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ANALYSIS OF SMART CITY: CONCEPTION, STANDARD,
ARCHITECTURE AND MODEL
Temirova Dilfuza Xusanovna
Assistant Professor, Department of Data Communication Networks and Systems,
Tashkent university of information technologies named after Muhammad
al-Khwarizmi
dilfuzatemirova1986@gmail.com
Abstract:
This article reviews the network requirements for different
applications and identifies the appropriate protocols that can be used at different system
levels. In addition, network architectures for five different smart city systems are
presented. Consequently, the design and development of efficient network,
communication protocols and architectures to meet the growing needs of various
important and rapidly developing smart city applications and services are considered.
Keywords:
conception, standard, architecture, model, smart city,
infrastructure, analysis.
AQLLI SHAHAR TAHLILI: KONSEPSIYA, STANDART, ARXITEKTURA
VA MODEL
Temirova Dilfuza Xusanovna
Muhammad al-Xorazmiy nomidagi Toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti
“Ma’lumotlarni uzatish tarmoqlari va tizimlari” kafedrasi assistenti
dilfuzatemirova1986@gmail.com
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqolada turli ilovalar uchun tarmoq talablari ko‘rib
chiqiladi va turli tizim darajalarida ishlatilishi mumkin bo‘lgan tegishli protokollar
aniqlangan. Bundan tashqari, besh xil aqlli shahar tizimlari uchun tarmoq
arxitekturalari taqdim etilgan. Binobarin, turli muhim va tez rivojlanayotgan aqlli
shahar ilovalari va xizmatlarining ortib borayotgan ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun
samarali tarmoq, aloqa protokollari va arxitekturasini loyihalash va rivojlantirish
masalalari ko‘rib chiqilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar:
konsepsiya, standart, arxitektura, model, aqlli shahar,
infratuzilma, tahlil.
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АНАЛИЗ УМНОГО ГОРОДА: КОНЦЕПЦИЯ, СТАНДАРТ,
АРХИТЕКТУРА И МОДЕЛЬ
Темирова Дильфуза Хусановна
Ассистент кафедры «Сети и системы передачи данных» Ташкентского
университета информационных технологий имени Мухаммада аль-Хорезми
dilfuzatemirova1986@gmail.com
Аннотация:
В
этой статье рассматриваются сетевые требования для
различных приложений и определяются соответствующие протоколы, которые
можно использовать на разных уровнях системы. Кроме того, представлены
сетевые архитектуры для пяти различных систем «умного города».
Следовательно, рассматривается проектирование и разработка эффективных
сетей, протоколов связи и архитектур для удовлетворения растущих
потребностей различных важных и быстро развивающихся приложений и услуг
«умного города».
Ключевые слова:
концепция, стандарт, архитектура, модель, умный
город, инфраструктура, анализ.
INTRODUCTION
Today, the development stages of introducing innovative technologies of "Smart
City" in the world and in our country continue. Preliminary test projects for the
introduction of "Smart City" technologies are being implemented in various places of
the Republic, in particular, in the city of Tashkent in the directions of "Safe City",
"Smart Meters", "Smart Transport", "Smart Medicine" and is being launched. Also, in
the city of Nurafshan, along with comprehensive works on the introduction of modern
city infrastructure, comprehensive works on the introduction of modern urban planning
infrastructure are being carried out within the framework of the "Tashkent City" and
"Delta City" projects.
On this basis, one of the important tasks ahead is the in-depth analysis of the
decisions made in these directions in foreign countries, conducting practical
experiments within the framework of relevant pilot projects and laboratory and field
research, as well as developing interesting investment schemes for investors in
accordance with the existing conditions and Development of new proposals for flexible
business models and search for their existing options are today's urgent issues.
The introduction of "Smart City" technologies increases the efficiency of city
management by forming a single digital environment, while providing an opportunity
to manage the city as a whole. In the implementation of the innovative development
strategy, in the context of global climate changes, priority sectors such as water-saving,
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soil fertility-increasing intelligent systems, artificial intelligence, the Internet of
Things, and the introduction of digitization technologies require special research.
In this regard, the special importance of the above-mentioned tasks, as well as
the introduction of "Smart City" technologies based on the main and priority directions
of the state policy in this direction, innovative active organizations by improving the
institutional mechanisms of state support for innovative activities increase the share,
introduce artificial intelligence, Internet of things and digitization technologies in
strategic areas such as robotics, biotechnology, food safety, smart agriculture, smart
medicine, smart industry and clustering (copper and winemaking) is an important
aspect.
