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PUBLISHED DATE: - 15-08-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume06Issue08-07
PAGE NO.: - 84-101
REGIONAL STRATEGIC BALANCE AND
IRANIAN POLITICAL IMPACT ON IRAQI
NATIONAL SECURITY SINCE 2003
Ibtisam Kadhim Jassim
Lect., Technical Institute, Najaf, Iraq
INTRODUCTION
When Iraq was occupied, the regional environment
surrounding Iraq after 2003 entered a new phase
that was different from the previous one and
created a unique situation in the Middle East and
the regional area surrounding Iraq and the
imbalance that prevailed and the relations of the
active powers from within the region entered into
chaos and instability. Hence, the countries were
unable to predict the results of matters or their
development, which led to the creation of a state of
anticipation and confusion, and waiting for what
the situation in the region would lead to and what
the results and repercussions of the war on Iraq
would decide and the impact on Iraqi national
security.
The Problem of the Study
The study attempts to answer the problem
represented by the fact that Iraqi national security
was greatly affected after 2003 as a result of the
occupation of Iraq by the United States of America,
as regional countries felt that they were
threatened and that their security would be
threatened as a result of the significant American
military presence in the region. As a result of the
importance of Iraq and its geostrategic position,
Iraq became a vital target for regional and
international countries active in the region, and its
security became directly affected by the nature of
the existing regional balances. The study attempts
to answer the following questions, the most
important of which are:
1- How did the strategic balances emerging after
2003 affect and continue to affect Iraqi national
security?
2- What are the effects and repercussions of the
nature of the balances on Iraqi security and its
impact on the reality of the Middle East, especially
Iran?
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
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Hypothesis of the Study
The study attempts to prove the following
hypothesis:
Iraqi national security is affected negatively and
positively according to the nature of the strategic
balances existing in the region. Whenever the
active countries in the area agree, it is reflected in
the occurrence of a stable strategic balance. As a
result, it is reflected positively in Iraqi national
security and vice versa.
Importance of the Study
Identifying the strategies affecting Iraqi national
security and regional strategic balances in the
Middle East since 2003 and the political role
played by Iran and its impact on Iraq
Objective of the Study
Reaching solutions to describe Iranian political
influences on Iraqi national security after 2003
First section: Concepts of balance, strategic
balance and Iraqi national security
What the region witnessed after 2011 the so-called
(Arab Spring) represented a revolution in
changing the reality of the Middle East region and
changing the balance of regional and international
powers as a result of competition over this vital
region, and the impact of this increased after 2014,
which witnessed an excellent state of weakness
and dangerous security exposure as a result of the
occupation of many Iraqi and Syrian lands by the
terrorist organization ISIS, which contributed to
increasing the conflict and regional competition in
the region and its reflection on Iraq in particular,
which demonstrated the state of weakness and
dangerous security exposure that Iraq suffers
from.
This section deals with two requirements: the first
concerns what is meant by the concepts of balance
and strategic balance, while the second focuses on
Iraqi national security.
The first requirement: The concept of balance and
strategic balance
Balance is “a general law and social principle that
can be used as a useful and beneficial means for
studying international relations and analyzing
their patterns of interactions.” Some researchers
have defined it as Balance generally means a stable
state and is referred to without thinking as a
symbol of a stable and usual state. This state is not
always ideal but suggests stability and a lack of
tension. In many cases, balance refers to something
beyond that, as it means usual stability, i.e., the
ideal state. We notice that all sciences use this
term. Sociology uses the term social balance to
describe a society free of tensions.
In contrast, psychology uses the term
psychological balance to express the normal state
of a person, which is in a standard form or shape.
Economics also uses balance to describe
acceptable situations, such as the balance between
supply and demand, trade balance, and the balance
between exports and imports (2). The strategic
balance is the result of the conflict that takes place
between international and regional powers, which
compete with each other to obtain the most
significant possible amount of energy, in addition
to the escalation of political and military
competition between the great powers to change
the equation of strategic balance through direct
clashes or proxy wars to achieve their interests
and goals. The other term is strategic balance, as
many experts believe that what is meant by
strategic balance is the state of stability or
equilibrium in measuring the comprehensive
capabilities of countries, i.e., military, economic,
and political power.
