The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
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Original Research
PAGE NO.
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10.37547/tajssei/Volume07Issue05-14
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SUBMITED
16 March 2025
ACCEPTED
12 April 2025
PUBLISHED
30 May 2025
VOLUME
Vol.07 Issue 05 2025
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of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
On The Question of Stable
Expression Translation
(In Korean Language)
Dilnoza nasullaeva
Lecturer, department of oriental languages university of world economy and
diplomacy, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
The article reveals the concept of stable
expressions in the Korean language. Definitions of
phraseological units in the Korean language are given. It
is concluded that the phraseological unit has its own
specifics and requires special attention.
Keywords:
Phraseologies, stable expressions, linguistic
forms, translation, culture, examples.
Introduction:
This article explores the issues of
translating fixed expressions in the Korean language.
The relevance of studying this topic lies in the fact that
the translation of fixed expressions from Korean into
Russian is represented by various versions. The
ambiguity of translation often raises controversial issues
in translation studies, especially regarding fixed units.
According to Pak Seong Gu’s definition, the
phraseological composition of a language is a unique
phenomenon, and this uniqueness is due to the fact that
phraseologisms are formed based on figurative
representations of reality, which reflect primarily the
everyday-empirical, historical, and spiritual experiences
of a linguistic community, connected with its cultural
traditions.
M.V. Mikhailova states that special interest in
phraseology is due to three main reasons:
1.
Phraseological units (PUs) are actively used by
native speakers both in spoken and written speech, as
evidenced by ancient monuments, modern literary
works, and recordings of live conversational speech;
2.
PUs uniquely reflect the categorization patterns
of the speakers of a given language;
3.
They are a powerful means of linguistic
influence [1, p. 73].
According to Yu.P. Kogai, during communication, it is
necessary not only to pronounce words correctly, insert
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familiar words, and construct grammatically correct
sentences, but also to convey emotional coloring and
catch subtexts and nuances in speech [2, p. 85].
The topic under our study is controversial and includes
several viewpoints. In particular, M.V. Mikhailova
believes that language arose as a historical necessity
and is meant to meet the needs of society. However, it
should also be considered that language reflects the
state of society and actively contributes to its progress.
Knowledge of phraseologisms occupies a special place,
as lacking such knowledge hinders full communication
with native speakers. Phraseologisms carry ethno-
cultural content and reflect national specificity and
uniqueness.
As is known, phraseology captures the rich historical
experience of a people, reflecting ideas associated with
labor activity, daily life, culture, and the intellect of
individuals. Studying phraseology is a necessary part of
mastering a language and improving speech culture.
In other words, language is the most important means
of forming and maintaining human knowledge about
the world. The totality of this knowledge, recorded in
linguistic forms, constitutes the general linguistic
picture of the world.
As M.V. Mikhailova notes, this picture varies across
nations. This allows us to speak of the national and
cultural specifics of each individual language. By
national and cultural specifics of a language, we
understand “a set of distinctive features of one
national language compared to others, determined by
the unique national and cultural existence of a
particular social group” [3,
p. 73]. And indeed, what is
language essentially? Of course, it is its vocabulary. It
is the main repository of a nation’s linguistic heritage
and the primary source for expressing its culture and
self-awareness.
In the vast majority of phraseological units, ideas are
expressed through imagery. Objects serve as symbols
of certain things, phenomena, and their qualities. An
example is the saying:
꽃이
고와야
나비
나라든다
When the flower is
beautiful, the butterfly will come to it.
In this expression, commonly used images in medieval
poetry are present:
꽃
(flower) symbolizes a girl, and
나비
(butterfly) symbolizes a young man. It should be
noted that Korean phraseology contains many didactic
expressions reflecting ethical views on family values,
marriage, love, child-rearing, and so on. Such content
helps to instill respect for elders and parents, love for
family and close ones, loyalty to friends, and more in
the younger generation.
According to Yu.P. Kogai [4, p. 85], in the Korean
language, as in any other, it is impossible to
communicate effectively without using stable word
combinations, such as phraseologisms, idioms,
proverbs, and sayings. He particularly emphasizes the
importance of forming sentences correctly using
unfamiliar words, conveying emotional coloring, and
capturing subtext. Although a phraseologism is a short
phrase, it is often close in meaning to a single word and
gives speech expressiveness and vividness. Typically, a
phraseologism conveys a meaning that cannot be
derived from the meanings of its component words,
which is why it is often difficult for people to understand
the meaning of someone else’s speech.
For example, the uniqueness of zoomorphic metaphors
and comparisons reflects a nation’s specific worldview,
which is shaped by its distinctive culture, customs,
religion, and other factors. Zoomorphisms help convey
feelings and emotions that cannot be expressed using
neutral language tools:
•
닭고집이야
–
Oh, what a stubborn one!
(Literally: as stubborn as a chicken)
•
아
,
여우야
–
Oh, what a fox!
In the above examples, the phraseologisms are linked to
specific historical events, folk customs and traditions,
and the daily life and worldview of the people. A culture
and mentality different from that of the Russians gave
rise to unusual idioms that future specialists must be
familiar with.
The vivid examples provided by Yu.P. Kogai are closely
related to Korean culture and everyday etiquette. Let us
consider the word
인사
.
Korean everyday expressions, called
사용어
, are not
merely used daily but constitute a form of
communication etiquette, though somewhat formal. It
is recommended to follow this etiquette and
understand the meaning of the words and expressions.
