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Annotation:
This article describes lexical and semantic relation of hyponyms in English
linguistics, which means that analyzing deeply the features of hyponyms and its character-
istic features. One of the most vital progresses in cognitive understanding of information,
one of extremely significant devices to classifying vocabulary and performing of human
perception. Lexical and semantic relations of hyponyms are taken into consideration when
giving logical meaning and connection to speech that help to express the meaning of the
word.
Keywords:
hyponymy, hypero-hyponymic relation, lexical-semantic field, lexicon mod-
els, lexical unit.
INTRODUCTION
In lexical classification, hyponymic relations of words, hierarchical structure of
wordcombinations is considered important. Hyponymy is one of the types of sys-
tematic relations of units at the lexical-semantic level of language that is gen-
der-type, reciprocal, hypero-hyponymic relations. According to giving different
views about this relationship in lexical system of language, we rely on the facts
that hypero-hyponymic relationships confirmed by many studies which belong to
universal connections if lexical units. The main relationship of hyponymy is based
on logical-semantic subordination that determines the hierarchical structure of in-
dividual semantic areas lexical system of the language as a whole structuring the
lexicon of the language.
The 21st century has been called the “age of multilingualism” by the Euro-
pean Union, and the problem of effective learning and teaching of foreign lan-
guages is becoming increasingly important. In particular, raising the intellectu-
al potential of young people inuzbekistan, gaining a wide range of knowledge
and professional skills, as well as activecommunication with peers abroad,
keeping abreast of all events, innovations and changes in the world today, is
the most important condition for acquiring great intellectual wealth. Great op-
JUMAEVA NASIBA
KOMIL QIZI
Master Degree Student in
English Language Department,
Chirchik State Pedagogical
Institute Tourism faculty
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC
CHARACTERISTICS OF
HYPONYMIC RELATIONS
AND DEEPLY ANALYZING
ITS FEATURES
IN ENGLISH LINGUISTICS
https://doi.org/10.47689/STARS.university-pp90-95
STARS International University
91
portunities have been created for them to study foreign languages in depth.
Like many other countries in the world,uzbekistan pays special attention to
teaching and learning of foreign languages as a social direction of the state.
There is every opportunity to keep abreast of the news [1]. Also, the President
ofuzbekistan Mirziyoev Shavkat Miromonovich mentioned: “It is time to cre-
ate a new system of teaching foreign languages. This system must become
a solid foundation for the future. Since we set ourselves the goal of building
acompetitive state, from now on, graduates of schools, lyceums, colleges and
universities must be fluent in at least two foreign languages. This strict re-
quirement should become the main criterion for the work of the head of each
educational institution” [2].
LITERARY REVIEW
Hyponymy is a less studied category in various systematic languages and
has been considered in scientific work of a number of researchers. The follow-
ings can be seen in the study of the problem of hyponymy in the work of sci-
entists. To this time, many foreigners’ linguists investigated on many branch-
es of language for instance, semantic and lexical characteristics of hyponymy
that has been argued in their scientific research works which were illustrated
many precious ideas and opinions. We can observe that the issue of hyponymy
has been engaged in study about this in the works of the following linguists:
Finch G “Linguistic terms and concepts”, Firth J.R. “Modes of meaning”, Cher-
ry N. “On Humancommunication”, Bierwish B.M. “Semantics and Translations”,
Palmer F.R. “Semantics”, O‘Grady W, Katamba F. “Semantics and Pragmatics”,
“The Analysis of Meaning and Charles” W. Kreidler “Introducing English Seman-
tics”. Also, the candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Doc-
toral student of National University ofuzbekistan (DSc) Sabirova N. K. men-
tioned some scientists work which were connected to investigate hyponymy
relation in her article The Lexical and Semantic Relation of Hyponym. They
are followings: Lyons J. Semantics (2 vols)”, Katz J.J. “Semantic theory”, Leh-
rer A. “Semantic fields and lexical structure”, Murphy M.L. “Semantic relations
and the lexicon”, Safarova R. «Гипонимия в узбекском языке (на материале
общеупотребительных зоонимов)», Jumabeva J.Sh. “O‘zbek va ingliz tillarida
leksik va stylistik graduonomiya” [3] and so on.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
It is well known that lexical elements include lexical and syntactic categories in
term of information about meaning and form. According to these categories, lexi-
cal elements are represented in the lexicon of semantics. In addition to the seman-
tic classification, a lexical unit depends on meaning and its form that expresses,
as well. In addition to some relationships in a lexical unit that consist of hyponym,
hyperonymy, synonym, antonym and so on.
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ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
Picture 1. Hyponyms of the hypernyms “Blue
”
A hyponym and hyperonym relationship are a relationship between a general
and a specific (thematic) term that represents the term hyponymy. For example,
the words
“red”, “yellow”, “green”
, and
“blue”
are hyponyms of the hyperonym
“color”.
