05-01
Sherzod A. Khazratkulov
PhD student, Department of Social Sciences, Uzbek State University of World Languages, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theamericanjou
rnals.com/index.php/ta
jpslc
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
2
Volume 04 Issue 05-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
1-6
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
453
)
(2021:
5.
952
)
(2022:
6.
215
)
OCLC
–
1176274523
METADATA
IF
–
7.659
Publisher:
The USA Journals
contains cases of combining different objects, events
and phenomena (the Sun, gold, water, milk, blood). In
order to integrate things, one needs to identify the
“important signs” of the connection, as well as
learning how to compare different objects on these
signs, which played an important role in shaping future
knowledge. It is known from history that the formation
of scientific knowledge and methodology is associated
with the cultural revolution that took place in Ancient
Greece [1]. The necessity and relevance of applying
theoretical and methodological foundations in
research lies in the fact that they help to make a
practical assessment of the developing network in a
particular social science and field, that is, if one wants
to do really significant scientific work in science, he
should make rational, efficient and optimal decisions
and engage in heuristic activities that serve good. The
result of such activities are discoveries and creativity.
This situation opens up new opportunities for analysis,
understanding and evaluation of scientific and creative
activity. From this point of view, it is important to
deeply study the approaches to the research process
and the theoretical & methodological basis to identify
its specific features.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The article describes generally accepted methods
based on the principles of historical, comparative &
logical analysis, consistency and objectivity.
Before dwelling on the foundations of the scientific
study of the concept of social policy, it is worth
explaining this basic concept.
Social policy is a system of relations between social
actors to achieve the main goals of society, and its main
purpose is to understand a person, his life, well-being,
social development, security and social protection.
Besides, it is a policy in the field of social development
and social security; a system of measures taken by the
state aimed at improving the quality and standard of
living of certain social groups. The impact of the state
on the social processes taking place in society with the
help of administrative, budgetary and legislative
measures. The traditional areas of social policy are
education, health care, housing and social insurance. In
a broad, scientific sense, this is not so much a system
of measures and activities, but a system of
relationships and interactions between social groups,
social strata of society, in the center of which is their
main ultimate goal - a person, his well-being, social
protection and social development, life support and
social the safety of the population as a whole. In a
narrow sense, social policy is defined by scientists as a
system of specific measures aimed at improving the
lifestyle of the population [2]. However, it should be
borne in mind that there is no established opinion as to
what should be understood by the expression “social
policy”; thus, this term is often used in the sense of
social
administration
in
relation
to
those
institutionalized (that is, legally and organizationally
fixed) social services that are provided by the state.
Some authors consider this use of the term erroneous.
Usually, “social policy” is understood as a social policy
pursued by the state (“state social policy”), however,
not only states, but also other subjects - supranational
entities (in this case they speak of supranational social
policy) can act as the subject of social policy, individual
administrative entities (local or regional social policy),
as
well
as
individual
enterprises,
including
transnational ones. The state usually conducts its social
policy through local and regional authorities. The state
social policy is financed from the state budget. The
objects of the state’s social policy are usually large
social groups that correspond either to the ideological
attitudes of the state at the moment, or to the value
orientations of society in the long term. The goal of the
state’s social policy is to improve the health of the
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Volume 04 Issue 05-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
1-6
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
453
)
(2021:
5.
952
)
(2022:
6.
215
)
OCLC
–
1176274523
METADATA
IF
–
7.659
Publisher:
The USA Journals
nation, to provide sufficient income and social support
in certain adverse life situations and, in general, to
create a favorable social atmosphere for the
population in society. Social policy is an integral part of
the general strategy of the state related to the social
sphere: purposeful activity for the development and
implementation of decisions that directly relate to a
person, his position in society; to provide him with
social
guarantees,
taking
into
account
the
characteristics of various groups of the country’s
population, the social policy pursued by the
government, all branches and authorities, relying on
broad public support, is designed to accumulate, focus,
reflect the situation in the country and the situation in
society, the needs and goals of social development.
The goal of social policy is to consistently improve the
standard of living of the population and reduce social
inequality, ensuring universal access to basic social
benefits, primarily high-quality education, medical and
social services.
