AGROTURIZMNING VUJUDGA KELISH VA RIVOJLANISH TARIXI

551

TURIZM

“RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOT” ILMIY-ELEKTRON JURNALI | 8-SON

WWW.INFOCOM.UZ

AGROTURIZMNING VUJUDGA KELISH VA RIVOJLANISH TARIXI

Yoriyeva Farangiz Murodillayevna

Toshkent davlat iqtisodiyot universiteti tayanch doktoranti

farangiz.feyaaa@gmail.com

Annotatsiya:

Agroturizm ko‘plab mamlakatlar tomonidan, ayniqsa Yevropa va

Shimoliy Amerikaning rivojlangan mintaqalarida qishloq iqtisodiyotini jonlantirish
vositasi va barqaror yo‘nalishi sifatida keng targ‘ib qilingan va shu tarzda davom
etmoqda. Ushbu maqolada agroturizm vujudga kelishi, rivojlanish tarixi, shuningdek,
Amerika Qo‘shma Shtatlari va Xitoy kabi mamlakatlarda rivojlanish yo‘llari haqida
tahlillar keltirilgan.

Kalit so‘zlar:

agroturizm, qishloq turizmi, fermer turizmi, rivojlanish

strategiyalari.

ИСТОРИЯ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ АГРОТУРИЗМА

Ёриева Фарангиз Муродиллаевна

докторант Ташкентского государственного экономического университета

farangiz.feyaaa@gmail.com

Аннотация

:

Агротуризм был и продолжает широко продвигаться во

многих странах, особенно в развитых регионах Европы и Северной Америки, как

средство оживления сельской экономики и устойчивого развития. В данной

статье представлен анализ возникновения агротуризма, истории его развития, а

также путей развития в таких странах, как Соединенные Штаты Америки и

Китай.

Ключевые слова:

агротуризм, сельский туризм, фермерский туризм,

стратегии развития.

HISTORY OF EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF AGROTOURISM

Yoriyeva Farangiz Murodillayevna

PhD student of Tashkent State University of Economics

farangiz.feyaaa@gmail.com

552

TURIZM

“RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOT” ILMIY-ELEKTRON JURNALI | 8-SON

WWW.INFOCOM.UZ

Abstract:

Agritourism has been and continues to be widely promoted by many

countries, especially in developed regions of Europe and North America, as a means
of revitalizing the rural economy and a sustainable direction. This article provides an
analysis of the emergence of agritourism, the history of its development, as well as the
ways of development in countries such as the United States of America and China.

Key words:

agrotourism, rural tourism, farmer tourism, development strategies.

KIRISH

Bugungi kunda jahon agroturizm bozori hajmi 2023-yilda 65,6 milliard AQSh

dollariga yetdi. 2032-yilga kelib 176,6 milliard AQSh dollari qiymatiga yetishi
kutilmoqda. Jahon turizm bozori barqaror va haqiqiy qishloq xo‘jaligi tajribasiga
iste’molchilarning qiziqishi ortib borayotganligi sababli barqaror o‘sishni boshdan
kechirmoqda. Odamlar oziq-ovqat manbalari bilan mazmunli aloqalarni izlashlari va
qishloq turizmiga intilishlari sababli, agroturizm gullab-yashnayotgan sohaga
aylanmoqda. Agroturizm rivojlanishining asosiy omillarga fermer xo‘jaliklari
tajribasiga bo‘lgan talabning ortib borishi, barqaror amaliyotlar haqida xabardorlikning
oshishi va qishloq sharoitida noyob dam olish tadbirlariga bo‘lgan intilishlarni kiritish
mumkin.

Geografik jihatdan agroturizm kuchli qishloq xo‘jaligi bazasiga ega

rivojlanayotgan iqtisodiyotlarda sezilarli o‘sishga guvoh bo‘lmoqda. Takrorlanmas
qishloq manzaralari va boy qishloq xo‘jaligi merosiga ega bo‘lgan hududlar
agroturizmning mashhur yo‘nalishlariga aylanmoqda. Biroq, rivojlangan
mamlakatlarda ham qiziqish kuchaymoqda, chunki shahar aholisi tabiat qo‘ynida dam
olishni xoxlashmoqda.