Lexical semantics is one of the main directions of linguistics in which the
meaning of a word is systematically studied. In lexical semantics, two main issues
are addressed: a) the expression of the meaning of the word, b) the expression of
the variability of the meaning of the word changing between contexts [4].
It is clear that the phenomenon of hyponymy is the relationship between a hy-
peronym and its specific hyponym in the linguistics. A hyponym is more precise
and clear word or phrase than hyperonym in the semantic field. In this above-men-
tioned condition, we can see homonymic relation of the color, also blue is consid-
ered a hyponym of the color but
‘Blue’
is itself a hypernym of various shades of
blue, for instance
navy, blue purple, aquamarine
and so on.
Also, Associate Professor, Doctor of Sciences in Philology Jamila Sharipovna
Djumabaeva and Doctoral Student, Associate Professor, Candidate of Philologi-
cal Sciences Nodira Karimbaevna Sabirova mentioned their own opinions in their
article “The study of hyponomic taxonomy in English linguistics and the lexical
and semantic relations of hyponymy”. They mentioned: “Taxonomy involves the
simultaneous existence of three types of relationships, namely hyperonymy (gen-
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der-type), hyponymy (type-gender), and cogyponymia (type and type). In the
study of lexical-semantic groups and functional-semantic fields of natural lan-
guage word groups, there is a lack of strict consistency and structure in the man-
ifestation of hypero-hyponymic relations. In scientific typologies of various fields,
hypero-hyponymy iscommon phenomenon that expands and systematizes the
concepts of the profession”.
The hypero-hyponymic taxonomic relations of words, phraseological units and
terminology in the linguistics attracted the attention of M.V. Lysyakova, A.M. Plot-
nikova, E.L. Ginzburg, A.Sh. Hayrapetyan and other linguistics [5].
According to D. Cruse, many words have different hyponymic relationships de-
pending on the context, based on the facet on their meaning. In the example he
cites, the word a book has facets like TOME and TEXT, and it has hyponyms like
paperback, novel words. D. Cruse’s facet approach is designed to express the dif-
ferent types of relationships of words such as book without increasing the num-
ber of meanings and hierarchical nodes. Also, although D. Cruse introduced the
term microsense into linguistics, the phenomenon of thecomplete taxonomy re-
quires some prevention of word meanings. For example, there are many superor-
dinates of the word knife, i.e. cutlery, weapon, surgical instrument, tool and they
do not represent the importance of the facets of the word knife, but rather the
types of knife and the different meanings of the word knife [6]. In the figure that
given below, the hyponymic relationship is represented by a scheme called ‘juice
taxonomy’.
Juice
Herbal juice Vegetable juice Fruit juice
Orange juice lemon juice pear juice
Mandarin juice Tropicana orange juice navel orange juice
Figure 3. Hyponymic relationship in lexical field ‘Juice’
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The lexical units in this scheme are parts of the hyponymic or taxonomic par-
adigm. Given the probability that the tree structure is in an asymmetric state, it
can be observed that each lexical unit can have many hyponyms, but they have a
single hyperonymy. For example, if the word ‘juice’ has hyponyms such as ‘man-
darin juice’, ‘Tropicana orange juice’, ‘navel orange juice’, ‘orange juice’ is their hy-
peronymy. The word ‘fruit juice’ is the hyperonymy of ‘orange juice’. According to
English linguist Lions, ‘these cross-categorical relations are quasi hyponymy. But
even in nominal taxonomies, we see some differences in syntactic categories at
the highest levels’ [7]. Adjectives can also have nominal hyperonyms, for example
‘emotion>happy, sad, angry’. Hyponymy is a paradigmatic relationship in which
the relationship between members of the same syntactic category is represented.
The inter-category relationship is called ‘quasi-hyponymy’. In some cases, a high
degree of syntactic category differences is observed in nominal taxonomy. For
example, even though the word
‘fruit’
in the picture above is a noun phrase, it is
used in the adjective form
‘fruit juice’.
The orange juice varieties
‘navel’
and
‘man-
darin juice’
are represented at the bottom. Despite the fact that the words
‘herbal
juice’
and
‘vegetable juice’
in primary stage are in the unit of uncounted, the word
‘juice’
is a noun in the category that is also not counted.
CONCLUSION
The hyponym and hyperonym relationship are very important in giving a logical
connection in speech, expressing the meaning of words. There is no clear basis for
the fact that a hypero-hyponomic relationship is a linguistic-lexical relationship
rather than a cognitive-semantic relationship. The taxonomies of hyponymy do
not cover all types of relationships that fall into the general term. The fact that
functional hyponyms do not have to be part of hyperonyms, the range of what is
considered a hyponym in these taxonomies, suggests that hyponymy is a broad
concept. English linguist A. Wierzbicka distinguishes hyponymic relations based
on the morpho-semantic properties of hyperonyms. These ideas raise the question
of the relationship between hyponymy and words or concepts or meanings [8].
Easy and quick teaching of various terms to young people in teaching English
can increase the level ofcommunication in this foreign language and allow them to
freely express their opinions in a foreign language.
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