Strategy, in essence, is the proactive scie"ce and art
of using a country's or a group of countries'
comprehensive capabilities to achieve their
desired goals and policies. This applies whether
the context is one of war or peace. (3)
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Joseph Nye defined it as "the "possibility of
obtaining what we" want, and it is the ability to do
things that affect others, to bring about the results
we want." (4)
The strategy is defined as "a "pattern of the most
important goals, objectives, policies, and vital lines
to achieve those goals" (5).
Strategy is originally derived" from the Greek word
(strategy), meaning the art of leadership.
Contemporary uses have multiplied and included
many fields. A country’s location may be described
as a country's geographic area, such as the Arabian
Gulf or the Suez Canal. An important political or
economic decision may be defined as strategic, or
some advanced weapons may be defined as
strategic. Some financial resources and goods, such
as oil, are also described as strategic. A thinking or
specialized studies pattern may be defined as
strategic thinking or strategic studies. (6)
The concept of strategic balance comes from the
struggle between regional and international
powers to dominate the most significant amount of
power and to achieve quantitative and qualitative
balances at the regional and global levels in various
fields or to be part of them. Countries seek,
whether at the regional or international level, to
harness their capabilities to achieve their goals and
objectives that achieve this balance. (7)
From this perspective, the need to understand
international political relations emerged through
the theory of strategic balance in global and
regional relations, which is a convergence that may
occur between these countries, as well as the
conflict or competition between them. At the level
of regional conflicts, although they appear limited
within their regional framework, they have global
extensions and, in other words, are regional
conflicts with international dimensions that are
affected, in one way or another, by the nature of the
strategic balance of power to understand and work
on their interests. (8)
Strategic experts emphasize the pivotal role of
strategic balance, which is characterized by three
fundamental dimensions. The first dimension is
the equivalence and parity between the political,
economic, and military capabilities of a state or
group of states, or the comprehensive power of the
active forces in a region or territory. The second
dimension is the flexibility and effectiveness of the
active parties in this region and their ability to
manage the disruption of this balance. The third
dimension is the degree of satisfaction or rejection
of the other regional or international power with
the probabilities of the strategic balance prevailing
in the region. These dimensions underscore the
crucial importance of strategic balance in shaping
international relations. (9)
Strategic balance at the regional level is a complex
state of convergence in various aspects of power
and strength between states or regional powers. It
encompasses the relationship between the sum of
the power of the parties to an international
relationship, going beyond the concept of the
commonly used military balance. It includes
economic, cultural, and political dimensions in
addition to the military dimension. This
comprehensive nature of strategic balance
underscores the intricate web of international
relations. (10)
The power of states is measured by comparing
them to the power of other states or parties, and by
power here; we mean the Availability of the will
and desire to achieve strategic balance regardless
of the size of the state or its comprehensive
capabilities.
Second requirement: The concept of security and
national security
The technical meaning of security is necessary and
essential for the growth, well-being, and
development of social life, and it is the basis for any
aspect of human activity at the industrial,
economic, or agricultural level (11).
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Security is defined from another angle as "the
society's confrontation and its ability to overcome
events that undermine its security and stability"
(12).
The Oxford Dictionary defines security as "a state
of feeling safe and free from anxiety" (13).
While the International Security Dictionary defines
security as "freedom from threat" in terms of
content, some analysts see it as an absolute
condition, either for a person to be safe or unsafe,
and it can be viewed from an objective or
subjective perspective simultaneously. The subject
refers realistically to whether the person is
threatened and has adequate protection. In
contrast, in terms of the subjective perspective, it
relates to a person's perception of the situation
and his desire not only to be free from threat, but
to feel free, and those who feel threatened when
nothing is threatening them are victims of false
information. However, the error of perception is
standard, and it directs a large part of human
behavior in the security field (14). Barry Buzan, a
professor of international relations at the London
School of Economics, knows that security is a term
that is difficult to formulate precisely despite its
profound connotations, as it has given the lack of
precision a wide margin for strategic
interpretation. We can understand this through
the Political Encyclopedia, which defines national
security as "ensuring the state's safety against
external and internal dangers that may lead it to be
placed under foreign control as a result of external
pressures or internal collapse." He also defined
security as "a set of procedures through which the
concept of security is instilled in the members of
society through the work of educational
institutions" (15). In its technical sense, security is
viewed by those with scientific specializations,
each according to his vision that he understands.