ADABIYOTLAR TAHLILI

Agroturizmni boshqarish mexanizmini takomillashtirishning mintaqaviy

muammolari Robert L.David A., Fennell, Martha Honey, David Weaver, Stephen
Wearing, John Neil, Robert Fletcher kabi xorijlik olimlarning ilmiy ishlarida ko‘rib
chiqilgan.

Mustaqil davlatlar hamdo‘stligi mamlakatlari olimlari M.B.Birjakov,

V.S.Bogolyubov, V.P.Orlovskaya, A.Durovich, N.I.Kabushkin, V.A.Kvartalnov,
V.S.Senin, T.T.Xristov, A.D.Chudnovskiy, V.G.Fedsov, V.V.Xrabovchenkolar o‘z

ilmiy ishlarida agroturizmni rivojlantirish masalalariga alohida eʼtibor qar

atgan.

Mamlakatimiz iqtisodchi olimlari K.X.Abduraxmonov, M.R.Boltabayev,

M.Q.Pardayev, I.S.To‘xliyev, G‘.H.Qudratov, N.Tuxliyev, T.Abdullayeva, A.S.
Soliyev, M.R.Usmonov, M.M.Muxamedov, D.K.Usmanova, M.Xoshimov,
A.Norchayev, B.Sh. Safarov va B.To‘rayevlarning ilmiy izlanishlarida ekologik
turizmni rivojlantirish hamda boshqarishning ayrim jihatlari ko‘rib chiqilgan.

Mavjud tadqiqotlarda agroturizmni rivojlantirishni boshqarish mexanizmini

553

TURIZM

“RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOT” ILMIY-ELEKTRON JURNALI | 8-SON

WWW.INFOCOM.UZ

tadqiq etish bo‘yicha maʼlum nazariy va metodologik natijalar olinga

n bo‘lishiga

qaramasdan, ularda mazkur muammoning hozirgi holati va istiqbollari kompleks
ravishda yoritilmagan. Xorijiy mamlakatlarda amalga oshirilgan tadqiqotlar asosan

qitʼa, mintaqa yoki mamlakatlar bo‘yicha umumiy yo‘nalishlarda amalga oshirilgan.

Aynan shu holat mazkur tadqiqotni tanlash, uning maqsad va vazifalarini belgilashga
asos bo‘lib xizmat qildi.

METODOLOGIYA

Таdqiqot ishida zamonaviy menejment yondashuvlari, tizimli va kompleks

yondashuv, funksional yondashuv, analiz va sintez, monografik tahlil, statistik
ma’lumotlarni guruhlash, qiyosiy tahlil, tanlama kuzatuv, abstrakt-mantiqiy kabi
usullaridan foydalanilgan.

MUHOKAMA VA NATIJALAR

“Agroturizm” atamasi odatda fermalarda yoki boshqa qishloq xoʻjalik joylarida

dam olish, koʻngil ochish yoki taʼlim olish maqsadida amalga oshiriladigan qishloq

xoʻjaligi bilan bogʻliq turistik faoliyatlar majmuasi sifatida taʼriflanadi [

1,2,3].

Agroturizm ham tushuncha, ham amaliyot sifatida XIX asrda Yevropaning Alp togʻ

fermalarida paydo boʻlgan, chunki oʻsib borayotgan temir yoʻl tarmogʻi sayyohlarga

shimolga oʻsib borayotgan sanoat shaharlaridan ularga sayohat qilish imkonini berdi.

Shundan beri Avstriya mamlakati agroturizmini barqaror rivojlantirdi [4]. Avstriya

fermer xoʻjaligi taʼtillari assotsiatsiyasining birinchi qismi 1971

-yilda tashkil etilgan

boʻlib, 1991

-

yilga kelib toʻliq Avstriya fermer xoʻjaligi dam olish assotsiatsiyasi

faoliyat koʻrsata b

oshladi. 1985-

yilga kelib Italiya qishloq xoʻjaligida tunash va boshqa

hordiq chiqarishni ragʻbatlantiruvchi qonun qabul qilib, fermer xo‘jaligi faoliyati

barcha italiyalik fermerlar uchun daromadlarini diversifikatsiya qilishni ko‘rib
chiqishning bir usul

i sifatida agroturizm boʻyicha milliy qonunchilik bazasini ishlab

chiqdi[5]. Keyinchalik 1990-yilda agroturizm sohasi Fransiya, Buyuk Britaniya,
AQSH, Skandinaviya, Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya va Yaponiyaga tarqaldi [6,7,8,9].