According to the United Nations Population Fund, in 2014, 54 percent of the
world's population, approximately 3.3 billion people, lived in cities. By 2030,
approximately 66% or 5 billion people will live in cities. This is not only a big problem
in building and managing cities, but improving the lives of billions of people is one of
the main issues of today. To solve this problem, engineers around the world are turning
to new technologies - Cyber Physical Systems, 5G and data analytics; are looking for
new approaches ansd solutions that improve urban transport, water and waste
management, energy use, infrastructure issues that support urban activities and urban
residents' lifestyles, and much more.
BACKGROUND
There are many definitions of a smart city, and a number of conceptual options
have been adopted by replacing the word "smart" with other alternative adjectives (eg,
intellectual or digital) (Picture 1). The term "smart city" is a vague concept and is used
in inconsistent ways. There is no single template for building a smart city, nor is there
a one-size-fits-all definition of a smart city. For example, Hollands [1] refers to the
smart city as a "level of urbanization" phenomenon. Nam and Pardo [2] considered the
meaning of the term "smart" in the context of "smart city".
In marketing parlance, intelligence focuses on the user's perspective. Due to the
need to appeal to a wider base of community members; "smart" is user-friendly and
serves better than the term "intelligent", which is limited to having quick thinking and
responding to feedback. This interpretation suggests that "smart" is more than
"intellectual" and that intelligence is realized when the system adapts to the needs of
the user. In the field of urban planning, smartness is seen as a normative requirement
and an ideological dimension, while being smarter includes strategic directions.
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Picture 1. Smart city concept
Governments and government agencies at all levels are embracing the concept
of smartness to differentiate policies and programs aimed at sustainable development,
sustainable economic growth, and improved quality of life for citizens [3]. Table 1
presents some definitions of the concept of "smart city" proposed in the literature,
which give an idea of the many meanings of a smart city.
Table 1
Definitions of "Smart City"
No
Description
Source
1.
A set of measures aimed at creating modern engineering
and communication infrastructures of cities through the
introduction of information and communication
technologies
lex.uz (Decision No. 48 of the
Cabinet of Ministers of the
Republic of Uzbekistan dated
January 18, 2019)
2.
A smart city is a city built on visionary directions with six
"smart" characteristics
www.smart-cities.eu
3.
A city that provides sustainable economic growth and a
high quality of life through management with the
participation of human and social capital investments,
traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication
infrastructures is considered a "smart city".
Caragliu et al (2009)
4.
A smart city is one that monitors and integrates the status
of all critical infrastructures, including roads, bridges,
tunnels, rails, subways, airports, seaports,
communications, water, energy, and even large buildings.
Hall (2000)
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5.
A smart city is a city that uses physical, IT, social and
business infrastructures to form the collective
"intelligence" of the city.
Harrison et al (2010)
6.
A connected and stable, comfortable and safe community
Lazaroyu and Roscia
(2012)
7.
The application of information and communication
technologies (ICT) to human capital/education, socio-
economic capital and environmental issues is often
illustrated by the concept of the smart city.
Lombardi et al (2012)
8.
A complex of information and communication
technologies that allows for the transfer, analysis and
processing of data for the improvement of city services
and general well-being
Connor Phillips and Junfeng
Jiao
(2023, ieeeexplore.ieee.org)
9.
A smart city is the "city of the future"
Evaristus Didik Madyatmadja et
al (2021, ieeexplore.ieee.org)
10.
Smart to make critical infrastructure components and
services, including city government, education, health,
public safety, real estate, transportation and utilities, more
intelligent, connected and efficient Use of computing
technologies.
Washburn et al.(2010)
11.
Being a smart city means using all available technologies
and resources in a smart and coordinated way to develop
urban centers that are simultaneously integrated, livable
and sustainable
Barrionuevo and others
Today, several cities are striving to become smart cities of the digital world.
However, there are challenges to overcome in order to achieve this, namely the
implementation of a complex plan involving public and private actors (parties), product
vendors and suppliers, and IT infrastructure providers. includes A smart city requires
a standards-based information technology infrastructure foundation that can meet and
support a wide range of requirements and adapt to new technologies such as advanced
sensors, measurement and analytics tools, and machine learning and artificial
intelligence-based solutions. . In the development of a smart city, public organizations,
citizens, state and local authorities, private enterprises play an important role and
should be supported by them. The benefits of a smart city include greater prospects for
sustainability, disaster prevention, business, public safety and quality of life. However,
there are key challenges that need to be addressed for a smart city, including:
commodification, social and digital containment, privacy and surveillance.