Economists view security from the perspective of
establishing economic security, prosperity, and
development. Sociologists view it from a social
perspective that considers social variables and
institutions as active forces in providing social
security and other specializations. Security is the
backbone of life, human survival, happiness,
reassurance, and stability for individuals, societies,
and all people. One of the functions of the state
within its borders is to protect its individuals
against external threats and dangers that affect
their lives, interests, and individual freedoms (16).
Security also, in its technical sense, means that a
person is far from the dangers that threaten him
and is protected against the risks and threats to
which he is exposed. It is a feeling that any person
possesses freedom from fear and dangers that may
face him (17). The general concept of security on
the theoretical and practical level refers to the idea
that means the continuity of peace and
reassurance and the continuation of the aspects of
life and its conditions and all its components away
from the factors of threats and sources of danger.
This concept applies to all living beings, and in all
circumstances and situations, security has become
and remains the only requirement for them and
the rule of their relationships, and the conceptual
and practical boundaries of the concepts of
security have extended to include all individual
and societal human cases (18). The second topic:
The regional strategic balances in the Middle East
since 2003 and the political role played by Iran and
its impact on Iraq
The increasing interest of some countries towards
certain countries means organizing cooperation
and alliances among them to compete with other
countries to reach dominance over the countries of
interest. This is done due to the strategic
importance of these concerned and targeted
countries, which affects the nature of the countries'
relations and the level of balance between them
regionally before being international, which may
lead, in turn, a return to a state of competition and
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conflict on the regional level.
Therefore, the importance of Iraq and its position
among other countries, especially after 2003, has
affected the structure of regional relations, their
frameworks, and objectives due to new changes
that have emerged, which has prompted most of
the countries of the Arab and non-Arab regional
neighborhood to enter a new level of relations and
competition between them. This has been the
result of Iraq's regional and international decline,
which has prompted those major regional
countries, especially the dominant poles, to redraw
the new map of all their relations and interactions
in a manner that suits their new changes and
enables them to control and dominate Iraq due to
its excellent and increasing importance. Therefore,
Iraq, due to its strategic importance, has been a
pole of competition between the regional
neighborhood, and as a result of the interests,
demands, ambitions, and goals of the neighboring
countries after 2003 and the many differences
between them regarding the goals they seek to
achieve and redraw relations according to the new
developments in the region regionally, which has
witnessed the emergence of a new map of regional
relations for the countries neighboring Iraq after
2003. This section addresses two requirements:
the first is Iran's political role in Iraq, and the
second addresses Iran's influence on Iraqi national
security. The first requirement: Iran and the
political role it plays in Iraq
Iran is one of the countries distinguished as a
significant regional power in the Middle East
thanks to its economic and military capabilities,
large human force, cultural heritage, and success in
formulating regional policies with various roles. Its
regional role increased in 1979 since the success of
the Islamic Revolution and the assumption of
power by (Imam Khomeini), and the different
political movements that followed (19), as the
Islamic movements increased in Iraq, which were
demanding free and fair elections that express the
opinions of the Iraqis and their demands that they
defend (20).
In 2003, the US-led war on Iraq was often
presented as aiming to create a balance of power
in the Middle East. Currently, the confrontation
with Iran is viewed from the perspective of the
danger that Iran poses to the balance of power in
the region if it can develop its nuclear program
(21).
Today, it is assumed that the world, including (Iraq
and Iran), has changed after the end of the Cold
War, and the resulting diverse policies and the
dominance of one pole over international policies.
The historical nature of the common geographical
neighborhood, and the positive influences help in
producing compatible or contradictory interests
between neighboring countries. This principle
applies to Iraq and Iran, which contributed to
shaping the political scene of this region of the
world. One of the most important factors
influencing Iran's foreign policy towards Iraq is the
American occupation of Iraq in 2003. This event
significantly impacted Iran's strategy, given Iraq's
great political, geographical, and economic
characteristics. In light of the political and strategic
interactions taking place in the Middle East region,
Iran began to implement its strategies, and
through a group of roles that reflected its foreign
and regional policy.
Iran's strategic location has a significant and
prominent role in the regional and international
equation, as its location and the geopolitical ideas
and theories it acquires impact the outer crescent
in the Heart of the Earth theory developed by
(Halford Mackinder) (24). As for Iran's strategic
importance, according to the author of the
framework theory (Spikeman), who focused on the
great importance of the Sahel region, which is
twinned with the outer crescent that MacKander
defined, and by saying that whoever controls the
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Sahel regions will control the Heart of the world
(25).