Agroturizm amalda rivojlangandek ko‘rinsa-da, ushbu konsepsiyaning

chegaralari va xususiyatlari to‘g‘risida turlicha qarashlar mavjud bo‘lib, uning ta’riflari
va tasniflarining noaniqligi ushbu rivojlanayotgan soha bo‘yicha tushunmovchiliklarga
olib keladi. Bundan tashqari, uhbu sohaga tegishli tadqiqotlar, siyosiy qonunlar va
dasturlarga ta’riflardagi nomuvofiqlik va kelishilgan asosning yo‘qligi to‘sqinlik qiladi
[2,10,11,12]. Biroq, u tez orada qishloq turizmining chambarchas bog‘liq bo‘lgan
konsepsiyasi doirasidagi va uning bir qismi bo‘lgan muhim bozor sifatida tan olindi
[6,13]. Ko‘pgina amaliy tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, agroturizmni rivojlantirish
kichik biznesmenlarga qo‘shimcha daromad keltiradi [14,15,16], ish o‘rinlari yaratadi
va mamlakat mahalliy rivojlanishini rag‘batlantiradi [17,18] va mahalliy jamoalarga
iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va ekologik jihatdan foyda keltiradi [19,20,21,22].

554

TURIZM

“RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOT” ILMIY-ELEKTRON JURNALI | 8-SON

WWW.INFOCOM.UZ

Shu sababli, agroturizm nafaqat mamlakat rivojlanishining iqtisodiy vositasi,

balki ko‘pincha barqaror rivojlanish yo‘li sifatida, ayniqsa, butun dunyo bo‘ylab turli
madaniy va ijtimoiy marshrutlarga ega bo‘lgan qishloq joylarida targ‘ib qilinadi
[5,20,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31].

Agroturizm qishloq xo‘jaligi ishlab chiqarishini turizmning maxsus turlari bilan

birlashtirgan ko‘p qirrali va qishloq xo‘jaligiga asoslangan rivojlanish modeli bo‘lib,
uni an’anaviy qishloq turizmidan ajratib turadigan va uni yangi shaklga aylantiruvchi
turli mahsulot va xizmatlarni taqdim etuvchi xorij amaliyoti sifatida ko‘rish mumkin.
Amerika Qo‘shma Shtatlari Qishloq xo‘jaligi Departamenti (USDA) yozishicha,
agroturizm, “qishloq xo‘jaligi turizmi” yoki “rekreatsion xizmatlar” orqali jamoalar
“qishloq iqtisodiyotini jonlantirishi, qishloq xo‘jaligi haqida jamoatchilikni o‘qitishi
va qishloq xo‘jaligi merosini saqlab qolish” [32] kabi tadbirlarni amalga oshirish
mumkin. Ilmiy adabiyotlarda eng keng tarqalgan atamalar “agroturizm” va “fermer
turizmi” bo‘lsa, “qishloq xo‘jaligi” tushunchasi uchun Yevropada ko‘proq mashhur
sanaladi [1].

Tadqiqotlar natijasida biz Michigan qonunchiligining 2005-yildagi 46-sonli

ta’rifi bo‘yicha, agroturizmga quyidagi ta’rifi mos ko‘rdik: “agroturizm - agrobiznesga,
bog‘dorchilikka yoki qishloq xo‘jaligiga, shu jumladan, ular bilan cheklanmasdan,
fermaga, boqqa yoki vinochilik plantatsiyasiga tashrif buyurish amaliyoti yoki
chorvachilik ko‘rgazmasi, dam olish, ta’lim olish yoki biror bir jarayonda faol ishtirok
etish maqsadida, tashrif buyurish tushuniladi” [33]. Ushbu qisqacha ta’rif Michigan
agroturizmiga oid boshqa adabiyotlar tomonidan ham tan olingan va qabul qilingan
[14,18,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41].

