Volume 05 Issue 12-2024
8
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(ISSN
–
2767-3758)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
12
Pages:
8-12
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
6.
041
)
(2023:
7.
491
)
(2024:
8.235
)
OCLC
–
1242423883
Publisher:
Master Journals
ABSTRACT
The article considers the associative features of the phraseology of the Arabic and Uzbek languages. In order to find
a solution to this problem, an associative experiment was conducted on native speakers of Arabic and Uzbek
languages. Based on the analysis of the experiment results, the associative properties of phraseological units in both
languages are revealed. Various and similar aspects of associations formed by carriers of phraseological units in Arabic
and Uzbek were also analyzed.
KEYWORDS
Phraseologism, association, verbal associations, response reaction, associate, associative connection, associative
experience, component, linguistic factor, extralinguistic factor.
INTRODUCTION
Cognitive linguistics, which took its first steps in the
last quarter of the XX century, became one of the
leading fields of linguistics at the beginning of the XXI
century.
In Uzbek linguistics, the monograph “Cognitive
Linguistics” published in 2006 by Prof. Sh. Safarov is
the first published study in this field. The meaning of
the term cognitive linguistics is related to the English
word
“cognize”.
Cognitive
linguistics
is
an
interdisciplinary research area that, in addition to
linguistics and psychology, also generalizes scientific
approaches from such scientific fields as artificial
intelligence
theory,
psycholinguistics,
and
neurolinguistics [2.54].
RESULTS
Human thought and the laws of thinking have long
been studied by logic, philosophy, physiology, and
psychology. For example, there is a section in
Research Article
PROBLEMS OF COGNITIVE-SEMANTIC RESEARCH OF
PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
Submission Date:
December 01, 2024,
Accepted Date:
December 05, 2024,
Published Date:
December 10, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-05-12-02
Muhammadiqbol Boborajabov
Lecturer, Oriental University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://masterjournals.
com/index.php/crjps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 05 Issue 12-2024
9
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(ISSN
–
2767-3758)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
12
Pages:
8-12
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
6.
041
)
(2023:
7.
491
)
(2024:
8.235
)
OCLC
–
1242423883
Publisher:
Master Journals
philosophy called epistemology, which deals with the
theory of thought and perception. Therefore,
cognitivism has a long tradition, its roots reaching back
to antiquity. However, within the framework of
cognitivism, the old questions have taken on a new
meaning. For example, the different nature of realities
(objects, things, events, incidents) determines their
different reflection in the mind: some of them appear
as visual images, others as simple concepts, and still
others as symbols. Cognitivism is a branch of science
that studies human thought and the mental processes
and states associated with it. It is the study of how
people perceive and think about the world in the
process of human activity. Now they are talking about
the cognitive revolution. The famous American linguist
N. Chomsky writes: “The cognitive revolution concerns
the state of the brain and how it conditions human
behavior. In particular, cognitive states, that is, states
such as knowledge, perception, interpretation, belief,
and faith” [3.243]. The processes
associated with
knowledge and information are called cognitive or
cognition. The words “thinking”, “mental”, “rational”
are also used synonymously. From the point of view of
cognitivism, a person learns as a process of processing
information. Human behavior, his internal states are
described and explained in terms. These states are
physically manifested, they can be observed. In this
case, these states are interpreted as the acquisition,
processing, storage and accumulation of information
in order to solve tasks rationally. Among the most
important
principles
of
cognitivism
is
the
interpretation of a person as a subject who actively
perceives and produces information in motion, guided
in his thinking activity by a certain theme, program,
plan, strategy. These states are physically manifested,
they can be observed. In this case, these states are
interpreted as the acquisition, processing, storage and
accumulation of information in order to solve tasks
rationally. Among the most important principles of
cognitivism is the interpretation of a person as a
subject who actively perceives and produces
information in motion, guided in his thinking activity by
a certain theme, program, plan, strategy. In this regard,
it is necessary to emphasize the interdisciplinary nature
of cognitivism. J. Miller calls the “birthday” of
cognitivism the symposium on information theory held
in the mid-1950s. Another American professor, J.