This topic has not been widely studied in the system of
domestic science, but information & scientific work on
it is mainly reflected in the circles of foreign scientists
and researchers such as Shermukhamedov’s textbook
“Methodology
of
Scientific
Research”
[3],
“Methodological Research in Social Policy Research”
under the general editorship of A.V. Starshinov Ural
State Federal University named after B.N. Yelsin [4],
“Theoretical and methodological foundations of the
sociological analysis of the construction of social
policy” by Mazaylova Tatyana Aleksandrovna, and
“Theoretical and methodological foundations of the
sociological analysis of the social well-being of the
population of the region” by Merzlyakova Inna
Vladimirovna and etc [5].
In fact, based on an evolutionary sequence each
science has developed throughout its historical
development on the basis of psychological, spiritual-
intellectual and utilitarian-pragmatic models. In
particular, the social policy development model is
based on these models:
1.
The psychological model began when people
realized the importance of social policy for
humanity. As a result of the need for social
policy, states have focused on pursuing their
strategic direction from this perspective. The
fundamental psychological basis of this can be
seen in the confidence expressed in the state
as a result of the social support of the people.
2.
The spiritual-intellectual model is uniquely
reflected in harmony with social policy. In
particular, we can say that the innate need to
know has become a priority in education,
science, and this, in turn, has been formed as
an important value in the life of the state and
people. This was to create equal opportunities
for citizens in education, science and culture.
3.
The utilitarian pragmatic model reflects the
material aspect of each social issue, that is, we
can understand the level of material support of
the processes associated with social policy.
It is possible to study the problem of social policy on
the basis of comparing the issues covered and
incomplete aspects of it, knowing the level of study of
the theoretical and methodological bases of scientific
research.
RESULTS OF THE STUDY
In Decree No. 60 “On the Development Strategy of
New Uzbekistan for 2022-2026”, adopted by President
Shavkat Mirziyoyev Miromonovich, special attention is
paid to social policy issues and aspects related to its
study. Strengthening the social protection of citizens
and reducing poverty is defined as a priority of state
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Volume 04 Issue 05-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
1-6
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
453
)
(2021:
5.
952
)
(2022:
6.
215
)
OCLC
–
1176274523
METADATA
IF
–
7.659
Publisher:
The USA Journals
policy and ensuring population with new jobs and a
guaranteed source of income, qualified medical and
educational services, decent living conditions, has risen
to a new level in terms of quality [6]. Part IV of this
development strategy is dedicated to the pursuit of fair
social policy, the development of human capital.
According to it, in the framework of fair social policy,
33 goals have been identified to bring the quality of
education in the preschool education system to a new
level. It also includes improving the quality of
education in schools, increasing the coverage of higher
education, the introduction of mandatory social
guarantees for the population, strengthening the
social protection of the needy; improving the quality of
medical services provided to the population, and the
introduction of health insurance. In the scientific
research of the issue of Social Policy and in
understanding the theoretical and methodological
foundations related to it, similar laws and strategic
plans are of great importance.
Approaches to the first theories and techniques of
scientific research on the issue of social policy
appeared in the US in the 80s of the XVIII century. In
1866, the American Association of Social Sciences was
established in the USA, according to scientists, at that
time national empirical materials on the issue of social
policy were developed and analyzed in comparative
terms.
As a result, there is a growing cognitive interest in the
study of public policy issues, including the study of
public opinion. Thus, we know that in 1948 and 1952 the
World Association for the Study of Public Opinion on
Social Policy and the International Council of Social
Sciences were established accordingly [7].
Another group of scholars of social policy is divided in
the following order [8]:
• Liberal model;
• Corporate model;
• Popular model;
• Paternalistic model;
Significantly, there are also categories by type of state
participation in the implementation of social policy:
• Charity sample model;
• Administrative model;
• Incentive model.
Liberal model - each member of society assumes the
principle of personal responsibility for their own
destiny and family. The role of government agencies in
the direct implementation of social policy is minimized,
the main subjects of social policy are citizens, families
and various non-governmental organizations - social
insurance funds, the social policy fund is funded by
entities that are not indifferent to it. Therefore, the
principles of equivalence and compensation are used in
the implementation of this model. An important aspect
of this model is that the individual and the public have
a high sense of personal responsibility for their own
social well-being and treat the state not as a single
source of social interests, but as a guarantee [9].