Agroturizm bo‘yicha olib borilgan tadqiqotlar asosan quyidagilarga qaratilgan:

qishloq xo‘jaligi; qishloq iqtisodiyoti; turizm va rejalashtirish, shu jumladan an’anaviy
qishloq xo‘jaligi ishlab chiqarishidan boshqa manbalardan daromadlarni to‘ldirish
imkoniyati [37,42,43,44]; qishloq iqtisodiyotining pasayish tendensiyasini yumshatish
uchun yechimlar [41,45,46,47]; agroturizm manzarasi va agroturizmning shahar-
qishloq munosabatlariga ta’siri [4,35,48,49,50]; va qishloq xo‘jaligida texnologiya va
innovatsiyalarni qabul qilish [9,51,52,53,54,55].

Agroturizm bir necha yillar davomida rivojlanib kelayotgan boʻlsa

-da,

mintaqada agroturizmni rivojlantirishning traektoriyalari, modellari va strategiyalari

boʻyicha tadqiqotlar ular bo‘yicha juda kam olib borilgan. Biroq, bu jihatlar bo‘yicha

tadqiqotlar mamlakatlar uchun juda muhim, shuning uchun ular agroturizmni
rivojlntirish uchun strategiyalar, dasturlar va tashkiliy-huquqiy normalarni iqtisodiy,
ijtimoiy va ekologik jihatdan ishlab chiqishlari va amalga oshirishlari shart.
Agroturizm biznesning bir shakli sifatida iqtisodiy foyda ko‘radi va uning qishloq
xo‘jaligi xarakterini Italiyada kuzatilganidek fermer xo‘jaliklarini modernizatsiya

555

TURIZM

“RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOT” ILMIY-ELEKTRON JURNALI | 8-SON

WWW.INFOCOM.UZ

qilish, xizmatlarni urbanizatsiya qilish va taklif etilayotgan faoliyat turlarini
tijoratlashtirish orqali zaiflashishi mumkin [20,21,53].

Bundan tashqari, 1980 va 1990-yillarda AQSH va Kanada innovatsion

usullardan foydalangan holda, shtat-davlat, jamoa-

jamiyat boʻlib agroturizmni ham,

qishloq turizmini ham uslubiy jihatdan rivojlantirish sohasida yetakchi boʻlganligi, bu

borada akademiklarning katta hissasi bilan eʼtibordan chetda qolgan. O‘sha dastlabki

davrda ikkita asosiy xususiyat ushbu sohada katta ahamiyatga ega edi. Birinchidan,
agroturizm siyosatini ishlab chiqish va amalga oshirishda universitetlar yetakchi rol
o‘ynadi. AQShning 100 dan ortiq yirik universitetlari 1862-yildan boshlab federal
hukumat tomonidan katta miqdorda qishloq xo‘jaligi yerlari grantlari hisobidan
moliyalashtirildi. O‘sha “yer granti” universitetlarining ko‘pchiligi amaliy
masalalarga, jumladan, qishloq xo‘jaligiga alohida qiziqish bildirishlari kerak edi. Bu
qishloq xo‘jaligi va qishloq jamoalarini o‘qitish, ularga yordam berish va tadqiq qilish
uchun ushbu sohada ishlaydigan, o‘z universitetlaridan tashqarida ishlaydigan
Extension Studies bo‘limlarini yaratishga olib keldi. Ko‘pgina ixtisoslashgan
tadqiqotlar hali ham mavjud bo‘lib, 1980-yillarda agroturizm va qishloq turizmi

sohalarida ishlashga koʻplab boʻlimlar qiziqib qolishgan. Odatda, ular turizmni

rivojlantirayotgan jamoalarga trening va yordam taklif qilganlar, tadqiqot olib bordilar,
jamoalar, korxonalar uchun o‘quv qo‘llanmalari va boshqa bosma nashrlarni chop
etdilar [6,60].

Ikkinchidan, yer granti universitetlarining ishi 1980-yillarda barqaror turizmning

yangi sohasi boʻyicha tadqiqotlar olib borishga yoʻl ochdi. Ixtisoslashgan

tadqiqotlarining aksariyati atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilishdan ko‘ra ijtimoiy va madaniy
muhitni muhofaza qilishga qaratilgan, ammo bu bir qator muhim kelajakdagi barqaror
turizm tadqiqotchilarining ishini boshlashga yordam berdi [61,62,63].

