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PUBLISHED DATE: - 30-09-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume06Issue09-19
PAGE NO.: - 181-185
SEMANTIC FACTOR IN MODELING VERB
TENSES IN UZBEK LANGUAGE
Khonnazarov Elyor Gofurovich
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in philological sciences, Senior teacher of Tashkent State University of Uzbek
Language and Literature named after Alisher Navoi, Uzbekistan
INTRODUCTION
In the world, scientific directions related to the
application of information technology to linguistics
began to develop from the 40s of the 20th century.
As a result of this, such scientific directions as
computer linguistics, corpus linguistics, and
machine translation were created. The need to
develop a formal grammar for the analysis systems
of these directions has arisen. By the 50s of the
20th century, automatic morphological analysis
systems were developed and began to be used in
the fields of natural language processing and
machine translation. Determining the relation of
speech to time is important in the process of
morphological analysis. It is known that space and
time are the fundamental form of existence, and
any information, action, situation has signs of time
and space. Understanding the relationship of
information to time is an important condition for
understanding changes in the world. Time
determines the time of occurrence of certain
events and situations, and thus they are arranged
in sequence in memory, as well as how long they
lasted. The need to ensure the automatic
implementation of analyzes of the relationship of
information to time increases the practical
importance of the issue of annotating grammatical
forms of tense.
In world linguistics, at the end of the 20th century,
the creation of language corpora and their
linguistic annotation became one of the urgent
issues. This put the creation of programmatic and
linguistic support for tagging words and
grammatical forms for each language on the
agenda. As a result, language corpora containing
millions of words were created by the beginning of
the 21st century. Most of them have the ability to
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
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analyze what time the information in the corpus
refers to according to grammatical forms
representing time and time expressions. Today,
one of the most important tasks for the world
corpus linguistics is to determine such issues as
the transfer of verb tenses, whether it refers to
another tense according to the context, in
automatic analysis.
The main part
In many researches in world linguistics, it has
become a tradition to study time as a unity of
grammatical, lexical, syntactic tools that serve to
realize real time in language
–
as a whole temporal
category.
H.Reichenbach explained for the first time that
there are three points on the time line, and
different time meanings are expressed according
to the sequence of these points [Reichenbach H.,
1947. P. 287
–
298]. He knows that the problems in
explaining the meaning of the tenses close to each
other (for example, Simple past and Present
perfect) in grammar books were the result of not
distinguishing between three points of time. The
scientist emphasizes the following as three points:
1. Point of speech
–
S.
2. Point of event
–
E.
3. Point of reference
–
R.
I.Kormushin, who specially studied the verb tenses
in Altai languages, distinguishes absolute and
relative tenses in the system. According to the
scientist, the past, present, and future tenses are
absolute tenses, and relative tenses arise from
their relationship with each other. In particular,
three relative tenses are formed from the absolute
past tense: the past tense relative to the past tense,
the present tense relative to the past tense, and the
future tense relative to the past tense. In the same
order, three relative tenses are formed from the
present and future absolute tenses. Thus, he
recommends a system of three absolute and nine
relative
–
twelve tenses in all
–
for the Altai
languages [Кормушин И., 1984. C. 6–
7]. In our
opinion, although this approach of I.Kormushin is
based on systematicity, it was not widely popular
because it could not be fully applied to all Altaic
languages. Because some of the relative tenses are
created artificially, they do not have their
expression in all languages.
In world linguistics, this issue is solved by dividing
verbs into aspectual groups. In Uzbek linguistics,
research on verb tenses has not paid special
attention to this issue. Only the issue of the verbs
yotmoq, yurmoq, turmoq, o‘tirmoq with the form
-
ib expresses the present tense in a unique way.
According to the lexical meaning, we have divided
the verbs that have specific features in taking tense
forms into the following semantic groups:
1. Verbs expressing the final result of a momentary
action-
state: topmoq, yo‘qotmoq
, payqamoq,
qoqilmoq, chertmoq, uyg‘onmoq, tanimoq,
chaqmoq, sinmoq.
2. State verbs expressing continuity: yurmoq,
turmoq, yotmoq, o‘tirmoq
3. Verbs expressing state: sevmoq, bilmoq, xursand
bo‘lmoq, ishonmoq, nafratlanmoq.
