Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
149
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
149-154
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article abstract explores the social, economic, and cultural processes that took place in the Kashkadarya oasis
during the 20th century and their influence on the lifestyle of the local residents. The Kashkadarya oasis, located in
Uzbekistan, has been a historically significant region with a rich cultural heritage. Through an analysis of historical
sources, archival materials, and ethnographic studies, this abstract sheds light on the major transformations that
occurred in the oasis throughout the 20th century.
The article examines the impact of various factors on the lifestyle of the local residents. It delves into the social
changes brought about by industrialization, urbanization, and the introduction of modern education systems. These
changes resulted in shifts in the traditional social structure, family dynamics, and gender roles within the community.
Furthermore, the economic transformations, such as the transition from agrarian to industrial economies, affected
the livelihoods and occupations of the local population.
The abstract also highlights the cultural shifts that unfolded during this period. It investigates the influence of Soviet
policies and ideologies on the cultural practices, beliefs, and traditions of the oasis dwellers. Additionally, it explores
the interplay between modernization efforts and the preservation of local cultural heritage, including traditional
crafts, music, and folklore.
Research Article
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL PROCESSES IN THE
KASHKADARYA OASIS IN THE 20TH CENTURY AND THEIR IMPACT ON
THE LIFESTYLE OF LOCAL RESIDENTS
Submission Date:
October 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
October 25, 2023,
Published Date:
October 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume03Issue10-23
Dr Sherzod A. Iskandarov
Doctor Of Philosophy (Phd) In History, Associate Professor Department Of Social Sciences Tashkent
Medical Academy, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
150
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
149-154
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
By analyzing these social, economic, and cultural processes, this abstract provides a comprehensive understanding of
the changes that occurred in the Kashkadarya oasis throughout the 20th century. The findings contribute to the
broader scholarly discourse on the impact of modernization and globalization on local communities and offer valuable
insights into the dynamics of a region that has undergone significant transformation.
KEYWORDS
Kashkadarya, 20th century, traditional crafts, music, and folklore.
INTRODUCTION
By the 20s of the 20th century, the life of the country's
rural population was in a poor state. The severe
complications of the First World War, and the policy of
brutality and violence that the Bolshevik rulers used
against the local population during the establishment
of the new Soviet system were visible at every step.
Industry has been destroyed, transport and
communication facilities are in operation, and
countless fields of cultivation have been laid waste.
Worst of all, hunger, poverty, and mass unemployment
reigned in the country. On top of that, the food
shortage developed by the regime of Soviet power and
the policy of military communism, which was
combined with it, made the life of the people of the
country even more difficult. In order to preserve the
Soviet power, this emergency policy took everything
from the population, strictly limited its will, initiative,
and independence, did not allow trade and market
relations, and as a result, the socio-political and
economic situation here became even more
complicated [1].
THE MAIN RESULTS AND FINDINGS
In the national territorial demarcation carried out in
Uzbekistan, in the historical and ethnographic process
of the Uzbek people, it began to form its own local
character. This has had an impact on the social,
economic and political life of the Uzbek people.
As a result of economic and political reforms, the class
structure and demography of Uzbekistan changed
radically by the end of the 1930s. In the 1939 population
census, there were 6.2 million people in the Republic.
(4.5 million in 1926) population, of which 1.64 million
and 4.8 million in cities. It was recorded that more than
100,000 people lived in villages. According to the new
census method of the Mutabid regime, 67.1% of the
total population was divided into social strata called
collective farmers and cooperative artisans, 11.6%
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
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P
AGES
:
149-154
SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
employees, and 2.6% individual farmers and artisans
[2].
The radical change taking place in the economy is
clearly visible in agriculture. First of all, it concerns the
form of property and production relations. Farming
and horticulture in the oasis were entirely at the
disposal of farmers and cluster farms. Today,
Kashkadarya has 176 alternative MTPs serving more
than 29,000 farmers, 161 gas stations, 122 fertilizer sales
stations, 135 minibanks, 167 water user associations, 52
agricultural products sales, and 34 information and
consulting services. 36 zoo-veterinary service branches
provide services [3].