The years of comprehensive siege that the Iraqi
people suffered from, leading to the American
invasion, are among the repercussions that
destroyed the military establishment in Iraq. This
strengthened Iranian influence in the Arabian Gulf
region and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries
(*). Therefore, these variables significantly and
significantly impact surpassing Iraq regionally
(26).
Iran's political orientations and power structure
control its policy towards the Arab region, which
stipulates the difference in the distances
separating these powers and their consideration of
these Arab interests (27).
A third trend shows readiness to expand and
consolidate Arab-Iranian relations, trying to
besiege and restrict this legacy of ambiguous and
intertwined historical ties between the two
parties, even if it is for the sake of Iranian interests.
Still, this trend does not influence the Iranian
decision-making institution (28).
Since Iranian behavior and methods as a nation-
state take into consideration its interests without
being forced to be determined by the interests of
other countries, since the policies of intervention
and domination in plans and memories of history,
this is from the Iranian point of view, without
paying attention to Arab interests or the identities
of Arab countries and their citizens, as happened in
Iraq (29). Due to the issue of restricting the
borders in the Shatt al-Arab region, Iraqi-Iranian
relations have been characterized by tension for
decades because it is one of the most controversial
topics, which is considered one of the strategic
regions and due to the economic importance it
enjoys as a waterway, as each of the countries
bordering it demands and claims its right to it, and
because of the disputes that occurred from time to
time during the seventies of the last century, and at
that time Iraq began to fear the Iranian military
development supported by America, which was
the reason for Iraq's acceptance of signing the
Algerian Agreement in 1975. As Iraq is one of the
Arab Gulf countries, it received significant
attention from Iranians for its components and
importance, making it an essential position in the
region in terms of geographical location and
human and economic resources (30). Due to Iraq's
geographical importance, it is located in the
southwestern part of the Asian continent, as it lies
between latitudes (29-37) from the north and
longitudes (45-38) and (45-48) from the east, with
an area of (434920 km2) (31). We find that Iraq's
geographical location is surrounded by a group of
countries, namely Turkey from the north, Iran
from the east, and (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan,
and Syria) from the south and west (32). The
primary and essential factor of Iraq's strategic
location between the east and the west (33) has
enabled it to be one of the influential powers in the
region and to have a fundamental role in the
regional balances existing in the region, as it is the
central pillar of Arab national security as well as
Gulf security. It is a military, political, and strategic
fact and not a linguistic expression, so Iran sought
to prevent it again from transforming into a strong
state that confronts Iran, limits its capabilities,
extends its influence, and achieves its goals in the
Arab region (34).
The geographical location of Iraq was and still is a
fundamental factor in directing the attention and
interest of the colonists and directing the path of
their penetration and influence in it because the
danger was expected. It is considered the heart of
the Middle East, and the abundance of oil wealth
explains and interprets the long conflict between
several regional and international countries (35).
The geographical location of Iraq is a vital element
in shaping its foreign policies. Its geographical
situation, as well as its proximity to two regional
countries, Iran and Turkey (36), resulted in the
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outbreak and incitement of many geographical,
human, and economic problems, the main focus of
which was around the main issues such as Mosul
and minorities, as well as water, the Shatt al-Arab,
borders, Ahvaz and other problems (37). In 2003,
during the Iraqi-American crisis, Iran made clear
its position on this crisis on the basis that it had no
interest in confronting the United States of
America and could not prevent the war or join the
targeted force. Therefore, Iran took a position of
positive neutrality in the war launched by America
on Iraq and did not obstruct or hinder the
American invasion of Iraq. This Iranian neutrality
resulted from the interaction of internal and
regional factors in the stages of preparing for the
war. All
of this is a reflection of Iran’s fears of
confronting the United States of America and not
getting involved in any targeting of it by America
(38). The significant transformations that occurred
in Iran’s regional environment in 2003 contributed
to ridding Iran of competitors or rivals neighboring
it and restricting its external movement, namely
(the Taliban regime and the Baath regime),
meaning that the United States of America now has
a line of contact with a regional state neighboring
and close to Iran. Iran considered this presence a
threat to its strategic interests (39). All these
regional changes and transformations that have
occurred have increased Iran’s security concerns
because the increase in the American military
