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ABSTRACT
The development of the export-oriented economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the improvement of
export activities of foreign economic entities are important at the current stage of economic restructuring. At the
same time, Uzbekistan faces issues such as reducing the country's dependence on the export of raw materials,
diversifying import and export markets, and accelerating the export of goods with a high added value.
KEYWORDS
Goods, export, Republic of Uzbekistan, mineral raw materials, tourism and entrepreneurship.
INTRODUCTION
According to the opinion of some countries and
foreign economists, the development of foreign trade
aimed at exports can be the basis for increasing the
share of exports of non-raw goods. It is generally
recognized that Uzbekistan has many advantages,
some of which are as follows:
• a rich industrial type of many types of mineral raw
materials;
• natural climatic conditions that are favorable for the
cultivation of many agricultural plants, as well as save
heat and electricity;
Research Article
DEVELOPMENT AND INSURANCE OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN
THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN WITH THE HELP OF FOREIGN
INVESTMENTS
Submission Date:
July 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
July 25, 2023,
Published Date:
July 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume03Issue07-07
Farkhodzhonova Ezoza
Student Of Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
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• a rich cultural and historic
al heritage that is known to
the whole world, which enables the development of
tourism and related types of entrepreneurship;
• relatively cheap workforce with high qualifications;
• significant scientific potential and high level of
applied research;
• de
veloped infrastructure, etc.
However,
the
assessment
of
the
country's
comparative advantages requires the use of a
comprehensive ranking method. In a simpler form,
comparative advantages can be estimated by the ratio
of production costs or the ratio of prices of similar
goods on the world market. The standard method is to
classify the comparative advantages of Uzbekistan
according to the level of competitiveness (in terms of
costs, without taking into account the factor of
product quality) into competitive, close to competitive
and currently non-competitive goods groups by
commodity groups. possible
At the same time, creating a competitive environment
is the most important condition for the growth and
further development of the country's export potential.
According to the opinion of a number of countries and
foreign economists, the following are necessary to
increase the competitiveness of the country's
producers:
• creation of equal conditions for all subjects of
economic activity, that is, any benefits must apply to all
sectors;
• to increase the mobility of resources, first of all, to
ensure the free flow of capital by increasing the
efficiency of the banking system, as well as to liberalize
the market of goods and raw materials and abandon
administrative management and distribution of raw
materials for industrial production and export ;
• removing the monopolization of the system of
concerns, associations, holdings and national
companies, which maintain the practice of maintaining
high prices alone, which leads to an increase in prices
along the technological chain, while allowing the
import of products in a limited manner;
• improving the tax system and its administration;
• liberalization of foreign trade.
Especially the development of the export of processing
industries is highly dependent on the opportunities to
enter the markets of foreign countries. Export of
finished goods often faces tariff and notary barriers in
foreign countries, while the export of raw materials
does not face obstacles in entering foreign markets.
Today, one of the main problems of the country's
export development is the high level of tariff and
notarial protectionism in relation to imports. At the
same time, high trade barriers limit not only the import
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of consumer goods (goods for final use), but also the
import of intermediate goods, which are necessary for
the development of national production, both for
export and for the domestic market. In addition,
limiting foreign competition in the domestic market
creates a factor for inefficient allocation of economic
resources. As a result, in the medium-term and long-
term perspective, the relative competitiveness of
industries protected from imports will decrease.
Creating a favorable environment that provides stable
conditions and support to business entities and
investors, promotes the development of fair
competition and prevents abuse is a necessary
condition for the development and diversification of
exports and, as a result, economic growth.
As a result of the economic reforms carried out in our
country, the foreign trade turnover is growing year by
year.
At the same time, the export of goods and services
increased by 28.7 percent. As a result, the size of the
positive balance in the foreign trade balance increased
significantly. This is a reliable balance of payments and
an important indicator of the stability of our economy.
Deep positive changes are taking place in the structure
of foreign trade. In particular, over the next few years,
the trend of stable growth of the weight of
competitive finished products in the structure of
exports and the decrease of the share of the products
of the industries supplying raw materials are clearly
visible. It should be noted that the geography of our
foreign trade relations is changing qualitatively, first of
all, due to the growth of trade turnover with the
developing markets of the Asian continent.
All these indicators, first of all, the consistent increase
in the share of competitive finished products with high
added value in the composition of exports, first of all,
indicate the growing potential and opportunities of
our economy. At the same time, this situation serves as
an important direction in reducing the dependence of
our exports on the influence of the world market,
where the prices of raw materials change frequently.
