THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE06
133
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
PUBLISHED DATE: - 20-06-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume06Issue06-21
PAGE NO.: - 133-138
THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ECONOMIC
LIFE OF KASHKADARYA REGION ON THE
EVE OF ACHIEVING INDEPENDENCE
Elyorjon Karimov
National University Of Uzbekistan Tashkent, Uzbekistan
INTRODUCTION
Today's historical data shows that during the
nearly 70 years of activity of the Soviet Union, the
happy life of people in the countries that were part
of the Union, their interest in their work,
prosperous life, and fair society were announced to
the whole world. but the actual situation was quite
different. The defenders of the Soviet system have
shown their policies based on administrative
command, violence, and great statesmanship on all
fronts. Of course, the economic life of the
population in the Union Center was relatively
good. However, the situation in the remote
republics, including the regions of the Uzbek SSR,
was very difficult and full of difficulties, and there
were only a few problems waiting to be solved.
Through this article, an attempt was made to
reveal the economic life and daily lifestyle of the
Uzbek SSR based on the data of the reality of 1990
in the Kashkadarya region.
Methods and level of study of the topic.
In this article, an attempt was made to provide
information based on the principles of historicity,
comparative analysis, scientificity, objectivity, and
a clear and fact-based approach to historical
processes. The topic was studied and tried to be
revealed mainly on the basis of primary archival
materials and through the analysis of dissertations
and literature related to the field.
Research results
Kashkadarya region ranks first among the
republic's regions in terms of its natural gas
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE06
134
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
reserves. An example of this is the gas fields
discovered in the Mubarak district as a result of the
geological exploration carried out by the
"Uzbekneftegazrazvedka" trust in the 1950s.
Among these gas fields, the largest gas processing
plant built in the Mubarak district by the 1970s
processed 10 billion tons of gas and produced
160,000 tons of sulfur per year. Not only the
central cities and regions of the Republic, but also
residents of the neighboring republics of
Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan benefited from the gas
of this huge gas reserve. At the end of December
1989, there was an explosion at the Issylik power
plant in Mubarak district, after which one of the
boiler units, designed for the production of 500
tons of steam per hour, had to be stopped [1]. In
this case, the irresponsibility and carelessness of
the users are shown as the cause of the accident.
Spare parts were brought from Navoi and installed.
The damage to the plant was estimated at 40,000
soums. On the eve of the New Year holiday,
millions of cubic meters of less gas were delivered
to the national economy. This huge gas enterprise
supplied gas to consumers in a total of five
republics during this period. However, there were
many problems waiting to be solved in the district
itself. These were the fact that the construction of
the city of Mubarak is being pushed back, many
social and household problems are not being
solved in the daily life of the population, and
because of this, there is unemployment in the
collective of workers, there is a lack of qualified
workers, etc.
The quality of products produced in local
industrial enterprises was not up to the required
level. A large part of the products produced in the
factories of Chirakkhi household, Karshi tailoring,
Kitab consumer goods, and Kason confectionery
did not meet the requirements of state standards
[2].
In 1989, not a single village in Guzor district was
fully gasified, only 200 rooms in Guzor city used
natural gas. After 1989, gas pipelines were laid on
A. Navoi, Kirov, Geolog streets in the city [3]. Such
a situation could be found in almost all regions of
the region.
During the socialist system of the Soviet Union, the
efforts to train the labor force in agriculture were
to mobilize women equally with men for various
heavy and light jobs in agriculture. In particular, in
Kashkadarya, the mobilization of women in
agriculture has been one of the urgent tasks. In this
regard, let's take a look at the work done in 1989-
1990.
For example, the number of workers at the
domestic labor factory in Chirakchi district has
increased 4 times over the last three years at the
expense of women. This is the result of increasing
the number of working women's groups in
agriculture and involving women in agricultural
work. Not only in the Kashkadarya region, but also
in the whole republic, the fact that women are
physically weaker than men was not paid much
attention to the involvement of women in thievery.
The ideology of "proletariat society" was instilled
in the consciousness of the whole society, and
practical work was carried out following the idea
that it is necessary to work hard. Efforts were
made to fulfill the set annual plans ahead of
schedule. For example, in 1989, agricultural
enterprises of the region produced products worth
4 million soums, that is, 57 thousand soums more
than the target [4]. Aysifat Jabborova, Muqaddam
Nordovova, Halima Keldiyeva, Hanifa Rahmatova,
Minggul Somonova, Nasiba Kholbekova, Sharofat
Ibrahimova and others gained reputation in the
region as seamstresses. They consistently
exceeded their targets by 105-108 percent. This
was shown by the state as an example to others,
and it was constantly promoted.
The problem of providing lumber to the builders of
the Karl Marx collective farm in the Guzor district
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE06
135
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
of the region was covered by the assistance
provided by the Novoyeneisesk wood processing
plant in the Krosnoyarsk region. Until the
beginning of 1990, nearly a thousand cubic meters
of timber were brought to the farm from the banks
of the Siberian River. On the labor front, the
competition of collective farm workers was carried
out continuously. For example, following the
example of the collective farm named after Karl
Marx, the neighboring collective farm named after
the Party XXII Sezdi signed an agreement on
working together with the Novoyeniseisk combine.
they were going to get a board. Leaders of many
farms solved similar complex issues in the above
ways.