presence in the region is an opportunity to
strengthen Iran’s regional position despite some
countries in the region ignoring Iran’s important
role and relying on foreign cover to protect them
(40). The second requirement: Iran and its
influence on Iraqi national security
Iran views Iraq from a strategic political
perspective with two critical dimensions. The first
relates to the possibility of removing Iraq from
being a force to achieve equality with other
regional powers to a force supporting Iran. This
has enhanced Iran’s opportunity
as a significant
player and an influential regional power. This has
strengthened the personalities and role of the
political players supporting it in the Iraqi arena
and created this opportunity for Iran to use in this
regard the theory of soft power to enhance its
influence in Iraq through its impact on public
opinion and through the media, as well as
strengthening economic relations and supporting
the (Shiite) authority in Najaf al-Ashraf. Therefore,
it sees the expansion of its trade and economic ties
in Iraq and an increase in its exports over its
counterparts in other countries. As for the second,
Iraq has always been a regional and strategic
competitor for it, and it seems that the
circumstances that Iraq has witnessed today are a
result of weakness and cannot be described as a
comprehensive and long-term strategy because
Iraq possesses the components in which it can
return to being an influential state in the strategic
and regional equations (41). Iranians have long
had extensive social relations with Iraqis regarding
intermarriage and immigration to Iraq to join the
religious seminaries in Najaf al-Ashraf. The
sectarian nature contributed to increasing and
strengthening these relations. Therefore, we find
Kamal al-Kharazi (former Iranian Foreign
Minister) saying to Iraqi Foreign Minister Hoshyar
Zebari (former Foreign Minister) during the visit to
Iraq, saying, “The party that will leave Iraq is the
United States of America at the end of this war,
while the party that will be a neighbor to Iraq and
the
Iraqis is Iran” (42). The third topic: The
geostrategic situation of Iraq after 2003
The study of Iraq's geostrategic importance is a
multifaceted analysis that encompasses the
country's security, military, economic, and political
significance. It is crucial to understand the regional
context and the geographical framework in which
Iraq is situated, as well as its vital economic
resources in relation to other regional and
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international players. The study is particularly
interested in two key aspects: the geoeconomic
and geomilitary environment of Iraq, and the
geopolitical and security environment of the
country.
The first requirement is Iraq's geoeconomic and
military environment. Iraq is one of the most
critical regions for the global economy due to
natural resources such as oil and gas, increasing its
strategic and military importance.
First: Iraq's geo-economic environment after 2003
The Iraqi economy has been exposed to many
problems and crises in the previous decades,
which increased after the political change 2003.
The Iraqi economy became, after the destruction of
the infrastructure of buildings and bridges and the
looting and robbery operations, a tough situation.
The situation worsened after the events of 2014
Iraq went through, and the emergence of armed
organizations, including ISIS, which occupied some
governorates, displaced their residents to other
governorates, and controlled Iraq's economic
capabilities. From different aspects, the decline in
oil prices to a low level contributed to the decrease
in the state's general budget revenues. It increased
the crises and economic problems that Iraq is
going through. An increase in internal and external
borrowing, as it has become difficult to fix these
Iraqi economic crises in a country that lacks all the
elements and means of security and political
stability, and there are a group of reasons that Iraq
witnessed and related to the economic
environment, which are (43):
1- Iraq is entirely dependent on oil imports. It is
self-sufficient in these imports and revenues
without other alternatives such as industry,
agriculture, and trade, so it is a rentier country that
depends on a one-sided economy (44).
2
—
The spread of corruption, which constituted a
waste of resources and capabilities, and the failure
to achieve correct development goals contributed
to the collapse of the state's legal institutions as a
result of the chaos that accompanied the
occupation forces, as well as openness to the
outside world and the entry of investment
companies in implementing projects and
reconstruction.
3- The infrastructure in Iraq was exposed to
destruction as a result of the military operations
that accompanied the occupation and its
aftermath, which contributed to the emergence of
terrorism and its control in Iraq after 2003 and the
corresponding need for development in Iraq to a
large extent, as Iraq did not witness any
development of apparent value.
4
—
The unemployment problem widened after
2003 due to the layoff of large numbers of
employees of government departments, media,
military, and security institutions, and many
companies relying on foreign labor from other
countries. Even some of these tourism projects in
Iraq have service work, such as cleaning cities, and
these workers were brought in from outside Iraq.