Moreover, building a smart city is a huge task because several working parts and
components are involved, particularly the domains of smart cities [4]. Most smart cities
are not built from scratch or all in one go. The development of a smart city is a gradual
process and we are witnessing that the city is gradually becoming smarter. Over time,
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separate areas (areas) of a smart city will develop together and be interconnected, but
the condition for using the same consistent technical rules provided for in technical
standards is provided for them.
In our opinion, standards and standardization have not always existed. In fact,
standardization associations and organizations began their activities a little more than
100 years ago. The oldest institution of this type in the world is the British Standards
Institute (BSI), which was founded in 1901, but the first national standard appeared in
the same BSI only in 1903, or rather, was officially published [5]. The emergence of
the world standardization system is in very recent history, that is, in 1946, the
International Organization for Standardization, or ISO, was established. In fact,
technological international committees such as IEEE are even younger. However,
despite the relatively late start of international standardization organizations, today
standards and the standardization process itself have become one of the main factors
that contribute to world development, the globalization of markets and industries, and
mainly determine the success of certain business and even political initiatives. In fact,
there is a lot to be said about standards, but they can be applied publicly, collectively,
and collectively so that all participants of a system or process have the same concepts
and values of properties in a certain subject, field, and direction. The object used must
be standardized.
At first, company or association standards appeared, then with their great
commercial success they became national, and then they became international with the
participation of representatives of different countries who are members of international
standardization organizations. Of course, there are other ways of disseminating
standards - for example, one country's standards can be localized for another country,
or another country can include a country as a partner in the road map for the preparation
of these documents. And in the 21st century, when the need to adopt new technical
rules or standards often determines the success of certain economic decisions, such
alternative methods of adopting standards are increasingly used. Usually, in both the
first and second cases, everything is determined by the success of using a certain
standard or its "popularity". In addition, adopted international standards are localized
with references to international digitization in a given country. Thus, in principle, the
transfer of tested solutions is carried out and the conditions for the international
division of labor are created.
In practice, in the process of standardization, practices based on proven
evidence, including economic practice, material resources, are taken into account,
rather than the idea of using a system or object. At the same time, the possibility of
disseminating this or that standard requires the successful implementation of its
application not only in one country with the same conditions, but also in different
countries with different climatic, social, economic and legal conditions. This creates
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conflicting requirements for the content of standards, which must be specific enough
to be applicable in a particular country and general enough to be applicable across
countries.
From this point of view, the UK standards group dedicated to the smart city has
achieved the greatest success to date. It is these standards that have been presented to
ISO, an international organization for standardization, and its members, including
Uzbekistan, are invited to be considered as a basis for creating national standards on
this subject, of course, taking into account the wishes and considerations. This is
expressed by the members of the standardization organization.
The table below compares the local standards of the "smart city" with
international standards (Table 2).
Table 2
Comparative analysis of smart city standards
“Smart city” criteria and standards
Direction and Criteria
C
it
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
E
conom
y
T
ra
ns
por
ta
ti
on
T
ele
co
mmu
n
ic
atio
n
E
ne
rgy
H
ous
ing
E
col
ogy
S
ecu
ri
ty
E
duc
at
ion
H
eal
th
ca
re
C
ul
tur
e
T
our
is
m
Innova
ti
on
Israel standards
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
BSI standards
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
Smart Cities Mission criteria
+
-
-
+
+
-
+
-
-
+
-
-
-
ITU criteria
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
Russian standards
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
+
+
Uzbekistan standards
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
METHODOLOGY AND DISCUSSION
The Snap4City architecture presented in Badii, Bellini, Difino, & Nesi [6] is the
architecture of the Snap4City platform developed as a result of a research challenge
initiated by the European Commission's Select4Cities Pre-Commercial Procurement
H2020 research and development project. The proposed platform meets all the key
requirements presented, that is, it focuses on attributes such as ease of use,
interoperability, flexibility, scalability, open source, modularity, and reliability, in
addition to security and privacy.
A SmartGC architecture is proposed by Ramalho, Rossetti, Cacho, & Souza [7]
for a smart city garbage collection application. According to Kong & Wang [8], the
architecture is based on the concept of Artificial Transportation System (ATS), which
applies the methods and theory of artificial society to the transportation system by
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applying high-performance computing technologies and agent-based modeling
combines simulation methods. According to the researchers, the SmartGC architecture
includes several quality attributes: portability, scalability, data availability, security
and access control, real-time and batch data processing, and ease of use. An enterprise
architecture for smart cities based on The Open Group Architecture Framework
(TOGAF) was proposed in Jnr [9]. The architecture focuses on efficient distribution
and storage of energy data for energy consumption in smart city buildings and electric
vehicles using data from an open, online mode in real time . The architecture also uses
data openness to ensure interoperability between components.
