European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
and Management Studies
44
https://eipublication.com/index.php/eijmrms
TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
44-46
DOI
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
17 February 2025
ACCEPTED
15 March 2025
PUBLISHED
17 April 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue04 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
General Physical
Properties of Rain-Soaked
Soils (On the Example of
Zaaminsky District)
Hayitalieva Madina Khudoyarovna
Basic doctoral student at Gulistan State University, Uzbekistan
Musurmanov Alisher Amirkulovich
Associate professor at Gulistan State University, PhD, Uzbekistan
Muratkasimov Alisher Sattorovich
Senior research fellow at Lalmikor Agricultural Research Institute, PhD,
Uzbekistan
Abstract:
The article analyzes the general physical
properties of rain-soaked soils of the Zaaminsky district.
In conditions of climatic changes on rich soils, and
always planting the same type of crop leads to a change
in soil properties. The general physical properties of
soils are of great importance for determining soil
fertility, moisture consumption, mobility, and nutrient
absorption. In the upper layer of undeveloped typical
gray-earth soils, the density is 1.30-1.32 g/cm3, in the
lower layers 1.38-1.40 g/cm3, compacting from top to
bottom. On the southern slope of the rain-fed soils, it
can be seen that in the arable and sub-arable soil layers
it is 1.28-1.32 g/cm3, and in the lower layers it is 1.36-
1.40 g/cm3.
Keywords:
Dryland soil, light-colored loess soil, typical
loess soil, dark-colored loess soil, nutrients, general
physical properties, bulk density, specific gravity, total
porosity.
Introduction:
The physical properties of soil are among
the key factors determining its fertility. Among these,
soil density and the structural condition of the plow
layer play a leading role. The density of the soil layer
influences the formation of its structure, aggregate
index, water-air ratio, heat exchange within the soil, the
ratio between solid parts and pores, the amount of
European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
and Management Studies
45
https://eipublication.com/index.php/eijmrms
European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies
particles, and their interrelation. Soil layer density
depends on its quantitative composition, the ratio of
aggregates of different sizes, and its granulometric
composition. The magnitude of soil density also reflects
the rate of anthropogenic impact on the soil [1].
Soil density, along with total porosity, is also related to
the qualitative composition of the pores. As soil density
increases, “active” capillary porosity and aeration
decrease, negatively affecting the soil's water and air
properties. In sandy loam and silty loam soils, the
water-physical condition is determined by the amount
and quality of organic matter. Therefore, optimizing soil
physical properties requires addressing organic matter
deficiency to create a positive balance that enhances
fertility [1,2,3,4].
METHODS
The object of research was the typical loess soils (bo‘z
soils) found in the Zomin district of Jizzakh region. Soil
studies were conducted according to standard
methodologies widely accepted across the Republic.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The general physical properties of soil are of great
importance in determining fertility and obtaining high
yields from agricultural crops, especially in rainfed
(non-irrigated) soils where these factors are more
pronounced. We studied the main ongoing processes in
the typical loess soils of the Zomin district. New
agrotechnological methods were applied to improve
soil fertility, and chickpeas (no‘xat) were cultivated.
Before planting, both cultivated and uncultivated
rainfed soils were analyzed.
The degradation of soil physical properties complicates
water, nutrient, and air supply to plants, as well as soil
tillage processes. Studying the general physical
properties of rainfed typical loess soils serves as a
scientific basis for improving soil fertility, increasing
crop yields, and implementing scientifically grounded
farming systems.
Improvements in the physical properties of typical loess
soils are primarily related to the abundance of
microaggregates
and
the
activity
of
soil
microorganisms. Soil density depends on its
mineralogical and mechanical composition, structural
condition, organic matter content, and the overall level
of agricultural management. Soils rich in humus and
possessing good structure typically have lower density.
Soil density significantly influences its water and air
characteristics, the activity of microorganisms, and the
accumulation of essential nutrients for plant growth. In
soils with high density, plant root respiration and
nutrient absorption become more difficult, creating
unfavorable conditions for plant development.