Second: Iraq's geo-military environment after
2003
The Iraqi army is the active party and the basic
building block of Iraqi national security to combat
violence and terrorism. The security vacuum that
occurred and Iraq and Iraqis are still paying the
price. In 2003, the army and defense institution
was dissolved by Paul Bremer, and the return of
the United States of America to Iraq was the major
problem that reinforced the security vacuum.
Without this institution and its dissolution, it is
impossible to continue building the Iraqi state. It is
not possible to preserve the unity and democracy
of Iraq. On the other hand, terrorism in Iraq
practiced brutal and barbaric acts that took the
lives and lives of defenseless citizens and were a
severe challenge to Iraqi national security on the
security and military levels (45).
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The second requirement: The geopolitical and
security environment of Iraq after 2003
Violent revolutions occurred in some Arab
countries, which led to several political and
security changes that resulted in a shift in the fate
of these countries and their existing political
systems, which led to these revolutions
determining the region's future. The reason is the
changes these revolutions caused to these
countries' political and security environments.
Some regional powers have emerged that welcome
the democratic transition, while others are against
this democratic transition. All these differences
and events have affected the political arena,
whether the existing countries or the surrounding
countries.
First: The geopolitical environment of Iraq after
2003
Political geography is of great importance, and it is
one of the essential branches of geography that
contributed to the emergence of geopolitics in
1899, according to the opinion of General Karl
Haushofer. Political geography must serve as a
guide to the state's political conscience and the
importance of geography in the world of politics
(46).
The land is one of the essential elements that make
up the state, and according to Napoleon Bonaparte,
"Every state pursues a policy according to its own
geography." The geography of each state includes
several variables (area, location, and terrain) that
directly impact the state's strength and have a
meaningful impact on its foreign policy. Friedrich
Ratzel* believes that "geography is the basic fact
that determines the policies of states and their
strategic orientations, and thus constitutes the first
pillar in forming the strength of the national state
and its international position" (47).
Political geography is one of the most essential
geostrategic features. The geographical location of
the state is relied upon in assessing the state's
strength due to its impact on the current and future
status of the state, despite the call to reduce this
importance due to several factors, including
technological developments in today's world, and
because the location is not just land, but rather an
essential resource for national wealth or the state's
sole capital, as political geographers expressed the
geographical location in three main ways, which
are as follows (48):
1- About water and land
2- Astronomical location
3- Location about neighboring countries
Iraq's location near neighboring countries is called
(relative location), expressed by its effect on
relations between neighboring countries. It
represents the location of the geographical
neighborhood in terms of the number of political
units surrounding the state. It is essential in
political development to achieve the interests of
these countries and their desire to expand. This
geographical neighborhood is characterized by
positivity if the relationship is positive between
the two countries and vice versa if the relationship
is negative, and therefore countries need to build a
relationship with other countries that is
compatible with the policy of the neighboring
country that differs from it in political and
ideological direction. This country may be a stage
for competition and a buffer between them if it falls
between the two competing countries (49).
Second: The geo-security environment of Iraq after
2003
The strategic location of a country is a key factor in
determining its international position. Some
countries find themselves in areas that are not
conducive to their growth, facing serious problems
due to their geographical location. In some cases,
geographical location can even be a catalyst for
war between countries, highlighting the potential
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for conflict that is inherent in political geography.
On the other hand, the geographical location of
some countries is an important strategic location,
so they become vulnerable to the ambitions of
major countries. Countries located in areas
exposed to crises and global tension are among the
countries most vulnerable to international
problems, and also the locations of small countries
between substantial and significant countries,
meaning if the country is located between two
solid and warring countries, its lands are fires for
fighting, so the location of Poland between
Germany and the Soviet Union has disappeared
from the world map, as well as the invasion of
German forces into Belgium, despite its declaration
in World War II, where they were able to enter
French territory (51).