Bruner, at that time first began to give a lecture on the
nature of cognitive processes. Together with J. Miller,
they founded the first center for cognitive research at
Harvard University in 1960. What is new about
cognitivism? “Cognitivism relies on a serial, that is,
“industrial, production” method of solving problems
about human thinking” [4.17
-33].
Today, the term cognitivism refers to:
•
a program of research into the human
“thinking mechanism”;
•
the study of processing information that
comes to a person through various channels;
•
the construction of mental models of the
world;
•
the construction of systems that provide
various types of cognitive acts;
•
the understanding and formation of thoughts
expressed in natural language by humans and
computer programs;
•
the creation of a computer program model
capable of understanding and structuring text;
•
a wide range of mental processes that serve
acts of thought.
In cognitive science, the main focus is on human
cognition, which not only studies observed actions, but
also
studies
the
mental
representations
(representations) that generate actions based on
knowledge, that is, internal imagination, models,
symbols, and human strategies. The cognitive world of
man is studied in terms of his behavior and activity,
which take place with the active participation of
Volume 05 Issue 12-2024
10
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(ISSN
–
2767-3758)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
12
Pages:
8-12
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
6.
041
)
(2023:
7.
491
)
(2024:
8.235
)
OCLC
–
1242423883
Publisher:
Master Journals
language. Language, in turn, constitutes the discursive
and thinking basis of any human activity, that is, it
forms the motive, point of view, action of human
activity and predicts its result. Thus, the central
category in cognitive linguistics is the category of
knowledge, the problem of the types of knowledge
and their methods of manifestation in language.
Because it is language that records, stores, processes
and transmits knowledge. Cognitive linguistics
emerged under the interaction of several things. Prof.
D. Ashurova emphasizes in her article that new
directions in cognitive linguistics have emerged, such
as cognitive phonology, cognitive grammar, cognitive
lexicology, cognitive semantics.
It is known that cognitive activity begins with a
person's direct perception and feeling of reality.
Intuitive perception, this part of reality prepares the
ground for the formation of a symbol in thinking. In
understanding the meaning of a word, we only need to
know its semantic structure. We need to be aware of
the characteristics of thinking, thinking styles, and
knowledge of the world through linguistic elements of
people who speak a particular language.
Cognitive linguistics is based on the concept. A concept
is a mental structure that forms the basis of various
categories formed in the human mind, serves as a
fulcrum for them. A concept is manifested in the minds
of the people as the heritage of the community, as its
spiritual property, culture. The richer the experience,
the wider the scope of the concept. As E.S.Kubryakova
noted, the term “concept” serves
as an “umbrella” for
cognitive psychology, cognitive linguistics, and
linguoculturology. According to V.N. Telia, a “concept”
is something that aims to expand the scope of
knowledge, something that we know and imagine
about an object. Russian linguist L.V. Adonina, in her
article dedicated to the term concept, states that there
are lexical-phraseological, grammatical, syntactic and
textual types of concept expression [8.41].
The concept becomes clear only when reality is
reflected in thought, and thought in the system of
language. The concept that arises in the process of
perceiving reality can be expressed using units that are
already present in the linguistic reserve. Culture is a
phenomenon that affects both language and thought.
That is why representatives of different nations
perceive reality differently.
O. Yusupov defines the tasks of cognitive linguistics as
follows.
1)
to determine the role of language in the
emergence of knowledge in humans;
2)
to
understand
the
processes
of
conceptualization (forming concepts) and naming
(nomination) of the world and its objects (creating
concepts and dividing them into types);
3)
to determine the relationship between the
conceptual system and the language system;
4)
to solve problems related to linguistic and
cognitive (conceptual) representations of the world.