In the upper layer of undisturbed typical loess soil,
density ranged between 1.30
–
1.32 g/cm³, while in the
lower layers it increased to 1.38
–
1.40 g/cm³, indicating
densification with depth. In the plow and sub-plow
layers of rainfed soils on southern slopes, density
ranged from 1.28
–
1.32 g/cm³, while in deeper layers it
increased to 1.36
–
1.40 g/cm³ (see Table 1).
Table 1
General Physical Properties of Rainfed Typical Loess Soils
Profile Number and Name
Depth, cm
Density,
g/cm³
Specific
Gravity,
g/cm³
|
Total Porosity,
%
K-1
Undisturbed Soil
0-5
1,30
2,60
50,0
5-46
1,32
2,62
49,6
46-62
1,38
2,64
47,7
62-91
1,40
2,65
47,1
K-2 – Southern Slope
Cultivated Rainfed Soil
0-12
1,28
2,62
51,1
12-47
1,32
2,65
49,4
47-69
1,36
2,66
48,8
69-163
1,40
2,67
47,5
The bulk density of rainfed typical loess soils varies
depending on the degree of land cultivation and the
implementation of agrotechnical measures. An
increase in soil density leads to reduced air and water
permeability, negatively affecting the plant’s access to
moisture, air, and nutrients.
In undisturbed typical loess soils, total porosity in the
upper layers ranges from 49.6% to 50.0%, while in the
European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
and Management Studies
46
https://eipublication.com/index.php/eijmrms
European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies
lower layers it decreases to 47.1%
–
47.7%. In rainfed
soils, total porosity in the plow and sub-plow layers is
49.4%
–
51.1%, and in the deeper layers, following the
same pattern, it decreases to 47.5%
–
48.8%. In both soil
types, a gradual reduction in porosity is observed with
depth (see Table 1).
The specific gravity in the upper layer of undisturbed
soil is 2.60
–
2.62 g/cm³, while in the lower layers it
reaches 2.64
–
2.65 g/cm³. In rainfed soils, specific
gravity in the plow and sub-plow layers ranges from
2.62
–
2.65 g/cm³ and rises to 2.64
–
2.67 g/cm³ in the
deeper layers (Table 1).
Total soil porosity is one of the most important
indicators that governs air and heat exchange, root
system development, and microbial activity. According
to agro-physical analyses, the reclamation of previously
uncultivated land promotes an increase in the porosity
of typical rainfed loess soils.
Soil bulk density is influenced by its fertility, especially
by the content of organic matter (humus), as well as by
its mechanical and microaggregate composition. It may
change significantly depending on the proper or
improper use of agrotechnological practices. The
continuous grazing of large and small livestock and the
use of heavy machinery negatively affect soil density
and lead to compaction.
Under current climate change conditions, the efficient
use of rainfed soils requires timely application of
organic and mineral fertilizers, implementation of
agrotechnical measures, and adoption of modern agro-
technologies.
REFERENCES
Горбунов Б.В. Главнейшие химические и физические
свойства сероземов богарной зоны Узбекистана.
Изд
-
во «УзФАН». Ташкент. 1942, 88с.
Горбунов Б.В. Почвы богарной зоны Узбекистана.
Изд
-
во «УзФАН». Ташкент. 1960, 123 с.
Качинский Н.А. Физика почв
-
в 2
-
х томах.
-
Москва:
Высшая школа, 1965.
Курвантаев Р. Состояние агрофизических свойств
почв и пути их улучшения при интенсивной системе
земледелия // Материалы IV съезда почвоведов и
агрохимиков Узбекистана. 9
-
10 сентябрь
,-
Ташкент,
2005, -
С. 61
-74.
Умаров
М.У.,
Курвантаев
Р.
-
Повышение
плодородия орощаемых почв путем регулирования
их физических свойств. //Ташкент. Изд
-
во «Фан»,
1987. 106 с.
Ташкузиев М.М., Шадиева Н.И. Влияние природных
и
антропогенных
факторов
на
свойства
эродированных почв предгорий бассейна р. Санзар.
// O‘zbekiston tuproqlari va yer resurslari: ulardan
oqilona foydalanish va muhofaza qilish: Ilmiy-amaliy
anjuman materiallari. 14-16 may 2008.
–
Toshkent,
2008.
–
B. 85-86.