CONCLUSION
The regional and international situation after 2003
differed from what it had been before this date in
terms of the conflict and competition
internationally between the Russian Federation
and the United States of America and regionally
between the parties geographically neighboring
Iraq (Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey). The strategic
balance between the countries above had an
impact on Iraqi national security after 2003, as the
process of change that took place in the political
system in Iraq had an apparent effect on the
absence of an essential regional balancer, which is
Iraq. One of the results of this change was the
competition between the active regional powers,
as each of the neighboring countries sought to
extend its influence and impose its hegemony over
the Iraqi reality by taking multiple paths that
varied between political presence through
alliances and support for the political system or
some parties that identify with it or through
economic and military support for it to create a
space for influence, dominance, and control. Iraq's
strategic
location
impacted
international
perception, especially American perception, so the
United States of America was its destination in
2003. This imbalance in the strategic balance of
power made the rest of the countries that felt the
danger of the United States' presence in Iraq move
to confront its presence there to compete and
maintain Its interests and presence in the region
and restoring the balance of power, and therefore
Iran had a role in the competition among them to
achieve their interests and presence, which
produced more conflicts and crises that affected
the balance of power, as the competition
contributed through their extensions to negatively
and positively affect Iraqi national security, and
Iran has the most significant role in redrawing the
map of the region and alliances and directing goals
at the expense of the US dollar, and the security
situation had a negative impact on Iraqi national
security as the security deterioration and the
occupation of Iraqi lands by the terrorist
organization ISIS contributed, which was
accompanied by economic deterioration as a result
of the decline in oil prices, in which the Iranian role
had a significant and clear impact in helping Iraq at
various levels, whether security, economic or
political, because the United States of America did
not play the appropriate role for it in these events
despite the existence of the strategic framework
agreement with Iraq, but it took a negative aspect
through limited support that was limited to limited
air strikes, and therefore the Iranian role became
more influential through its support in various
fields and its influence on the political aspect of the
Iraqi and security decision, especially during the
war on the terrorist organization ISIS. The
researcher believes that the regional and
international powers were only motivated by
achieving their interests in the Middle East,
especially Iraq, due to its apparent impact on the
regional balance.
Footnotes
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(1) Mazen Ismail Al-Ramadani, Foreign Policy: A
Theoretical Study, (Baghdad: Dar Al-Hikma Press,
1991), p. 258.
(2) Zakaria Hussein, Psychological Balance and its
Implications for the Decision Maker, Nasser
Academy for Military Studies, Cairo, available at:
www.almarefa.com
(3) Muhammad Mujahid Al-Zayan, Strategic
Balance in the Gulf Region: Variables and
Solutions, Issues in Global Politics, Regional Center
for Strategic Studies, Egypt, (Article), Issue 132,
29-2-2015.
(4) Joseph .s. nye, the future of Bower, public
Affaire, U.S.A. 2010, p87
(5) Walaa Ayad Taha Al-Dallal, The role of strategic
orientations in building knowledge economies for
selected Middle Eastern countries, Master's thesis
(unpublished), College of Political Science,
University of Nahrain, Baghdad, 2018, p. 9.
(6) Abdul Qader Muhammad Fahmi, Introduction
to the Study of Strategy, 1st ed. (Jordan: Majdalawi
Publishing and Distribution House, 2006), p. 18.
(7) Firas Muhammad Ahmad Al-Juhaishi, New
Strategic Balances in Light of a Changing Security
Environment, 1st ed. (Baghdad: Academics for
Publishing and Distribution, 2017), p. 50.
(8) Muhammad Fahmi Al-Jabar, The Strategic
Concept of Regional and International Balanced
Forces in the Middle East, PhD Thesis
(unpublished), Faculty of Economics and Political
Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 2015, p. 157.
(9) Hamid Rabie, "Arab-European Dialogue from
the Logic of International and Regional Dealings",
Institute of Arab Research and Studies, Baghdad,
1983, p. 120.
(10) Nour Abdul-Ilah Ajrash, The Iranian Nuclear
Program and the Strategic Balance in the Middle
East, Master's Thesis (unpublished), Faculty of
Political Science, University of Nahrain, 2010, p. 41.
(11) Muhammad Abdul-Razzaq Mahmoud, Iraqi
National Security and the Challenges of Terrorism
after 2003, Master's Thesis (unpublished), Faculty
of Political Science, University of Nahrain,
Baghdad, 2016, p. 5.
(12) Muhammad Abdul-Karim Nafi, National
Security, 1st ed. (Cairo: Dar Al-Shaab for
Publishing and Printing, 1972), p. 31.
(13) Quoted from Tariq Muhammad Dhunoon Al-
Taie, The Future of International Security in Light
of Current Challenges, PhD Thesis, College of
Political Science, University of Nahrain, Baghdad,
2017, p. 9.
(14) Paul Robinson, Dictionary of International
Security, 1st ed. (Abu Dhabi: Emirates Center for
Strategic Studies and Research, 2003), p. 269.