In Korean, the word
인사
is usually translated as
“greeting” according to dictionaries.
인사하다
means to greet, to say hello, and
인사말
refers to words of greeting.
In Russian, words of greeting and parting are
pronounced differently. For example, phrases like “до
свидания” (goodbye) or “спокойной ночи” (good
night) in Russian cannot be categorized as greetings.
Therefore, the word
인사
can also be understood as
“well
-
wishing.” For instance, the popular phrase
안녕히
주무세요
(good night) is a full-fledged
인사
, just like the
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widely used
안녕히
계십시오
(goodbye).
In fact, the expression
인사하다
should be understood
as behavior in accordance with etiquette, politeness,
and proper upbringing, while
인사성
means politeness
or courtesy. Korean tradition requires showing respect
not only through speech but also through behavior
—
especially when speaking with parents, grandparents,
older siblings, high-ranking officials, guests, and so on.
Let’s look at a specific example: when a son leaves the
house, he must say to his mother:
•
엄마
,
놀다가
오겠습니다
–
Mom, I’ll go out to
play for a bit and come back.
And when he returns home, he should say:
•
다녀왔습니다
–
I’m back.
These phrases also belong to
인사
because, by saying
them, the son demonstrates his good manners and
prevents his parents from worrying.
Read the three rules of behavior for children:
1.
When you wake up in the morning, greet the
elders with “
안녕히
주무셨어요
?” (Did you sleep
well?).
2.
Before going to bed, greet them with “
안녕히
주무세요
”
(Sleep well).
3.
When someone brings you something, be sure
to say “
감사합니다
”
(Thank you).
As you can see, the word
감사합니다
also belongs to
인사
(greeting/etiquette), as it expresses gratitude for
a service.
Here are some Korean expressions with the word
인사
:
•
인사를
차리다
–
To observe proper etiquette.
•
인사를
나누다
–
To exchange greetings.
•
인사를
시키다
–
To introduce (someone to
someone else).
•
인사를
전하다
–
To send regards/greetings.
•
인사성이
밝다
–
Someone who is polite and
observes etiquette well.
The word
안녕
(peace, well-being) is often used in
greetings and well-wishing. The adjective
안녕하다
means peaceful, safe, or healthy. The well-known
greeting
안녕하십니까
(Hello) is more of a question
than an exclamation, similar to “Are you well?” or “Is
everything okay?” in English. It's important to
remember that
안녕하십니까
(or
안녕하세요
) has
some limitations in usage: it is not usually used when
addressing children or service staff.
The exclamation
안녕
! is used in two ways: when
meeting someone, it means “Hi!”, and when parting, it
means “Bye!”. However, this is more typical among
young people.
The phrase
안녕히
가십시오
literally means
“Go in
peace.” If two people meet in a neutral place (like on the
street), they both say this phrase when parting. In
Russian, it would be similar to “Goodbye” or “Have a
safe trip.” However, if person A visits person B (at home
or in the office), then upon parting they say:
•
A:
안녕히
계십시오
–
Remain in peace (Stay
well).
•
B:
안녕히
가십시오
–
Go in peace.
In casual speech (
반말
, “panmal”) among friends or
peers, people use phrases like:
•
잘
가
–
Take care / Have a safe trip
•
또
만나
–
See you again
•
또
봐
–
See you later
Thus, it should be noted that both perspectives are
united by a unique phraseology that reflects a national
worldview, shaped by the particularities of culture,
customs, religion, and more.
As previously mentioned, the vocabulary of certain
phraseologisms in both Russian and Korean contains
indications of national uniqueness, which is associated
with:
•
The everyday empirical experience of the
people:
죽도
밥이
아니다
–
Literally “It’s neither
porridge nor rice gruel” (i.e., neither this nor that; not
useful or effective).
•
In the sphere of material culture: The
expression
파김치가
되다
(literally, "to become green
onion kimchi") means to be extremely tired or
exhausted [5, p. 33].
According to many scholars, understanding the meaning
of phraseological units is, in some cases, directly
connected to historical facts. However, there is also an
opinion that "there are phraseologisms in the language
(the overwhelming majority of them) whose expression
does not reflect any national characteristics" [5, p. 33].
In this article, we follow the view of M.V. Mikhaylova
and believe that the Korean language indeed contains
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many didactic phraseological expressions that reflect
the people’s ethical views on family traditions, love,
child-rearing, and so on. They teach the younger
generation to respect elders and parents, to love their
relatives and close ones, to be loyal friends and honest
individuals.
Phraseologisms reveal the national specificity of the
worldview, which is shaped by the unique culture,
customs, and religion. Moreover, phraseological
expressions can describe a person’s appearance,
intellectual abilities, actions, behavior, and character
traits. Phraseologisms are an integral part of the
Korean language and possess a high connotative
potential. They help convey the speaker's feelings and
emotions that cannot be expressed using neutral
language means.
Thus, we come to the following conclusions: Firstly, a
phraseologism is a stable combination of words
characteristic of a particular language, the meaning of
which is not determined by the individual meanings of
its components. Secondly, phraseological units are
actively used by native speakers both in spoken and
written language, and serve as a powerful tool of
linguistic influence. Thirdly, the origin of phraseological
expressions is connected to specific historical events,
customs, traditions, everyday life, and the people’s
way of living.
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