Jnr, Petersen, Ahlers, and Krogstie [10] proposed a “big data-driven multi-stage
architecture” for Electric Vehicle (EV) usage, location points, routes, movement,
charging stations, parking uses application programming interfaces (APIs) to process
heterogeneous data resulting from localization. The architecture enables
interoperability in a smart city by offering flexible and large-scale processing of data
about traffic points in real-time and on the basis of aggregated data. A System of
System software architecture based on IoT was proposed by Aziz, Musharaf and Syed
in their research. Researchers have combined the microservice architecture style (a
variation of service-oriented architecture) with cloud computing to achieve key quality
attributes. The architecture was tested in smart city applications and evaluated on the
quality attributes of scalability and sustainability. A hybrid architecture based on
blockchain technology and Software Defined Network (SDN) for smart cities was
proposed by Singh, Tripathi, Waliya, Deepika, and Anjuda. The architecture aims to
address the challenges of smart cities, including privacy and security, scalability,
latency and high bandwidth utilization.
The results of the researchers proved to be effective in improving the identified
problems. From the reviewed works, it is clear that there is an inextricable link between
quality attributes and smart city architecture.
The quality attributes described and defined above were categorized according
to the product quality model defined in the ISO/IEC 25010:2011 [11] standard. The
product quality control model divided quality attributes into eight high-level categories
as follows:
-
Functional compatibility;
-
Work efficiency;
-
Compliance;
-
Ease of use;
-
Reliability;
-
Security;
-
The ability to restart;
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-
Portability
The above categories consist of a set of interrelated subcategories. Researchers
have used different terms for quality attributes (QA), such as "modifiability" and
"modularity" related to "Reusability"; and terms like "reaction time", "latency",
"speed", "throughput" are related to "Performance". A review of the literature shows
that research has been conducted on harmonizing the terms and classifying them into
appropriate high-level categories.
Different architectures have been proposed to address different quality attributes,
and there is no single architecture that addresses all quality attributes (Table 3). This
idea is reasonable because cities have different characteristics, such as government and
political structure, economic model, social and cultural activities [10], [12]. However,
despite these differences, some key quality attributes are very important and must be
satisfied by smart city architecture. In this thesis , four key quality attributes are
proposed based on the considered architectures for smart cities, regardless of city
characteristics.
Various components and participants are involved in the implementation of
smart city projects: sensors, equipment and device suppliers, communication
providers, service providers, business service innovations. Users of smart cities use
services from various sectors such as industry, utilities, transport/logistics, and
healthcare. These various components form a tiered architecture (Picture 2). Picture 2
shows the importance of ICT in building smart cities by connecting
applications/services and urban infrastructure such as power grids, roads, parking lots.
Much of the current research on smart cities concerns the data layer, and smart city
data security, privacy, reliability, data sharing, standardization, services and
commercialization are the most important areas currently being explored in
experiments, presentations and projects. is being viewed.
Table 3
Quality attributes for a smart city
REFERENCES
QUALITY ATTRIBUTES
F
unc
ti
ona
l
S
u
ita
b
ility
P
er
fo
rm
an
c
e
E
ff
ici
en
cy
C
o
mp
atib
ility
U
sa
b
ility
R
elia
b
ility
S
ecu
ri
ty
M
ain
ta
in
ab
ility
P
o
rta
b
ility
Silva et al
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Kakarontzas et al
+
+
+
+
+
Kyriazopoulou
+
+
+
+
+
+
Bastidas et al
+
+
+
+
+
+
Santana et al
+
+
+
Paul
+
+
+
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Khan et al
+
+
+
Badii et al
+
+
+
+
+
+
Nitti et al
+
+
+
+
+
Ramalho et al
+
+
+
+
+
+
Singh et al
+
+
+
Aziz et al
+
+
FREQUENCY
4
7
7
3
6
11
6
9
Picture 2. Functional steps of a smart city
There is much to say about what data cities have, how data can be collected,
enriched, analyzed and effectively used in practice. However, the main direction in
data collection, processing, exchange and storage is the layer of communication
networks connecting the urban infrastructure. Basically, communication networks are
used to transmit any type of data (video, audio, text, and any digital information) from
a local area network (LAN) to a global network (WAN). The network infrastructure is
manifested in the form of hardware and software. . In fact, the layer of communication
networks is the main means of information transmission, in which applications and
services are connected through one or more networks, which is a key factor in the data
transmission of smart city applications. In a smart city, communication networks define
and describe the ways in which smart city objects can effectively communicate with
each other, where the smart city creates "intelligence" and is organized to provide high-
quality services. Therefore, the role of such communication networks in supporting
smart city applications is important. Sometimes, because the concepts of smart cities
are too big compared to communication network projects, communication networks
are often seen as the last stage of city projects, which leads to a decrease in the
"intelligence" index of a smart city.