(15) Quoted from Rafah Abdul Azim Abdul Hassan,
General Policies of National Security in Combating
Terrorism in Iraq after 2003, previous source, p. 4.
(16) Quoted from Nashwan Muhammad Taha, The
State and Security in the Age of Globalization,
Master’s Thesis (unpublished), Civil Defense
College, 2008, p. 42.
(17) Ali Abdul Aziz Al-Yasiri, Iraqi National
Security: The Intellectual-Political Dimensions of
the National Security Strategy in Iraq, 1st ed.
(Baghdad: National Security Council, 2010), p. 51.
(18) Ali Abbas Murad, Security and National
Security: Theoretical Approaches, 1st ed.
(Lebanon: Ibn Al-Nadim Publishing and
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(19) Muhammad Abbas Naji, Contraction: The
Future of Iran’s Regional Role in the Arab Region,
Arab Revolutions, International Politics Magazine,
Al-Ahram Center for Studies, Cairo, 2011, p. 56.
(20) Muhannad Abdul Karim Khalaf, Sayyid
Muhammad Baqir Al-Sadr: His Life and Role in
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–
1400 AH / 1980
AD (Baghdad: Thaer Jaafar Al-Asami Press, 2011),
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p. 124.
(*) It is an agreement signed between Iraq and Iran
in March 1975 between the then Iraqi Vice
President Saddam Hussein and the Shah of Iran,
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, under the supervision of
the then Algerian President Boumediene. It was
agreed upon the point of the bottom line (the
thalweg line) as the border between the two
countries, but Saddam Hussein cancelled this
agreement
after 1980 after the fall of the Shah’s
rule and after the success of the Islamic Revolution
in Iran, which sparked the First Gulf War. From
Muhammad Abdul Rahman Arif, The Algiers
Agreement between Iraq and Iran 1975... Will it be
amended after Rouhani's visit, March 19, 2019.
(21) Al-Ittihad Newspaper, Balance of Power
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(22) Samir Falih Hassan Al-Mayali and Fadhel
Hassan Kattafa Al-Yasiri, Iran's Foreign Policy
towards Iraq after 2003, p. 429.
(23) Sharif Muhammad Kamil Al-Rubai'i,
American-Russian Coordination and Its Impact on
Iran's Regional Role after 2003, Master's Thesis
(unpublished), College of Political Science, Al-
Nahrain University, Baghdad, 2017, pp. 140-144.
(24) Abdul Qader Muhammad Fahmi, Introduction
to the Study of Strategy, 1st ed. (Amman:
Majdalawi Publishing and Distribution House,
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(25) Abdul-Moneim Abdul-Wahab and Sabri Faris
Al-Hiti, Political Geography, Baghdad University
Press, Baghdad, 1989, p. 200. * The Cooperation
Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, or as it is
known as the Gulf Cooperation Council: is a
regional Arab political and economic organization.
This organization consists of six member states
overlooking the Arabian Gulf and includes (Saudi
Arabia, Oman, the Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar,
Bahrain). The Cooperation Council for the Arab
States of the Gulf was established on May 25, 1981
AD, through a meeting held in Riyadh, the Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia. Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah
was the one who came up with the idea of
establishing it. The Secretary-General of the
Council is currently Abdul Latif bin Rashid Al-
Zayani, and its headquarters are in Riyadh. From
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(27) Dhafer Nazim Salman, Iranian Policy Towards
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Center
for
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307.
(28) Dhafer Nazim Salman, the same source, p. 5.
(29) Dhafer Nazim Salman, the same source, p. 28.
(30) Riad Najib al-
Rayyes, The Qur’ans and Swords
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f Iran from the Shah’s to the Finality, 1st ed.
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(31) Fadhel Hassan Kattafa al-Yasiri, Iraq and its
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(34) Muhannad Abdul Rashid, The Iraqi Role in the
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Opportunities, p. 203.
(35) Samir Falih Al-Mayali and Fadhel Hassan
Kattafa Al-
Yasiri, Iran’s Foreign Policy towards
Iraq after 2003, p. 429.
(36) Fadhel Hassan Kattafa Al-Yasiri, Iraq and its
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(37) Abdul Razzaq Abbas Hussein, Political
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(40) Ali al-Ghalib, The Importance of Iraq in the
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VOLUME 06 ISSUE08
101
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
Studies and Research, Sunday, June 29, 2018,
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