By the beginning of 1990, only 13,500 of nearly
22,000 households in Chirakchi District were using
natural gas. Unfortunately, the remaining 8,500
rooms were unable to use the blue flame. 84% of
the gas and 46% of the oil produced in Uzbekistan
are extracted from the territory of Kashkadarya
region, while 40% of the population of the republic
uses natural gas, and the reason why this indicator
is 2 times less in Kashkadarya [5] cannot be
justified.
With the efforts of regional workers, a number of
construction works were also carried out: for
example, the "Bobodehkan" guzar-magazine,
which was built for the peasants who took up the
Karshi desert on the edge of the Karshi-Mubarak
highway. can be made. In addition, in the center of
Kasbi (former Ulyanov) district, the "Binokor"
trade complex, built in the national style, produced
wood carving products based on the demands of
the population. The "Mughlan" cinema, which was
built in this place, also functioned as a recreation
center for residents. A new bus station was also
built in Guzor, and it started to ease the burden of
the population. All this was done to encourage the
hard work of the workers of the region.
Despite the fact that the territory of the city of
Karshi, the center of Kashkadarya region, was
expanding year by year, and the population was
increasing, the construction of enterprises was not
up to the demand. The Karshi dairy plant, which
was built and put into operation in 1983, reached
a level where it could not fully satisfy the demand
of the population by the beginning of 1990. The
plant is designed to produce 30 tons of dairy
products per shift, and the managers of the
enterprise tried to increase its capacity by 1.3
times by using all the reserves. This was nothing
more than a coercive effort to show the leaders of
the combine in front of the regional and republican
public. Because the cooling device and the
thermostat chamber in the combine could only
store the product in power.
In addition, the construction of the dairy factory in
Guzor district, which began in 1982, was not
completed even by 1990. Also, the construction
work on the second phase of the Karshi dairy plant
was prolonged in this way. The poor quality of the
work of the construction officials of this combine
was evident. In particular, the Tashkent Ferro-
Concrete Factory started supplying low-quality
materials for the construction of factories [6].
Because the local leaders, operating on the basis of
the "Reconstruction" program put forward by the
political leader of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev,
pressed for haste. In short, attention was paid to
quantity rather than quality. This caused the
construction of factories and the quality of the
products they produced to be extremely weak. The
level of competitiveness of manufactured products
and materials has deteriorated. Even though the
equipment of plants and factories was worn out
and new spare parts were needed, their renewal
continued to be postponed. The situation did not
improve despite the several appeals made by the
leaders of the regional and republican state
cooperative
committee
regarding
similar
problems. Every time it is addressed, promises are
made that "we will solve the problem positively",
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE06
136
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
but there was no sign of practical work. The
construction of housing and other cultural and
household facilities for the workers of such
factories and factories was not satisfactory and
caused many problems.
It would be expedient to consider another number
of problems accumulated at the level of the region
on the example of Shahrisabz district: During the
rainy season, the village streets here became
difficult to walk even for a person with a car. No
one could guarantee the uninterrupted supply of
electricity.
In the villages of this district, cultural-household
and social facilities were almost absent. The
condition of the schools was particularly
deplorable, the walls of the classrooms were
cracked and the plaster had moved. Children
studied in two or three shifts. The swimming pool,
which was completed in July 1989, was one of the
sloppy works, and it became unusable less than a
year later. Y. Husanov, chairman of the "Pravda"
collective farm of Shahrisabz district, expresses the
following opinion about this situation: "We have
addressed the concerns of our village to the
collective farm board, village council, regional and
oblast offices several times. Unfortunately, empty
promises are made everywhere. When will the
promise end?" [7]. There were many such
opinions, and there were enough reasons for each
of them, of course.
The Uzbek people are a nation that can
demonstrate their hard work and patriotism in any
situation. We can witness this based on the
following points: - More than 70 types of
agricultural machinery in our state farm ease the
burden of our farmers. That is why we pay serious
attention to the repair of equipment, - D.
Shoimardanov, chief engineer of the state farm
named after "Ulyanov" in Usman Yusupov district.
- 50 seed drills, 500 harrows, 35 "T-4" tractors
have been used for field work. In general, all farm
equipment was removed from repair. More than
30 locksmiths and repairmen participated in this
work. Tuners such as I.Toirov, T.Khudaykulov,
E.Rasulov, Z.Karimov, H.Navrozov, R.Kurbanov
were active in this work.
During this period, a number of villages, such as
Kurama, Ayzabad, Buluch, Mirishkor, and Jeynov in
the Usman Yusupov district of Kashkadarya region,
specialized in the cultivation of mulberry trees,
which are important for the cocoon industry. Many
new fences were built. In the early 1990s, the
annual production of cocoons reached about 30
tons [8].
The specialization of the region almost entirely for
cotton production began in the early years of the
Soviet regime and intensified in the years after the
Second World War.