4. Verbs expressing physical action: bormoq,
ketmoq, yurmoq, chopmoq, qaytmoq.
Verbs expressing momentary actions do not have
the meaning of duration. They represent short
momentary actions indicating a certain point on
the axis of time and are not used with continuous
tense forms. However, polysemantic verbs can
take these forms in one meaning without taking
the continuous tense form in another meaning. For
example, the verb topmoq with the meanings of “1
To meet a lost, generally sought (in search) thing
or person. 2 To catch suddenly”
[ Ўзбек тилининг
изоҳли луғати. IV жилд. 2008. –
Б.148] doesn’t
use in continuous tense. But it accepts continuous
tense forms with the meanings of “3 To discover
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as a result of research. 4 Determine the unknown.
5 In general, to have, to achieve as a result of work,
some reason, etc.” [ Ўзбек тилининг изоҳли
луғати. IV жилд. 2008. –
Б.148
-149] which is
noted in the dictionary. In particular, the verb
topmoq is used in the present continuous tense in
839 places in the text text of the Educational
Corpus, and in the documents it represents one of
the 3rd, 4th, 5th meanings in the explanatory
dictionary. For example: Ijtimoiy tarmoqlar orqali
hokimlik va boshqaruv idoralariga yoʻllanayotgan
murojaatlar oʻz yechimini topyaptimi? Oʻquv
-
seminarda shu kabi masalalar muhokamalar
markazida boʻldi. (xs.uz). It should be noted
separately that when these types of verbs are used
in the negative form, disappears the meaning of a
short moment, instantaneous action and acquires
duration. Therefore, they can accept the present
continuous tense forms with the negative form. For
example: O‘zimizda ham savodli mutaxassislar
juda ko‘p, ularni hech kim payqamayapti. (kun.uz).
The fact that the verbs turmoq, yurmoq, yotmoq,
o‘tirmoq with the
-ib form mean the present tense
is related to their lexical meaning, and they express
the meaning of duration when they are state verb
and auxiliary verb. When expressing the meaning
of action, it means the past tense with the form -ib.
We have analyzed the meaning of tense
understood from the cases of these verbs with the
suffix -ib in the texts of the educational corpus. The
results of the analysis are shown in Table 1
[www.uzschoolcorpora.uz. The results were
obtained between February 5 and February 12,
2022].
Table 1
№
Verb form
With the meaning of the
past tense
With the meaning of the
present tense
Amount
In percent
Amount
In percent
1 yur+ib+personality
34
2%
1509
98%
2 tur+ib+ personality
45
0,2%
24183
99,8%
3 o‘tir+ib+ personality
4
0,5%
849
99,5%
4 yot+ib+ personality
12
0,8%
1427
99,2%
Total
95
0,3%
27968
99,7%
It can be seen from the table that the given verb
forms are rarely used in the meaning of past tense.
The study of the influence of the verb lexical
meaning on the expression of the meaning of the
tense explains the processes associated with the
fact that not all verbs can equally perceive all forms
of the tense, as well as the inability of certain verbs
to realize or realize the meaning of a certain tense
with grammatical forms. There are peculiarities in
the tense relationship of verb semantics, in
particular, in the relationship of certain meanings
of polysemantic verbs to the tense. This feature is
important from the aspects of accepting/not
accepting the grammatical forms of the continuous
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tense, expressing the present or future tense with
the form -a (-y).
The present tense serves as a basis in defining
other tenses as it corresponds to the moment of
speech. Grammatical forms of present tense not
only express the duration of the action in a
dynamic nature, but also refer to cases that, in
general, are practiced in the moment of speech in a
static way, denoting the constant characteristics of
the subjects. Below, we focus on the annotation of
the -a/-y form, which has the highest frequency of
use among both present and future tense forms.
The form of the present tense -a/-y expresses
actions that are active at the moment of speech,
that are repeated, statically exist, as well as express
the permanent characteristics of subjects, usual
procedures. When the meaning of the present
tense is expressed with the form -a/-y, the
meaning of the state and activity is understood
rather than the meaning of the action from the base
of the verb.
When annotating the present tense meaning of the
form -a/-y in the verb structure, it is necessary to
pay attention to the homonymic and polysemantic
features of this form. -a/-y can be used to form the
present tense, the future tense, the lexical form of
the verb, the adverbial form of the verb.
