ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
62
GENETICS AS A SCIENCE ABOUT INHERITANCE AND VARIATION
PRINCIPLES. GENE LEVEL OF HEREDITARY MATERIAL
ORGANIZATION IN PRO- AND EUKARYOTES.
Kasimova Shoira Khalilovna
Abu Ali ibn Sino Technical School of Public Health, "Teacher of Medical Biology
and General Genetics, Head of the Department.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14724602
The genetics is a science about principles of heredity and diversity of
organisms and about methods to direct them. The term “genetics” was suggested
by English scientists W. Batson (from Greek ‘geneticos’ – related with birth). The
heredity is an organisms property to transmit their traits and development
features in line of following generations. Because of heredity, many species
having been preserved unchanged during hundreds millions years (opossum,
latimeria, gatteria). In sexual reproduction, a material basement of heredity is
sperms and ovum, in asexual reproduction – somatic cells. The herediting is
principles of hereditary traits transmitting process from one organism
generation to another while reproduction. During sexual reproduction,
herediting is performed through the sex cells, during asexual through the
somatic cell division. The analysis of herediting principles is an important
method to study heredity patterns. The genotype is integrity of all organism
genes. The phenotype is integrity of all organism traits. It mast be concerned
that terms genotype and phenotype commonly are used in a narrow meaning.
They may be related with such traits, which are interested for researcher at this
moment. For example – white blue, dark or brown eyes in human. The diversity
it is a variety of individual or group traits and properties. The diversity is a
reflection of unstable preserving of individual hereditary information. It
includes a gene changing and gene combinating and changes in gene expression
throughout individual development. The genetics studies heredity and diversity
in four aspects. Firstly, it studies a problem of genetic information storage. It
makes clear the material place of genetic information storage and the ways of
genetic information coding.
Secondary, it studies a problem of genetic information transmitting and
principles of that transmitting from cell to cell, from generation to generation.
Thirdly, it analyzes a problem of genetic information realization. It studies how
genetic information may be realized in definite traits of developing organism, in
correspondence with external environment impacts. Fourthly, it considers the
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
63
problem of genetic information changing. It discovers the types and reasons of
changing and mechanisms of its appearance.
There are following levels of hereditary information organization in pro–
and eukaryotes: gene, chromosome and genome. The gene is a region of genomic
nucleic acid, which is characterized by specific nucleotide sequence and which
presents function unit different from other genes. The prokaryotic gene has
unseparated DNA region. The eukaryotic have some fragments. These fragments
may be exons (having useful information) and introns (without it). Introns are
removed during gene expression (process of realization genetic information).
Purposes of class: 1. To know particularities of hereditary material organization
and mechanisms of gene expression regulation in pro- and eukaryotes. 2. To be
able to solve problems on molecular genetics. 3. To be acquainted with
achievements of gene engineering and biotechnology.
Literature:
1.
Bekish V.J., Zorina V.V. Medical biology and general genetics. Textbook for
students of educational establishments. Vitebsk: VSMU press, 2019. – p. 60–75.