In 1989-1990, collective farms named after Karl
Marx in Guzor district, Lenin in Koson district,
Engels in Shahrisabz district, "Partiya XXII Syezdi"
in Qamashi district, Kuybyshev in Kitab district,
Kasbi (formerly Ulyanov) district, which gained
rich experience in cotton cultivation in 1989-1990
30 - 35 quintals per hectare were obtained in the
state farms named "Moskva", Akmal Ikramov in
Karshi district, Ametkhon Sultanov in Mubarak
district, and Beruniy in Nishan district [9].
However, the disadvantages were numerous. The
productivity of many types of agricultural crops
and the productivity of livestock were low. The
cost of the product was high. The supply of
livestock with the necessary feed was also in an
unsatisfactory state, which had a serious negative
impact on the efficiency of work. Although various
decisions were developed and adopted on the
basis of the "Reconstruction" program to improve
similar situations, most of them remained only on
paper.
G. Muminova, head of the Ulyanov 28th state farm
brigade in Usman Yusupov district, member of the
party committee bureau of Kashkadarya region,
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE06
137
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
comments on the above situations: As a result of
excessive use of fertilizers, land reclamation is
deteriorating, and crop productivity is decreasing
year by year. Issues such as construction of
concrete ditches, electrification of field sheds,
laying of asphalt on village roads, and organization
of repair of cotton picking machines at the farm
itself remain on paper, and their implementation is
being neglected. I do not mention these problems
for nothing. These problems have become one of
the most urgent problems not only for the farm,
but also for the district and the whole region. If
there is no improvement in these areas, there can
be no talk of accelerating reconstruction. So, we
still have a lot of work to do. We can do this only if
we all work together as partners and in harmony."
These opinions expressed about this situation can
be the basis for creating a general idea about the
situation of the entire Kashkadarya region in 1989-
1990.
However, in any situation, the main emphasis was
placed on the development of the cotton industry
in the Republic, especially in the Kashkadarya
region. Various incentives and competition
methods were used to increase cotton production.
The newly acquired reserve lands were used for
cotton cultivation as much as possible. For
example, S. Rajabov, the head of the family unit of
the state farm "VLKSM XVIII syezdi" in Nishon
district, gives the following information: "We were
the first in the district to fulfill the annual plan for
the delivery of cotton to the state due to careful
preparation for the harvest. Instead of 15 centners
per hectare, 20 centners of high-quality raw
materials were received. Technology plays a key
role in crop management. In this regard, the field
guards of our farm helped us closely. Mechanics
such as Kasim Soatov, Khudoyberdi Choriyev,
Toraboy Alimardonov worked diligently. There is
still plenty of harvest in Paykal. Our collective is
intensifying the harvest to bring the gross yield to
25 quintals per hectare." It is certainly not an
exaggeration to say that the work done in the field
of cotton production at that time was reflected in
the following sentences.
"Cotton is our light, cotton is our well-being, cotton
is the source of our happiness. This is our
achievement if we collect it without leaving a single
piece of it. If we sell cotton, we will get money, if we
sew clothes, and if we exchange it, we will get food.
These words became the slogan of that time and
were instilled in the minds of every worker. These
words do not need any explanation.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, it should be noted that there are
enough problems to be solved by 1989-1990 in the
socio-economic life of Kashkadarya region, which
is one of the southern regions of Uzbekistan, and if
decisions were made to solve them but no serious
efforts were made in practice. The papers
enthusiastically told about the "prosperous"
lifestyle of the population.
Forced labor intensified, and all attention was
focused on cotton farming and tasks specified in
the "Reconstruction" program. The economic
lifestyle of the population, the educational system,
the health care system, and the cultural and
household life of the population have practically
not passed beyond the farm. As a result of these
and a number of other objective and subjective
reasons, the social life of the entire Republic came
to the brink of destruction. Only by 1991, when our
country gained national independence, concrete
progressive work was done and is being done in
these areas. After gaining our independence, the
material and spiritual life of Kashkadarya region,
like that of the whole republic, improved radically.
The years of independence were the years for the
ancient city of Karshi to realize its past, to restore
its historical memory and age-old spiritual and
moral values. Indeed, we can see that
independence has opened up new prospects for
improving the economy and culture of the ancient
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE06
138
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
Kashkadarya region, and increasing the well-being
of the people.
REFERENCES
1.
"Soviet Uzbekistan" newspaper, January 4,
1990, issue 3.
2.
The reality of Kashkadarya. December 10,
1998.
3.
Guzor branch of QVDA. Fund 1, list 1, case
1088, sheet 19.
4.
"Soviet Uzbekistan" newspaper, January 19,
1990, issue 16.
5.
Djurakulov O. Oil and gas: yesterday, today,
and tomorrow. // Life and economy. - T., 1990.
No. 4. Page 24.
6.
"Soviet Uzbekistan" newspaper, January 31,
1990, issue 26.
7.
"Soviet Uzbekistan" newspaper, February 15,
1990, No. 39.
8.
"Soviet Uzbekistan" newspaper, March 15,
1990, No. 62.
9.
"Soviet Uzbekistan" newspaper, March 18,
1990, No. 65
–
66.