Such a change is especially important in the current
conditions of the ongoing global economic crisis. Why?
Today, exports mainly consist of the supply of raw
materials, and the fact that they are overly dependent
on price games in the world market is becoming a
serious factor that reduces foreign exchange earnings
in some countries, leads to the deterioration of
financial stability, and derails the economy.
It should be noted that the geography of our foreign
trade relations is changing qualitatively, first of all, due
to the growth of trade turnover with the developing
markets of the Asian continent.
All these indicators, first of all, the consistent increase
in the share of competitive finished products with high
added value in the composition of exports, first of all,
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
indicate the growing potential and opportunities of
our economy. At the same time, this situation serves as
an important direction in reducing the dependence of
our exports on the influence of the world market,
where the prices of raw materials change frequently.
The achievements in the field of export in recent years
are, first of all, fundamental structural change and
diversification
of
our
country's
economy,
establishment of completely new industries that will
act as a locomotive in the short term, modernization of
production,
implementation
of
technical
and
technological renewal programs, modern market It is
the result of timely, well-thought-out and long-term
work on the formation of infrastructure.
Such an increase in the volume of exports is not due to
the supply of cotton fiber, precious metals and various
raw materials, which are traditional resources for us,
but mainly cars, petrochemical and metal products,
mineral fertilizers, yarn. and gauze, knitted goods, wire
and cable products, construction materials and many
other similar export goods were provided in return for
increasing the volume and types.
Today, export development is an integral part of the
general economic policy of the state, which is aimed at
ensuring macroeconomic stability, development of
production, and stimulation of investment activities.
Increasing the export potential, increasing its size,
improving its composition, and expanding its
geography is one of the most important and urgent
tasks, and at the same time it is one of the most
complex tasks of the economic reforms being
implemented in Uzbekistan.
The development of foreign trade policy, taking into
account the growing demands in the world, allows
Uzbekistan
to
participate
in
international
organizations and take into account the requirements
of the World Trade Organization in the trade policy. For
example, China's experience shows that the accession
of Uzbekistan to the World Trade Organization
requires the implementation of serious institutional
reforms. The accession process is accompanied by the
reduction of tariff barriers and the gradual elimination
of notary barriers.
Currently, the main direction of improving the foreign
trade policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan is to adapt
the existing trade regime to the requirements of the
World Trade Organization. Liberalization of foreign
trade in accordance with the requirements of the
World Trade Organization makes it possible to increase
the openness of the national economy, create a
competitive environment, correct price imbalances,
more effectively distribute and use resources, more
fully use the advantages of international division of
labor, and improve the well-being of the population.
The strategy of development of export potential, in
addition to these, large-scale marketing research on
the markets of the CIS, Southeast Asia, Western and
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Eastern European countries is required. Studying the
experience of developed countries in expanding
exports and using exporters deserves special
attention. Studying this experience allows Uzbek
producers and exporters to develop the main
directions for entering the markets of these countries.
It is known that increasing the efficiency of the export
potential of the regions is in many ways integrally
dependent on the supply and demand processes in the
world market of raw materials. The analysis of the
demands and needs observed in the world market
shows that the development of the export potential of
the regions of Uzbekistan in the near future depends
on the sharp increase in the export volume of chemical,
non-ferrous metallurgical industrial products, as well
as machinery and equipment and deeply processed
agricultural products. remains. Because during the last
decades, there is a stable price and constant demand
for these products in the world market. This allows for
the production of deeply processed, competitive
products due to the rational use of natural, economic
and production potential in the regions and leads to a
sharp increase in the type of exportable products. The
fuel and energy complex opens great prospects for the
expansion of the export potential of the regions.
There are favorable opportunities for the development
of the non-ferrous metallurgical industry in the regions.
This opens great prospects for attracting foreign
investments. In particular, there are very rich reserves
of tungsten raw materials in Samarkand (Ingichka,
Koytash, Yakhton), Jizzakh (Ugat) and Navoi (Sariktog,
Sautbas) regions. Also, there is a possibility to double
the production of lead and zinc ore in Uchkuloch and
Khavdiza mines in Jizzakh and Surkhandarya regions.