Agroturizm rivojlangan va rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlar qo‘llashi kerak bo‘lgan

barqaror rivojlanish yo‘llaridan biridir. Dunyodagi eng katta qishloq xo‘jaligi aholisiga
ega Xitoy hukumati har doim qishloqlarni rivojlantirishni ustuvor vazifa deb
hisoblagan va uni rivojlantirishning samarali usullarini topish uchun qattiq harakat
qilmoqda [63]. 1980-yillarda agroturizmning embrion shakli vujudga keldi va

birlamchi sanoat va uchinchi sanoatning birgalikda rivojlanishining boshlangʻich

nuqtasini koʻrsatdi. 2005

-yilda o‘n birinchi besh yillik rejada qishloq xo‘jaligini butun

mamlakat bo‘ylab qishloq xo‘jaligini rivojlantirishning yangi modeli sifatida targ‘ib
qilish taklif qilindi, ayniqsa yangi sotsialistik qishloqni rivojlantirish uchun shaharlarga
qulay transportga ega bo‘lgan tumanlar, shaharchalar va qishloqlarda olib borilgan
[63].

Keyinchalik, Davlat Kengashi, Qishloq xo‘jaligi vazirligi, Milliy turizm

boshqarmasi va Milliy taraqqiyot va islohotlar komissiyasi dam olish qishloq

556

TURIZM

“RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOT” ILMIY-ELEKTRON JURNALI | 8-SON

WWW.INFOCOM.UZ

xo‘jaligini rivojlantirishga ko‘maklashish uchun barcha fikrlar, bildirishnomalar,
hisobotlar va rejalar va boshqalarni ishlab chiqarildi.

XULOSA VA TAKLIFLAR

Hozirgi kunda agroturizmni “yangi qishloq xo‘jaligi” va “yangi turizm” uchun

paradigma sifatida ko‘rish mumkin [66]. U doimiy ravishda o‘zgarib turadi va
agroturizm fermer xo‘jaliklari egalari, shuningdek, boshqa manfaatdor tomonlar
innovatsion mahsulotlar va marketing strategiyalari kabi yangi yechimlarni izlashlari
va uzoq muddatli barqaror rivojlanish uchun yangi imkoniyatlardan qat’iyat bilan
foydalanishlari kerak. Xitoy agroturizmga kech kirgan mamlakat, ammo hozirda tez
rivojlanmoqda. Shu sababli, Xitoyning agroturizmiga turizm hududining hayot
aylanishi modelini qo‘llashda Xitoyning o‘ziga xos milliy sharoitlarini [64,67] hisobga
olish va boshqa mamlakatlar ilg‘or tajribalarini o‘rganish zarurdir.

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO‘YXATI

1. Agritourism

; CABI: Wallingford, UK, 2009; ISBN 978-1-84593-482-8.

2. Gil Arroyo, C.; Barbieri, C.; Rozier Rich, S. Defining Agritourism: A

Comparative Study of Stakeholders’ Perceptions in Missouri and North
Carolina.

Tour. Manag.

2013,

37

, 39–47.

3. Karampela, S.; Andreopoulos, A.; Koutsouris, A. “Agro”, “Agri”, or “Rural”:

The Different Viewpoints of Tourism Research Combined with Sustainability and
Sustainable Development.

Sustainability

2021,

13

, 9550.

4. Embacher, H. Marketing for Agri-tourism in Austria: Strategy and Realisation

in a Highly Developed Tourist Destination.

J. Sustain. Tour.

1994,

2

, 61–76.

5. Sonnino, R. For a ‘Piece of Bread’? Interpreting Sustainable Development

through Agritourism in Southern Tuscany.

Sociol. Rural.

2004,

44

, 285–300.

6. Lane, B. What Is Rural Tourism?

J. Sustain. Tour.

1994,

2

, 7–21.

7. Rosalina, P.D.; Dupre, K.; Wang, Y. Rural Tourism: A Systematic Literature

Review on Definitions and Challenges.

J. Hosp. Tour. Manag.

2021,

47

, 134–149.

8. Chase, L.C.; Stewart, M.; Schilling, B.; Smith, B.; Walk, M. Agritourism:

Toward a Conceptual Framework for Industry Analysis.

J. Agric. Food Syst.

Community Dev.

2018,

8

, 13–19.