The Mustabid regime sought to keep Uzbekistan as a
colony and to further strengthen its status as a raw
material base and product market of the metropolis. As
a result of such a policy, the economic development of
the republic was one-sided, its agriculture became
more and more focused on cotton production, and in
this way, the sole government of cotton was
established. As a result, the process of a series of
specific changes in the lifestyle in the oasis is very
important. From the 30s of the 20th century, the
specialization
of the cotton
monopoly was
accelerated. Since then, the introduction of new
technologies has led to changes in the social and
economic aspects of the oasis. As a result of the
unification, unionization and collectivization of the
Uzbeks, who used to live in a feudal way of life, the way
of life of their people improved. But one of the serious
reasons for this is that even in the United state of the
people, all the produced products would be
transferred to the state.
The main source of the economic and cultural
development of the Kashkadarya oasis is the area
where agriculture and animal husbandry are
developed.
The land-water reform carried out in 1925-1929 from
the first quarter of the 20th century had a significant
impact on the processes of socio-economic changes in
the village. In the course of its implementation, some
level of economic support was provided to farmers
who received land. For example, households
established on new lands were exempted from taxes
in the first years. The new farms established on the
lands of the "rich" paid only 25% of the fixed tax, and
those who received additional land paid 75% [4].
Relative improvement of farm management systems
and greater use of means of economic influence made
a turning point in agricultural production in 1923-1924.
The total cultivated area increased from 1,000,000
desyats to 1,632,000 desyats in 1924. This was 57.8% of
the pre-war amount. In 1923, the amount of livestock
increased by almost a third. In 1924, it increased to
more than 300 thousand heads. In 1924, the harvested
cocoons increased three times compared to 1920 and
amounted to 125,000 pounds. Thus, despite all its
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
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VOLUME
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SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
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)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
complexity and contradictions appearing in the initial
measures of the new economic policy, it helped, albeit
partially, to establish a healthy economic relationship,
to solve the acute problems of leaving agriculture from
a state of paralysis [5].
Changes in the socio-political life of the 20th century
led to the intermingling of different ethnic groups and
ethnoses, as well as different cultures. As a result, it
can be estimated that the strengthening of ethno-
cultural relations has caused great changes in the
material and spiritual lifestyle of local sub-ethnic
groups and various district diasporas living in the
territory of our Republic. For this reason, serious
research on the analysis of inter-religious, inter-ethnic,
ethno-political, ethno-social, ethno-cultural relations is
required today. At present, first of all, in areas where
different ethnic groups and diasporas live densely,
there are urgent problems such as inter-ethnic
relations,
ethno-cultural
interaction
and
interpenetration of cultures, national character and
mentality, causes and possibilities of inter-ethnic
conflicts and conflicts, nationalism and national
separatism, separation, national politics. finding a
solution is of great practical importance [6]. From the
middle of the 20th century, in the history of the Uzbek
people, in the process of forming the press system, as
a result of the introduction of publications, radio and
television, a period of changes in the lifestyle of Uzbek
families began. This greatly popularized the process of
demanding the rights and interests of the masses of
the people, such as laborers, farmers, and workers.
This kind of stability brought fundamental reforms in
the social, economic, political and cultural life of the
Uzbek people.
By the 30s and 40s of the 20th century, the
introduction
of
unique
traditions
and
new
technologies had an impact on the lifestyle of the
Uzbek people.
During the period of Soviet colonialism, the
accumulation of problems and unconscious situations
in the social, economic, and spiritual life of the Uzbek
people led to a crisis situation. Although the system of
economic management formed in the 20s and 30s of
the 20th century was based on the administrative
command system, it became an obstacle to socio-
economic development from the 50s. In 1956, there
were attempts to restructure the economy and
democratize management in social life. All the above
social, economic and political processes were managed
from the centre. In the mid-60s, they made economic
reforms. In the 1965 reform, it was intended to carry
out measures aimed at improving the system of
industrial construction and agricultural enterprises and
improving the incentive system.
Since the 30s of the 20th century, the Kashkadarya
oasis has developed a socialist style of economy based
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
153
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
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2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
149-154
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
on a planned economy and a strictly centralized
national economy management.
Kashkadarya region during the Soviet regime, as a
result of the economic one-sided policy, focused
mainly on the processing of agricultural products, led
to the development of the Karshi desert and the
deterioration of the lifestyle of the population, on the
other hand, the development of cotton monoculture
made it more difficult. In the years after we gained
independence, fundamental changes were made in the
life of the oasis in the economic, social and spheres.