One of the main problems in increasing the export
potential of the non-ferrous metallurgical industry is
importing modern equipment for the use of mineral
raw material reserves. Especially in Tashkent and Navoi
regions, there is an opportunity to release competitive
products to the world market based on the repair and
technical re-equipment of the existing branch
enterprises. Copper ore reserves in Almalyk and
Kyzylkum provide opportunities for the production of
various products on the basis of raw materials, which
will provide an opportunity to increase the export of
this product in the future. In increasing the export
potential of the regions in the chemical industry, the
main attention is paid to the repair of the existing
chemical processing enterprises. Especially favorable
conditions exist in Navoi, Fergana, Kashkadarya,
Namangan, Tashkent, Samarkand regions, Republic of
Karakalpakstan and Tashkent city. Currently, 70-80% of
the caprolactam produced in our country is used in the
operation of processing equipment. In the near future,
it is expected to build factories producing kapron
threads. Also, in many regions, it is planned to build
light industrial enterprises specializing in the
production of products for local needs and export.
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In the development of foreign economic activity, great
importance is attached to the creation of favorable
conditions for the attraction of foreign investments, as
well as the creation of the necessary infrastructures.
Among these, we can include the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations, Investments and Trade, the
National Bank of Foreign Economic Activities, the
Agency for Foreign Investments, the Export-Import
National Insurance Company "Uzbekinvest". These
organizations and institutions are of incomparable
importance in accelerating the inflow of foreign
investments into our republic, in determining priority
directions, insuring them, and providing banking and
consulting services.
Making investment decisions is a very difficult task for
any investor or business entity, and the main criterion
is to increase the wealth of the investor and increase
the value of the enterprise. Its factors are the growth
of the company's income, the reduction of financial
risk or production costs, and the improvement of the
efficiency of the company's work.
Taking into account the experience of foreign
countries, as well as the recommendations of the
United Nations Industrial Development Organization,
the evaluation of the effectiveness of investment
projects is carried out on the basis of two criteria, that
is, through financial and economic evaluation. Both of
these criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of an
investment project complement each other. Financial
evaluation is used in the analysis of liquidity during the
implementation of the investment project. In other
words, the task of financial assessment is to determine
whether the enterprise will have sufficient financial
resources to fulfill its total financial obligations in order
to implement the project within the specified time.
Economic evaluation is used to determine the potential
ability of an investment project, to maintain the value
of the funds invested in this project and to create a
sufficient level of their growth rate.
In world practice, several methods for assessing the
economic efficiency of investment projects have been
developed, and they can be conditionally divided into
two large groups:
• Simple (or statistical) assessment methods;
• valuation methods based on discounting.
The first group includes:
• investment payback
period (Payback Period, PP);
• coefficient of investment efficiency (Accounting
Rate of Return, ARR).
The second group includes:
• the method of determining the net present value
(Net Present Value, NPV);
• the method of calculating the internal rate of r
eturn
(Internal Rate of Return, IRR);
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• method of calculating profitability of investments
(Profitability Index, PI);
• method of calculating the discount payback period
(Discount Payback Period, DPP).
The economy's demand for investment, the lack of
investment funds, requires the effective use of
investment resources. Because it is possible to get
more profit as a result of effective use of invested
capital.
To show the economic effect of international capital
movement, it is necessary to proceed from the
assumption that the profit from capital investments is
different in different countries. Let's assume that there
are two countries in the world. Country I has capital in
the amount AK, country II in the amount AK'. The total
capital of both countries is KK'. The straight lines S1 and
S2 reflect the increase in output depending on the
amount of capital invested in countries I and II. If it is
assumed that there is no international movement of
capital, then countries I and II earn income by spending
their capital funds within the country (country I in the
amount of KS, country II in the amount of K'D). The
output of country I using its own capital is equal to the
sum of its segments, of which the profit of the owners
of capital is equal to the profit of the owners of other
factors of production, such as land and labor. The
production volume of country II is equal to, from which
the profit of the owners of capital, and the rest is the
profit of the owners of other factors of production. The
fact that KC<K'D means that the profit from investing
capital in country I is less than that of country II.
If both countries remove restrictions on the
international movement of capital, some of the capital
(AV) in country I will move to country II, because the
returns from investment are different in the two
countries. After that, the profit from the investment
will be balanced at the level of BR. As a result, the
production volume with the help of the equity capital
of country I is equal to the sum of the segments, and
the products are taken into account at the expense of
domestic investments, and foreign investments made
in country II are taken into account. At the expense of
investing a part of the capital in country II, the gross
production (with the volume of gross capital not
changing) will grow to a certain size (the size of
segment h). In this case, the income from capital also
increases from KS to KE. The income of the owners of
capital will grow to the size, and the income of the
owners of other factors of production will be only in
the size of the C segment.
