ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
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ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROBLEMS OF LIGHT AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES, TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS DURING THE
WAR YEARS.
Kendjayev Yakub Yusupovich
Asian University of Technology of the
Republic of UzbekistanLecturer of the
Department of Social Sciences and
Humanities and Digital Technologies
E-mail:yoqubkenjayev1388@gmail.com
Telephone:+998932400088
Abstract:
From December 14, 1941, workers of military enterprises had the status
of being mobilized for war; in 1941, 18,765 people completed these courses;
enterprises of the People's Commissariats of the Center fulfilled military production
plans in July by 66.9%, in August by 31.8%, in September by 50%.
Key words: 3.9 thousand students, Tashkent, Fergana, Samarkand, 21 out of
30 enterprises, MTS (machine and tractor stations), 31 FZT (factory training).
In August-September 1941, women made up 80% of the students at short-term
courses for training tractor drivers, opened at the MTS and mechanization schools of
Uzbekistan. For example, in 1941, 18,765 people completed these courses, of which
12,428 were women. In the Samarkand region alone, 3.9 thousand people completed
mechanic training courses in 1943, of which 85% were women. Even in the last years
of the war, the number of women employed in industrial production and transport
increased. If in 1940, women's employment in the cotton gin industry did not exceed
30%, then in 1945 this figure was 70%. The number of women in the food industry
increased from 43% to 62%, and on the railway transportidagi xizmatda ayollar The
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number of locomotive stokers increased by 17%, or 3 times, the number of locomotive
repair mechanics increased by 26%, and the number of locomotive repair mechanics
increased by 39%.
Due to the lack of sufficient skills and equipment among workers, not all
enterprises could produce military products. For example, out of 30 enterprises of the
USSR People's Commissariat of Agriculture intended for the production of military
products, 21 did not have the necessary equipment at all. In Uzbekistan, not all
enterprises were able to successfully transfer production to a war footing, and some
enterprises were unable to establish the production of military products. Due to
improper planning and inefficient use of equipment, enterprises of the People's
Commissariats of the Center fulfilled plans for the production of military products in
July by 66.9%, in August - by 31.8%, in September - by 50%.
The shortage of labor, especially skilled personnel, and production equipment
significantly affected the failure to fulfill plans. Unskilled workers who replaced those
who had gone to the front needed time to master the new technology. The situation
began to improve as workers' skills improved and equipment and technologies at
enterprises adapted to the production of military products. In October 1941, 51% of the
products manufactured by enterprises in the republic were produced for military orders.
In November 1941, 63 of the 137 enterprises operating in Tashkent were fully or
partially converted to the production of military products. However, the labor shortage
was becoming increasingly noticeable. Office workers, housewives, and students were
involved in production. From December 14, 1941, employees of military enterprises
had the status of being mobilized for the war and attached to these enterprises. Severe
punishments were applied to violators of labor discipline. Those who left the
enterprises without permission were sentenced to imprisonment for a term of 5 to 8
years. However, during the years of war within the country, including in Uzbekistan,
people worked selflessly, without excessive pressure "from above". The sharp increase
in the number of the working class in the Uzbek SSR was also achieved at the expense
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of young children, that is, minors. The labor reserve system was to play a significant
role in preparing young people for work. Based on these goals, by the end of 1942, 31
additional FZT (factory and plant training) schools were opened, in which 15,320
students aged 15 to 18 studied.
At the end of 1943, there were 25 FZT schools, 10 vocational schools and 4
railway educational institutions in the republic, in which 57 thousand young men and
women studied. All these young workers, who made up the personnel reserve of the
republic, joined the teams of industrial enterprises, enriched their knowledge with the
experience of leading workers in production. Consequently, their hard work was
reflected in the high quality of the products they produced and brought results.
By 1944, there were 14 vocational schools and 45 FZT schools. They were trained
according to an accelerated program. From the very first days of the war, mass training
of workers in short-term courses, using individual and brigade apprenticeship methods,
became especially widespread. During the 17 months of the war, 23.3 thousand young
people (aged 14-17) were trained in mass professions in special schools and sent to the
industry of the republic as a workforce. For example, in 1945, the FZU in Chirchik
trained more than 360 skilled workers of various professions for work in construction.
This educational institution graduated specialists in the specialty of masons, plasterers,
carpenters, fitters and mechanics, who were sent to the national economy.
At the bicycle factory, which was relocated from Kharkov to Bukhara in
November 1941, 1,065 people prepared and successfully passed the technical exam
during 6 months of 1942. By mid-1942 In the year, 250 people were trained at the
plant, as well as 175 students of factory and plant training (FZT). In accordance with
the resolution of the Bukhara Regional Executive Committee, adopted on December
10, 1943, special courses for the training of turners and fitters were opened at the plant,
which prepared not only workers, but also qualified workers for the MTS operating in
the region. For example, from December 15, 1943 to April 15, 1944, 25 people who
completed this training course in the profession of fitter were sent to MTS in the
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regions. During the war years, young workers of industrial enterprises showed
initiative, and a movement among young people for the development of related
professions developed. This was an act in which a worker of a certain profession took
on one, two, and sometimes several related professions, and when his or her vacancy
arose, he or she also worked instead of workers who had gone to the front, thus not
noticing their absence. This was especially common among working women. For
example, at the end of 1941, more than 4,000 women worked at the Tashkent Textile
Factory alone, operating several different types of machines, exceeding the established
production targets in all industries. At the Kinap factory in Samarkand, more than 200
young workers tried their hand at several professions and mastered them.
During the war years, the experience of training female workers by attaching them
to production teams and experienced, highly qualified craftsmen was also widely used
in enterprises and organizations of the republic. For example, a worker at the Progress
artel in the city of Termez, Davkhanova, managed to teach her profession to 60 women.
A worker at the Uchkun artel in Karshi, Karshieva, trained 12 colleagues in 5 months,
a worker at the Karshi sewing factory, Alekseyeva, trained 20 students, and a master
at the Bukhara shoe factory, Bashkirova, taught her profession to 30 workers. As a
result of the measures taken, 105,673 workers for industrial enterprises were trained in
mass professions in the Uzbek SSR in just two years of the war, 73 thousand of whom
were trained during industrial practice at industrial enterprises, mainly women and
young people mastered the secrets of the profession. This significantly increased the
number of people working in the republic's industry. If in September 1940, 141.6
thousand workers and employees were employed in the republic's industry, then by the
last years of the war, 196.2 thousand workers and employees selflessly worked.
However, most of these figures were calculated by adding together the workers and
engineering and technical workers who arrived with the enterprises transferred to the
Uzbek SSR.
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Undoubtedly, the difficulties of the war period affected the state of the military
economy of both the republic and the country as a whole. Industrial enterprises were
forced to resume work, machines were installed in workshops at the same time as the
walls were being reconstructed, and even in roofless buildings, factory machines were
installed and products were manufactured. The weather was very cold, and instead of
skilled workers, teenagers and women who had just finished school worked. Although
the quality of the products did not meet the standard, young people, women and old
people were eager to work tirelessly day and night. In February 1942, "Work not only
for yourself, but also for your son, brothers and husband at the front!" The slogan
spread widely. The workers of the Tashkent, Fergana and Samarkand regions were the
first to join this.
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