Corporate model - assumes the principle of corporate
responsibility, in which the maximum responsibility for
the fate of employees lies with the corporation,
enterprise, organization or institution where the
employee works. A clear example of this is the
introduction of the social tax, which has mandatory
and voluntary payers.
The mass model - implies the principle of shared
responsibility, that is, the responsibility of all members
5
Volume 04 Issue 05-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
1-6
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
453
)
(2021:
5.
952
)
(2022:
6.
215
)
OCLC
–
1176274523
METADATA
IF
–
7.659
Publisher:
The USA Journals
of society for their own destiny. It is a redistributive
model of social policy in which the rich pay for the
poor, the healthy pay for the sick, and the young pay
for the elderly. The financial mechanisms of
redistribution are the state budget and the state social
insurance funds, the funds of which are directed to
provide a wide range of state social guarantees.
The paternalistic model - includes the principle of state
responsibility. The state undertakes to use any
administrative support to achieve the socio-economic
status of citizens and social goals. The financial
mechanism of the paternalistic model consists of the
state budget and the budget of state enterprises. The
advantage of this model is that it serves as a
“confidence in the future” for the majority of the
population. This is because any issues and problems
related to social policy are solved by the state.
In the model of charity, the state creates certain
favorable conditions for the market on the basis of the
system of social support using specially accumulated
resources, whereas in the administrative model the
implementation of any direction of social policy is
strictly regulated by the state. The incentive model
implies the indirect participation of the state in solving
social problems. The study of these theories helps to
compare approaches to the study of social policy and
to build social policy on a consistent basis.
Scientific research of the theory of social policy is
divided into methodological and methodical types [10].
The methodological section includes the following
subsections:
1.
To study the issue of social policy, to identify its
problems, and to determine its object and subject;
2.
To define the goals and objectives of social policy
implementation;
3.
Interpretation and operationalization of concepts
related to social policy;
4.
To put forward the initial hypothesis, draw
conclusions in the framework of socio-political
research.
The methodical section includes:
1.
Strategic research plan on social policy: in the
development of the plan it is advisable to take into
account the state of the research and its database.
2.
Creation of a set of projects specifically used in
sociological research;
3.
Selection of procedures for the collection and
analysis of empirical data. The most important
requirement for sociological methods is to give a
clear definition of the concepts used in research.
4.
Coverage of the content on the basis of clear
conclusions;
5.
Registration of the results of socio-political
research in the form of reports, publications.
CONCLUSION
In general, social policy is a very important political
system for any society and analyzing it from scientific
perspective
and
learning
its
theoretical-
methodological basis leads to the development of
social policy on a practical basis. Man is the
embodiment
of
his
life,
well-being,
social
development, social protection and security. At the
same time, we can understand the essence of social
policy as one of the main indicators that determine the
worthy place of an individual in society and ensure the
growth of his activity.
REFERENCES
1.
Methodology
of
scientific
research.
Shermuxamedov N.A. / textbook /. second
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Volume 04 Issue 05-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
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2693-0803)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
1-6
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
453
)
(2021:
5.
952
)
(2022:
6.
215
)
OCLC
–
1176274523
METADATA
IF
–
7.659
Publisher:
The USA Journals
edition. Tashkent: Innovation-Intelligence, 2020,
207 p.
2.
Cotsialnaya politika. Textbook for bachelors
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Moscow - Yurayt – 2013, 15-p.
3.
A. V Starshinova “Methodological research in
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4.
Mazaylova Tatyana Alexandrovna’s scientific
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policy”.
5.
Merzlyakova Inna Vladimirovna’s scientific work
“Theoretical and methodological bases of
sociological analysis of social welfare of the
population of the region”.
6.
Presidential Decree No. 60 “On the New
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Methods
sotsialogicheskogo
issledovaniya
sotsialnoy politiki. Shcherbakov G.A. Rodina V.N.
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Izdatelsko-torgovaya korporatsiya.
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Lampert
Heinz.
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