Personality suffixes act as a filter in differentiating
the formation of the form -a/-y in the adverbial
form or present tense form, as well as in the case of
the formation of the imperative-demanding mood
of the -y. If -a/-y is followed by personality suffixes,
then -a/-y is present tense, otherwise -a/-y is
adverbial form or -y is imperative.
If F+
↓
N+
↓
BB+y+Sh2, then
“
y = Z2(1,al1)
”
.
If F+
↓
N+a+Sh2, t
hen “a = Z2(1,al2)”.
When we analyzed the use of the -a/-y form as a
tense suffix in the texts of the educational corpus,
we saw that it was used mostly for the meaning of
the present tense (75%). The meaning of the future
tense is mainly expressed under the influence of
special lexical units referring to this tense in the
sentence (25%). So, quantitatively, pay attention
to the priority of the expression of the meaning of
the present tense through the form -a/-y, and in
modeling connect the expression of the meaning of
the future tense with -a/-y to special keywords
that refer to this tense. M. Hakimova includes the
lexemes ertaga, endi, endilikda, endigina, keyin,
keyincha, so‘ng, so‘ngra, halizamon among future
tense adverbs . Also, lexemes with the meaning of
time, such as yaqinda, tezda, tez orada influence
the future tense meaning of the form -a/-y. By
summarizing them, it is possible to form a list of
units referring to the future tense (KZIQB).
Units
referring
to
the
future
tense
(KZIQB)=ertaga/endi/
endilikda/endigina/keyin/keyin
cha/so‘ng/so‘ngr
a/halizamon /yaqinda /tez orada/ tezda.
If KZIQB+F+↓N+↓BB+y+Sh2, then “y=Z3(1,al1)”
If KZIQB +F+↓N+a+Sh2, then “a=Z3(1,al2)”
As a result of adding the tense form -a to some verb
bases, it occurs homonymy with another verb
lemma. In the following 25 verbs in the
“Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language”,
the program may also make a mistake in
determining the tense form as a result of
incorrectly defining the verb lemma: bezadi,
buradi, enadi, oshadi, qonadi, sinadi, suyadi,
so‘radi, taqadi, tiladi, tugadi, tutadi, tuyadi, tuzadi,
tushadi, to‘ladi, unadi, uvaladi, uyaladi, uzadi,
yaraladi, yutadi, o‘radi, o‘tadi. It is impossi
ble to
distinguish past tense form -di (also meaning
personality) from personality form -di (added afer
-a), which creates homonymy to such verbs
without the help of context. This problem can be
solved with the help of a semantic analyzer
depending on the possibility of combining the verb
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lemma with other tokens in the context.
CONCLUSION
The meaning of “momentary” in verbs expressing
the final result of a momentary action is contrary
to duration. Therefore, such verbs are not used
with continuous tense forms. Verbs expressing
continuity do not accept grammatical forms of the
continuous tense because they have the meaning
of “continuity” in their semantics. The verbs
expressing the meaning of a static state mainly
express the present tense with the form -
а (
-y),
while the verbs expressing the physical movement
mainly express the future tense with this form. In
the Uzbek language, it is a very common
phenomenon that a grammatical form belonging to
one tense expresses another tense under the
influence of context, but in automatic annotation,
the program interprets the grammatical form with
the meaning of the tense given in the classification
according to the rule. As a result, an error is
observed in the annotation. Relying on the results
of statistical study and descriptive study of
different meanings of grammatical forms
expressing tense in corpus texts gives relatively
reliable information about the form. The analysis
showed that it is possible to partially solve this
problem by identifying commonalities in examples
related to the transition of time and developing
their models on this basis. However, there are
cases where one tense form means another tense
without being tied to standard constructions,
arising from the content of the whole text, which is
very difficult to cover within the framework of
specific models.
REFERENCES
1.
Reichenbach H. Elements of Symbolic Logic.
(The Tenses of Verbs).
–
New York: The
Macmillan Company, 1947.
–
P. 287
–
298
2.
Кормушин И. Система времен глагола в
алтайских языках. –
М.: Наука, 1984. –
C. 6
–
7.
3.
Comrie B. Tense.
–
Cambridge: Cambridge
university press, 1985.
–
P. 139.
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Ғуломов
А. Феъл. –Тошкент: Фанлар
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