In our study, we will consider the fourth of the above-
mentioned tasks of cognitive linguistics, namely issues
related to linguistic and cognitive representations of
the world, in the phraseological system of the
language. In particular, on the example of
phraseologisms in which the words dog and sheep are
the central images: The idioms itning kunini solmoq,it
kunini ko‘rsat (to have a dog's day) arose from
comparing the miserable lifestyle of a dog to the
human condition. These expressions describe the
situation of a person who is in a difficult situation and
facing many difficulties. The expression ichini it
tirnamoq is a sign of mental distress, itdan bir suyak
qarz oilib yashamoq is a sign of poverty, it xurar karvon
o‘tar is used to refer to the unnecessary interference of
some people in everything, kambag‘alni tuyaning
ustida ham it qopadi is a sign of a bad person having no
place anywhere, ichagini itlar yesin is used to express a
curse, a feeling of longing for evil, discontent, and a
Volume 05 Issue 12-2024
11
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(ISSN
–
2767-3758)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
12
Pages:
8-12
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
6.
041
)
(2023:
7.
491
)
(2024:
8.235
)
OCLC
–
1242423883
Publisher:
Master Journals
sense of being oppressed. The verb dog is widely used
to describe a person with an unpleasant, cold, and rude
demeanor. Do you want to reveal your dog-like
behavior from now on? (Oybek). The phrase itdan olib,
itga solmoq expresses the meaning of insulting.
Qo‘y og‘zidan cho‘p olmagan
- extremely innocent,
faithful, qo‘yi mingga yetdi
- to rejoice immensely
[1.124].
As we noted above, the concept is a mental structure.
In Uzbek people, phraseologisms involving the image
of a dog often express a negative concept. Because
dogs are considered haram in our Islamic religion, and
eating human waste has an impact on this. As we
know, dogs have been domesticated since the
Mesolithic era, living side by side with humans,
becoming their guardians. The Uzbek people have
been engaged in animal husbandry since ancient times.
Shepherds ensured their loyalty through dogs, so some
phraseologisms that reflect the dog's loyalty have a
positive concept. For example, phrases such as it vafo,
xotin jafo or itdek vafodor are proof of this.
In phraseologisms involving the image of a sheep, we
can see the opposite situation. Through the image of a
sheep, only positive concepts are expressed. It is
known from history that the Turkic peoples have long
been nomadic people, and they were engaged only in
livestock breeding, which was considered their wealth.
Also, in our religion, it is not forbidden to eat livestock
such as sheep, cattle, and goats as halal.
The knowledge accumulated through the cognitive
field of the dog lexeme and the creation of an image in
the imagination is formed differently, as a result, it
reflects the concepts of anxiety, humiliation,
helplessness, harm, as well as loyalty and faithfulness,
while in the cognitive field of the sheep lexeme it
expresses the concepts of wealth, joy, and innocence.
The national-cultural characteristics of phraseologisms
are determined by their extralinguistic factors.
Extralinguistic factors are understood as a set of
factors that are of great importance in the
development and formation of the functional and
internal structural development of the language, which
contribute to the manifestation of their national
character.
The figurative way of thinking of a particular people is
clearly reflected in the phraseologisms used in the
vernacular. For example, dishes made from frog meat
are considered the most delicious food of the French.
So, in French, phrases that include the word frog have
a positive meaning. We can see a similar situation in the
languages of other peoples. In Chinese, the word snake
is associated with snake meat, carrying a positive
meaning, which means that the Chinese perceive
phrases that include the word snake in a positive sense.
CONCLUSION
In Uzbek, on the contrary, phrases containing the word
snake are used in a negative sense. For example, ilon
yog‘ini yalagan (like a snake that licked snake oil (sly))
or ilonday zahar (like a snake with venom). The British
use cat-related idioms in a positive sense, as the cat is
considered a “symbol of beauty” in the British
language. Such phraseologisms show the diversity of
people's minds, their perception of the outside world,
and their worldview. If you want to know what
nationality people are and how they relate to things
around them, you should first learn their language.
Because their long-standing culture, of course, finds
expression in their language. This view is more clearly
expressed in the following sentences of the German
scholar W. Humboldt: “Languages are a means of
expressing known truths, but also a means of revealing
previously unknown truths. The difference between
languages is not only in the difference in sounds and
signs, but also in the difference in seeing the world”.
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Volume 05 Issue 12-2024
12
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(ISSN
–
2767-3758)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
12
Pages:
8-12
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
6.
041
)
(2023:
7.
491
)
(2024:
8.235
)
OCLC
–
1242423883
Publisher:
Master Journals
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