9. Lane, B.; Kastenholz, E. Rural Tourism: The Evolution of Practice and

Research Approaches – towards a New Generation Concept?

J. Sustain.

Tour.

2015,

23

, 1133–1156.

10. Phillip, S.; Hunter, C.; Blackstock, K. A Typology for Defining

Agritourism.

Tour. Manag.

2010,

31

, 754–758.

11. Roman, M.; Grudzień, P. The Essence of Agritourism and Its Profitability

during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic.

Agriculture

2021,

11

, 458.

557

TURIZM

“RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOT” ILMIY-ELEKTRON JURNALI | 8-SON

WWW.INFOCOM.UZ

12. Barbieri, C. Agritourism Research: A Perspective Article.

Tour.

Rev.

2019,

75

, 149–152.

13. OECD.

Tourism Policy and International Tourism in Oecd Countries 1991–

1992: Special Issue: Tourism Strategies and Rural Development

; OECD: Paris,

France, 1994.

14. Che, D. Agritourism and Its Potential Contribution to the Agricultural

Economy.

CAB Rev.

2007,

2

, 7.

15. Pegas, F.D.V.; Ollenburg, C.; Tynon, J.F. Cattle Ranchers and Agritourism

in Oregon, USA: Motivations, Challenges and Opportunities from the Landowner’s
Perspective.

Tour. Recreat. Res.

2013,

38

, 43–54.

16. Nematpour, M.; Khodadadi, M. Farm Tourism as a Driving Force for

Socioeconomic Development: A Benefits Viewpoint from Iran.

Curr. Issues

Tour.

2021,

24

, 247–263.

17. Marin, D. Study on the Economic Impact of Tourism and of Agrotourism on

Local Communities.

Res. J. Agric. Sci.

2015,

47

, 160–163.

18. Veeck, G.; Hallett, L.; Che, D.; Veeck, A. The Economic Contributions of

Agricultural Tourism in Michigan.

Geogr. Rev.

2016,

106

, 421–440.

19. Rilla, E.; Hardesty, S.; Getz, C.; George, H. California Agritourism

Operations and Their Economic Potential Are Growing.

Calif. Agric.

2011,

65

, 57–65.

20. Santucci, F.M. Agritourism for Rural Development in Italy, Evolution,

Situation and Perspectives.

Br. J. Econ. Manag. Trade

2013,

3

, 186–200.

21. Ciervo, M. Agritourism in Italy and the Local Impact Referring To Itria

Valley. The Organic Firm “Raggio Verde” And Its Ecological Agritourism
Project.

Eur. Countrys.

2013,

5

, 322–338.

22. Karabati, S.; Dogan, E.; Pinar, M.; Celik, L.M. Socio-Economic Effects of

Agri-Tourism on Local Communities in Turkey: The Case of Aglasun.

Int. J. Hosp.

Tour. Adm.

2009,

10

, 129–142.

23. Tew, C.; Barbieri, C. The Perceived Benefits of Agritourism: The Provider’s

Perspective.

Tour. Manag.

2012,

33

, 215–224.

24. Ammirato, S.; Felicetti, A.M. The Agritourism as a Means of Sustainable

Development for Rural Communities: A Research from the Field.

Int. J. Interdiscip.

Environ. Stud.

2014,

8

, 17–29.

25. Bramwell, B. Rural Tourism and Sustainable Rural Tourism.

J. Sustain.

Tour.

1994,

2

, 1–6.

26. Liu, Z. Sustainable Tourism Development: A Critique.

J. Sustain.

Tour.

2003,

11

, 459–475.

27. Bhatta, K.; Ohe, Y. A Review of Quantitative Studies in Agritourism: The

Implications for Developing Countries.

Tour. Hosp.

2020,

1

, 23–40.

558

TURIZM

“RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOT” ILMIY-ELEKTRON JURNALI | 8-SON

WWW.INFOCOM.UZ

28. Ammirato, S.; Felicetti, A.M.; Raso, C.; Pansera, B.A.; Violi, A. Agritourism

and Sustainability: What We Can Learn from a Systematic Literature
Review.

Sustainability

2020,

12

, 9575.

29. Ciolac, R.; Adamov, T.; Iancu, T.; Popescu, G.; Lile, R.; Rujescu, C.; Marin,

D. Agritourism-A Sustainable Development Factor for Improving the ‘Health’ of Rural
Settlements. Case Study Apuseni Mountains Area.

