ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
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HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY
Andijan state technical institute
Oripova dilnoza karimjon kizi,
Yusupov abdurashid khamidillaevich
Abstract:
Hydropower is one of the alternative and renewable energy sources that converts
the mechanical energy of flowing water into electrical energy. This type of energy is
generated through hydroelectric power plants, where the flow of rivers, reservoirs, or
waterfalls drives water turbines, which in turn power generators to produce electricity.
Hydropower plays a significant role in meeting human energy demands in a stable
manner, minimizing environmental impact, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Keywords:
Hydropower, hydroelectric power plants, renewable energy sources, flow energy
of water, electricity generation, hydraulic structures, sustainable energy source,
environmental safety, energy efficiency, alternative energy, river energy, water
turbines, energy resource utilization, natural resources, environmental protection,
water resources, energy supply, advantages and disadvantages of hydropower, green
energy, climate change mitigation.
Introduction:
Hydropower is a sector of electricity generation based on the use of the potential
energy of water. It is one of the primary forms of renewable energy. In terms of total
production, the leading countries in hydropower are China, Canada, and Brazil, while
in per capita output, Norway, Iceland, and Canada lead globally.
In the early 21st century, the most intensive hydroelectric development has taken
place in China, where hydropower is considered a key source of potential energy. The
country accounts for nearly half of the world’s small hydroelectric plants and is home
to the world’s largest hydroelectric power station—the Three Gorges Dam on the
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
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Yangtze River. China is also constructing several of the largest hydroelectric facilities
globally, with a combined capacity of around 72,000 MW [1-4].
Three Gorges Dam, China
The most powerful hydroelectric power station in the world is the Three Gorges
Dam in China, with a total installed capacity of 22,500 MW and an annual electricity
output of approximately 100 billion kWh, comparable to the Itaipu Dam shared by
Brazil and Paraguay. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), the
construction of the Grand Inga Dam on the Congo River is planned by an international
consortium, with a projected capacity of nearly 39,000 MW. Additionally, Russia has
proposed the Penzhinskaya Tidal Power Station near the Sea of Okhotsk, in the
Magadan Region and Kamchatka Krai, with an anticipated capacity of 87,000 MW.
The largest hydroelectric power plants (such as the Three Gorges, Itaipu, and others)
are among the world’s largest power stations and hydraulic engineering structures. In
addition to large-scale plants, small hydropower stations (mini-hydro) also exist. These
typically have an installed capacity of no more than 5 MW, as seen in countries like
Austria, Germany, Poland, and Spain. In Latvia and Sweden, small hydropower plants
usually have a capacity of up to 2 MW, while in some other countries—such as Greece,
Ireland, and Portugal—the threshold extends up to 10 MW. According to the European
Small Hydropower Association (ESHA), any hydropower station with a capacity up to
10 MW is considered small. Sweden, for instance, has about 1,350 small hydro plants,
which supply around 10% of the country’s electricity needs. China is home to nearly
83,000 small hydropower plants. As of 2021, in Russia, small hydropower refers to
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
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plants with a capacity not exceeding 50 MW (previously limited to 30 MW). The
country has around 100 small hydropower stations with a combined capacity of
approximately 90 MW and an annual output of nearly 200 million kWh. Most of the
newly constructed small hydropower plants are located in the North Caucasus region
[5-10].
The core principles of hydropower include the following: Utilization of potential
energy of water: Hydropower uses the potential energy stored in elevated water
reservoirs to generate electricity. Process consistency: Unlike other renewable sources
such as solar and wind, hydropower ensures a continuous and stable flow of energy,
making it a highly reliable source of electricity. Environmentally friendly: Hydropower
is considered a clean energy source with minimal environmental impact [11-13]. It
does not emit harmful substances into the atmosphere and does not require toxic
materials for power generation. Cost efficiency: Hydropower is among the most cost-
effective methods of electricity generation. Most hydroelectric power plants (HPPs)
have long service lifespans, and their initial construction costs are recovered in a
relatively short period. Operational flexibility: Hydropower allows for high flexibility
in energy production management. It can adjust electricity output based on fluctuations
in demand. Hydropower refers to the process of using the energy of flowing water to
generate electricity. It plays a crucial role in both the economy and the environment for
several reasons: The primary function of hydropower is to convert the mechanical
energy of moving water into electrical energy. Hydroelectric power plants (HPPs)
generate large volumes of electricity by harnessing the flow of rivers or reservoirs. This
energy is widely used across industries, transportation, households, and other sectors.
Hydropower is classified as a renewable and environmentally clean energy source. Its
main objective is to reduce dependence on conventional energy sources such as coal,
gas, and oil; minimize emissions of harmful gases into the atmosphere; and promote
environmental sustainability. Hydropower is also vital for ensuring a country's energy
independence through the use of domestic and internal energy resources, thereby
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
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reducing reliance on energy imports and strengthening national energy security [14-
19].
Utilization of natural water resources for energy generation;
Production and distribution of electrical energy;
Integrated use of water resources (including land reclamation, irrigation, and
water supply);
Ensuring energy security and reducing dependence on energy imports.
Conclusion:
Hydropower is one of the alternative and renewable energy sources based on
converting the movement or pressure of water into electricity. It offers humanity an
environmentally friendly, stable, and long-term method of energy production. The
main advantage of hydropower lies in its ability to generate electricity using water
resources without emitting greenhouse gases, making it a critical tool in the fight
against global warming. Modern hydropower development is advancing in two main
directions: large-scale hydropower plants and small-scale (mini) hydropower plants.
Large hydroelectric stations are designed to generate substantial amounts of electricity,
providing energy to entire countries or industrial sectors. Mini-hydropower stations,
on the other hand, are essential for supplying electricity to local or remote areas in an
environmentally safe manner. However, hydropower also has certain drawbacks. The
construction of large dams requires significant financial investment and can sometimes
negatively impact the environment, local climate, and the livelihoods of nearby
communities. Nevertheless, modern technologies are increasingly aimed at minimizing
these negative effects. For countries like Uzbekistan, which are rich in water resources,
hydropower represents a strategic path toward economic stability, energy
independence, and green development. Advancing this sector not only improves energy
supply but also contributes to job creation, infrastructure development, and enhanced
environmental security.
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