The causes and roots of the crisis situation in the
political and socio-economic life of his society lay in the
backwardness of his thinking and the inability to
adequately assess the specific historical conditions.
The concept of "advanced socialism", which entered
scientific and political life at the end of the 60s, was the
result of a serious theoretical error in determining the
level of socio-economic development. By the 70s and
80s, this policy did not justify itself. As a result, the
process of disintegration of the USSR accelerated.
The economic and social life is becoming more and
more evident, and the need to take a new path to
eliminate crisis situations and bring Uzbekistan to a
higher level of development has been fulfilled.
Currently, there are 563,300 families in Kashkadarya
region. In connection with the "Year of Social
Protection", 9.5 billion soums of financial aid was
provided to 114,600 families in the region this year. In
order to support more than a thousand young families,
2 billion 134.1 million soums of preferential loans were
granted by commercial banks [7].
In 1996-1998, about 631,000 jobs were created in rural
areas. Most of these jobs created in 1998 are in the
rural sector of the economy (79.4 thousand), trade and
general catering (54.1 thousand), industry (18.4
thousand), as well as in the transport and
communication sectors (10.0 thousand ) is correct. In
1998, almost half of the new jobs in rural areas were in
the private sector. (12.9 thousand in farms, 75.4
thousand in private labour activities) and 34.0
thousand places were made by the private business
sector not related to agriculture. The employment
system of the rural population has increased due to
their employment in the fields of material production,
trade, and general welfare [8].
In the Kashkadarya oasis, in the second half of the 20th
century, Uzbekistan's industry and agriculture were
increasingly subordinated to the interests of the
Center. Primary raw materials such as cotton, cocoons,
black leather, vegetable and processed products, and
fresh fruit were regularly sent to the central regions of
the USSR. Natural gas reserves of the Kashkadarya
region are in the first place. Large natural gas fields
such as Shortan, Kultak, Zevarda, Ortabuloq, Pamuq,
Karakhitay near the city of Karshi; South Mubarak and
North Mubarak gas condensate fields; Fields with large
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
154
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
149-154
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
reserves, such as the Kokdumalok oil-gas condensate
field (1985), were discovered and put into
operation.[129;93-94] Gas is the main economy of the
Kashkadarya oasis. The construction of large factories
in the Mubarak and Guzor regions led to the
employment of the population and the development
of economic integration.
In their activities, cultural institutions also held various
non-traditional activities that did not correspond to the
mentality of the local people. For example, in a series
of events held under the heading of "new life", the
European way of life was promoted, and Uzbek
traditions, family relations and religious ceremonies
were promoted as "superstitions". The "New Life"
column, aimed at "liberating" women and forming new
relationships, naturally caused a number of
misunderstandings among the local people in the
matter of family relations formed over the centuries.
CONCLUSION
Thus, it can be noted that in the 20th century,
fundamental changes took place in the social,
economic, and political processes of the Uzbek people.
From the 1920s to the 1940s, extensive work was
carried out in the life of the Uzbek people. The
national-territorial delimitation of 1924, the land and
water reform in 1929-1933, and the implementation of
the process of collectivization put an end to the long-
standing traditional attitudes of the Uzbek people. As
a result, it led to the formation of a unique new layer in
the lifestyle of the Uzbek people. In the 20th century,
another new period of change occurred in the life of
the Uzbek people. Since these times, radio and
newspapers have served to inculcate enlightenment
and form consciousness among the masses of the
people.
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1.
Usmonov. Q Sodiqov. M. O
ʻ
zbekiston tarixi. T:
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ʻ
zbekiston yangi tarixi. T: Sharq.II-Bob 2000 B.
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Qashqadaryo viloyati istiqlol yillarida. T:
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ʼ
naviyat, 2007. B. 35.
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yxat-1 yig
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ma jlid 23
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O
ʻ
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Ashirov. A Atajonov. Sh Etnologiya T.: Alisher
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kutubxonasi, 2007.B. 41-42.
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Qashqadaryo viloyati istiqlol yillarida. T:
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zbekiston yangi tarixi. T: Sharq. III-Bob. 2000.
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