Sustainability

2019,

11

, 1467.

30. Barbieri, C. Assessing the Sustainability of Agritourism in the US: A

Comparison between Agritourism and Other Farm Entrepreneurial Ventures.

J.

Sustain. Tour.

2013,

21

, 252–270.

31. Lupi, C.; Giaccio, V.; Mastronardi, L.; Giannelli, A.; Scardera, A. Exploring

the Features of Agritourism and Its Contribution to Rural Development in Italy.

Land

Use Policy

2017,

64

, 383–390.

32. USDA. USDA—National Agricultural Statistics Service—Census of

Agriculture: https://www.nass.usda.gov/AgCensus/index.php (accessed on 23
September 2020).

33. The Michigan Agricultural Tourism Advisory Commission.

Report of

Recommendations. Report of the Michigan Agricultural Tourism Advisory
Commission. Commission Report of Governor Granholm

; State of Michigan: East

Lansing, MI, USA, 2007.

34. Che, D.; Veeck, A.; Veeck, G. Demographic characteristics and motivations

of michigan agritourists. In Proceedings of the 2006 Northeastern Recreation Research
Symposium, Bolton Landing, NY, USA, 9–11 April 2006; USDA, Forest Service,
Northern Research Station: Newton Square, PA, USA, 2006; pp. 98–103.

35. Dentzman, K.E.

Where Is “Fun on the Farm” to Be Found?: How Structural

Factors Affect the Location of Agritourism Enterprises in Michigan

; Michigan State

University: East Lansing, MI, USA, 2015.

36. Wargenau, A.; Che, D. Wine Tourism Development and Marketing

Strategies in Southwest Michigan.

Int. J. Wine Mark.

2006,

18

, 45–60.

37. Veeck, G.; Che, D.; Veeck, A. America’s Changing Farmscape: A Study of

Agricultural Tourism in Michigan.

Prof. Geogr.

2006,

58

, 235–248.

38. Kim, M.-K.; Kim, S.H. Economic Impacts of Wine Tourism in Michigan. In

Proceedings of the 2002 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, New York,
NY, USA, 13–16 April 2002; pp. 140–146.

39. O’Connor, P.J.

Exploring Consumer Values in Agri-Tourism and the

Organization of Brand Relationships

; ProQuest Information & Learning: Ann Arbor,

MI, USA, 2012; Volume 73, p. 1105.

40. Che, D. Select Michigan: Local Food Production, Food Safety, Culinary

Heritage, and Branding in Michigan Agritourism.

Tour. Rev. Int.

2006,

9

, 349–363.

559

TURIZM

“RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOT” ILMIY-ELEKTRON JURNALI | 8-SON

WWW.INFOCOM.UZ

41. Che, D.; Veeck, A.; Veeck, G. Sustaining Production and Strengthening the

Agritourism Product: Linkages among Michigan Agritourism Destinations.

Agric.

Hum. Values

2005,

22

, 225–234.

42. Nickerson, N.P.; Black, R.J.; McCool, S.F. Agritourism: Motivations behind

Farm/Ranch Business Diversification.

J. Travel Res.

2001,

40

, 19–26.

43. Schilling, B.J.; Attavanich, W.; Jin, Y. Does Agritourism Enhance Farm

Profitability?

J. Agric. Resour. Econ.

2014,

39

, 69–87.

44. Chen, Y.; Dax, T.; Zhang, D. Complementary Effects of Agricultural

Tourism and Tourist Destination Brands in Preserved Scenic Areas in Mountain Areas
of China and Europe.

Open Agric.

2019,

4

, 517–529.

45. McGehee, N.G.; Kim, K. Motivation for Agri-Tourism Entrepreneurship.

J.

Travel Res.

2004,

43

, 161–170.

46. Hill, R.; Loomis, J.; Thilmany, D.; Sullins, M. Economic Values of

Agritourism to Visitors: A Multi-Destination Hurdle Travel Cost Model of
Demand.

Tour. Econ.

2014,

20

, 1047–1065.

47. Terry, W. Solving Labor Problems and Building Capacity in Sustainable

Agriculture through Volunteer Tourism.

Ann. Tour. Res.