Energy infrastructure is the single most important part of any city. For this
reason, electricity networks are established as critical national infrastructure (CNI). If
electricity is not available for a sufficient period of time, the functions of all other
important organizations such as security, police, telecommunications will be affected.
In this, the smart grid controls the transmission and distribution of electricity, from the
production plant to the consumer premises, by controlling and monitoring the
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electricity and water infrastructure at all levels. A smart grid is defined by the IEEE as
an automated network capable of monitoring and responding to changes in everything
from individual appliances to home appliances. A global but incomplete structure of
smart grid applications is shown in Picture 3. A smart grid is at the heart of a smart
city, enabling smart city applications and services to run efficiently.
The applications and processes of smart cities use big data, data collection,
processing and sharing. Therefore, reliable communication and network infrastructure
must form the basis of smart cities to enable data transmission. A large number of
applications form the practical stage of smart city architecture, where each application
has its own ICT requirement. Therefore, the construction of such ICT infrastructure
includes different technologies depending on the deployment environment.
Picture 3. Intelligent network architecture
Wireless technologies are the most sought-after solutions because they meet the
ICT requirements of smart city applications (economical, social benefits, flexibility
and ease of deployment). However, there are still problems waiting to be solved in
wireless communication, such as power consumption, simplicity and ease of
installation, large coverage area. To overcome these challenges, equipment
manufacturers and mobile operators have joined forces to develop and implement new
wireless technologies called low-power wireless networks.
CONCLUSION
This article outlines the four-tiered architecture of a smart city. Requirements
and problems in the implementation of a smart city are studied. A hierarchical data
management architecture is considered, which facilitates the efficiency, availability
and scalability of services and the management of distributed data across the region.
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The service-oriented feature of the considered architecture is suitable for the
heterogeneous environment of a smart city. The digital management stage is also one
of the main stages of the smart city, but it is related to the technical aspects of the
considered smart city architecture.
The smart city paradigm combines CPS, IoT, WSNs, Cloud Computing, UAV,
these important new technologies to improve the quality of life of city residents, ensure
efficient use of resources and reduce operational costs. In order for the reviewed model
to achieve its goals, it is essential to ensure effective networking and communication
between the various components involved in supporting various smart city
applications. This section reviewed the network requirements for different applications
and identified the appropriate protocols that can be used at different system levels. In
addition, network architectures for five different smart city systems are presented.
Critical requirements such as routing, energy efficiency, security, reliability, mobility,
and heterogeneous network support must be addressed. Consequently, more research
and studies are required to lead to the design and development of efficient network,
communication protocols and architectures to meet the growing needs of various
critical and rapidly developing smart city applications and services.
LIST OF USED REFERENCES
1.
Hollands, R. (2008) "Will the real smart city please stand up? – Intelligent,
progressive or entrepreneurial?", City – Analysis of Urban Change, Theory, Action,
Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 303- 320. DOI: 10.1080/13604810802479126
2.
Nam, T., & Pardo, T. A. (2011). Smart city as urban innovation. Proceedings
of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance
- ICEGOV ’11. doi:10.1145/2072069.2072100
3.
Maxmudov, S., Temirova, D. Smart Cities: Concepts, Standarts, Frameworks,
Models, Technologies // International Conference on Information Science and
Communications Technologies Applications, Trends and Opportunities (ICISCT
2022), 3rd, 4th and 5th of November 2022, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. – 7 p.
4.
Maxmudov, S., Maxmudova, M. Modern Intelligent Health Systems:
Standards, Recommendations, Designs, Simulation // International Journal of
Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Volume 9, Issue 7, July
2022. - P. 19528-19535
5.
https://www.ice.org.uk/what-is-civil-engineering/what-do-civil-engineers-
do/british-standards-institution
6.
Badii, C., Bellini, P., Difino, A., & Nesi, P. (2019). Sii-mobility: An IoT/IoE
architecture to enhance smart city mobility and transportation services. Sensors
(Switzerland), 19(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/s19010001
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7.
Ramalho, M. S., Rossetti, R. J. F., Cacho, N., & Souza, A. (2020). SmartGC:
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