On the other hand, the flow of capital from country I to
country II causes the profit from capital to decrease
from K'D to K'F. At the same time, as a result of
attracting from country I and using its domestic capital,
production in country II expands to . Of course,
segments are produced at the expense of foreign
capital, and in the end, it is necessary to give them to
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the investors of country I as a profit. Thus, the net
growth of domestic production in country II will be
equal to g segment. In country II, as a result of the
decrease in profits from capital investment, the income
of the owners of capital decreases from volume to
volume k, and the income of owners of other factors of
production increases from volume i to volume.
As a result of the flow of capital from one country to
another in the world economy, gross output grows
from volume to volume, that is, to volume. In this case,
h occurs as a result of more efficient use of the capital
of country I by investing in country II, and g belongs to
country II and arises as a result of an increase in the
amount of capital invested in this country.
Thus, the international movement of capital (as well as
the international movement of goods) leads to an
increase in gross world production due to a more
efficient redistribution and use of the factors of
production. In this case, the income of the owners of
capital in the capital-exporting country increases, and
the income of the owners of other factors (especially
labor and land) decreases. The incomes of the owners
of capital in the capital-importing country will decrease
and the incomes of the owners of other factors of
production will increase.
The participation of countries in international capital
migration (ICM) processes is shown by a number of
indicators. These include the volume of capital export
(import), the capital export-import balance, the
number of enterprises with foreign capital in the
country, the number of people employed in them, etc.
Based on the balance, the countries of the world
economy can be grouped as follows:
- capital exporting countries (Japan, Switzerland);
- capital importing countries (USA, Great Britain);
-countries in approximate balance (Germany, France).
Economic efficiency is the profit obtained from the use
of the capital invested for investment, and if the
income is understood, then the socio-economic effect,
in addition to the profit obtained from the use of the
investment, is also understood as the improvement of
people's lives, the preservation of nature, and the
development of scientific and technical progress.
When evaluating the economic efficiency of
investments, it is necessary to pay attention to the
terms
"economic
efficiency"
and
"economic
efficiency".
Economic efficiency is the result of investment of
invested capital, and economic efficiency refers to the
relationship between the economic efficiency or profit
obtained as a result of investment and the amount of
investment.
The economic effect is calculated by subtracting the
amount of capital invested from the income received
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on account of this investment and is calculated as
follows:
E = D
–
K (1)
Here, E-economic efficiency
D-income from invested capital
K-invested capital amount
Economic efficiency is found by dividing the profit from
the investment by the amount of invested capital:
Here, E1 is economic efficiency (2)
Profit from if-investment
K-invested capital
The indicator of economic efficiency of investment at
the level of the country's economy is found by dividing
the amount of gross national product created in the
country by the amount of investment made at the level
of the country.
(3)
Bu yerda,
YAMM
–
gross national income
K- The amount of capital invested to create YAMM.
Economic efficiency is calculated as a function of time,
and at the beginning it is negative, because the
invested capital has not yet earned a profit. As the
return on capital increases over time, the return is
positive, meaning that the return on invested capital
exceeds the amount of invested capital over time.
The return on invested capital equals the invested
capital over time. This period is called the payback
period. This indicator shows the efficiency of capital
investment in the production sector of the economy.
The investment payback period lasts 2-3 years in the
small business sector, and 10-15 years for long-term
investments. There is a concept of capital investment
payback period norms, which is understood as the
average amount of capital investment payback period
in economic sectors. In the economy, the average
investment recovery period is 6-8 years.
Investment contribution to national income is called
investment rate. This is calculated based on the
following formula;
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(4)
here,
YAIN - gross investment norm
YAIS - gross investment amount
YAMM - gross national income.
During the process of project investment, the
company's assets, that is, its own funds, are formed. At
the same time, contracts for the supply of products are
concluded with other enterprises, and the process of
hiring employees is started.
In the process of using the investment, the
effectiveness of the investment in the project is
determined.
In this process, the following actions are performed:
- certification of manufactured products;
- organization of broker and dealer relations;
- monitoring of economic indicators of the project.
Designing any investment requires a certain level of
knowledge and skills. At this point, it is worth saying
that in order to determine the effectiveness of any
investment project, it is necessary to pay attention to
the basis of which the project was created, its duration,
the amount of investment, and the level of inflation.
With this, we will prevent several problems
encountered in the investment process.
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Umirova, G.Sh. (2023). Yosh olimlar, doktorantlar
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Umirova, G. Iqtisodiyotimizni rivojlantirishda
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Gulmira, U. (2023). THEORETICAL BASIS OF
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