2014,

49

, 94–107.

48. Schilling, B.J.; Sullivan, K.P.; Komar, S.J. Examining the Economic

Benefits of Agritourism: The Case of New Jersey.

J. Agric. Food Syst. Community

Dev.

2012,

3

, 199–214.

49. Gao, J.; Barbieri, C.; Valdivia, C. Agricultural Landscape Preferences:

Implications for Agritourism Development.

J. Travel Res.

2013.

50. Yang, L. Impacts and Challenges in Agritourism Development in Yunnan,

China.

Tour. Plan. Dev.

2012,

9

, 369–381.

51. Mohapatra, T. Agri-Tourism: An Innovative Supplementary Income-

Generating Activity in Rural India.

Int. J. Soc. Econ. Res.

2013,

3

, 79.

52. Polukhina, A.; Rukomoinikova, V. Development of Agritourism as an

Innovative Approach to Agricultural Complex Management in Russia.

Worldw. Hosp.

Tour. Themes

2018,

10

, 458–466.

53. Roman, M.; Golnik, B. Current Status and Conditions for Agritourism

Development in the Lombardy Region.

Worldw. Hosp. Tour. Themes

2019,

25

, 18–25.

54. Roman, M.; Roman, M.; Prus, P. Innovations in Agritourism: Evidence from

a Region in Poland.

Sustainability

2020,

12

, 4858.

55. Ammirato, S. An Empirical Study of Agritourism Evolution and E-

Commerce Adoption Challenges.

Inf. Technol. Tour.

2010,

12

, 89–104.

56. Rich, S.R.; Standish, K.; Tomas, S.; Barbieri, C.; Ainely, S. The Current

State of Agritourism Research in the United States. In Proceedings of the Advancing
Tourism Research Globally, Online, 14–16 June 2016; Travel and Tourism Research

560

TURIZM

“RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOT” ILMIY-ELEKTRON JURNALI | 8-SON

WWW.INFOCOM.UZ

Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally: San Antonio, TX, USA, 2016;
Volume 12.

57. Carpio, C.E.; Wohlgenant, M.K.; Boonsaeng, T. The Demand for

Agritourism in the United States.

J. Agric. Resour. Econ.

2008,

33

, 254–269.

58. Reiser, D. A Review of “Agritourism”.

J. Sustain. Tour.

2009,

17

, 753–754.

59. Choo, H. Agritourism: Development and Research.

Tour. Res.

Hosp.

2014,

2012

.

60. Koth, B.; Kreag, G.; Sem, J.

A Training Guide for Rural Tourism

Development

; University of Minnesota Extension Service: Twin City, MN, USA,

1991.

61. Long, P.; Lane, B. Rural Tourism Development. In

Trends in Outdoor

Recreation, Leisure and Tourism

; CAB International: Wallingford, 2000; pp. 299–308.

ISBN 978-0-85199-403-1.

62. Mcgehee, N.G.; Meares, A.C. A Case Study of Three Tourism-Related Craft

Marketing Cooperatives in Appalachia: Contributions to Community.

J. Sustain.

Tour.

1998,

6

, 4–25.

63. McGehee, N.G.; Boley, B.B.; Hallo, J.C.; McGee, J.A.; Norman, W.; Oh,

C.-O.; Goetcheus, C. Doing Sustainability: An Application of an Inter-Disciplinary and
Mixed-Method Approach to a Regional Sustainable Tourism Project.

J. Sustain.

Tour.

2013,

21

, 355–375.

64. Sun, Y.; Yang, C.; Chen, T.; Guo, H. A Study on the actual and future

development of China’s agritourism.

Econ. Geogr.

2007,

27

, 835–839.

65. Li, J.; Huang, T.; Qu, X. The evolution and prospect of rural tourism policy

in China in recent 30 years.

Resour. Dev. Mark.

2019,

35

, 968–972.

66. Jin, X.; Zheng, W.; Zhang, Z.

Summary Report of Agricultural Tourism

Screening Questionnaire and Follow-Up Questionnaire Survey of Liuhe District,
NanJing (Internal Report)

; Liuhe, China, 2020.

67. Shi, J.; Cui, Y.; Huang, X. Implications of American rural tourism

development experience to Beijing.

J. China Agric. Univ.

2015,

20

, 289–296.