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Semantic-cognitive interface of the compared languages
(on the sample of English, Uzbek and Russian languages)
Nisobegim OCHILOVA
Navoi State Pedagogical Institute
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received March 2024
Received in revised form
10 April 2024
Accepted 25 April 2024
Available online
25 July 2024
This article discusses some views on the semantic-cognitive
interface. In particular, the main directions of phonostylistics
have been studied in the linguistics of Russian, Uzbek and
English languages. The article analyzes the relationship
between language and sociolinguistics, and shows the sources
of phonovariants in different languages.
2181-3701
/©
2024 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss1
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
linguistics,
phonostylistics,
semantics,
phonovariants,
segment variants,
method,
national variant of literary
language.
Qiyoslanayotgan tillarning semantik-kognitiv interfeysi
(ingliz, o‘zbek va
rus tillari misolida)
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
tilshunoslik,
fonostilistika,
semantika,
fonovariantlar,
segment variantlari,
metod,
adabiy tilning milliy varianti.
Ushbu ilmiy maqolada semantik-kognitiv interfeysga oid
ba’zi qarashlar tahlil etildi. Xususan, rus, o‘zbek va ingliz tillari
tilshunosligida fonostilistikaning asosiy yo‘nalishlari o‘rganilib,
ko‘rib chiqildi. Maqolada til va sotsiolingvistika o‘rtasidagi
munosabat tadqiq qilinib, turli tillardagi fonovariantlarning
manbalari keltirildi.
1
Teacher, English Language and Literature Department, Navoi State Pedagogical Institute.
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Семантико
-
когнитивный интерфейс сравниваемых
языков (на примере английского, узбекского и
русского языков)
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
языкознание,
фоностилистика,
семантика,
фоноварианты,
сегментные варианты,
метод,
национальный вариант
литературного языка.
В данной статье изучены и приведены некоторые
взгляды на семантико
-
когнитивный интерфейс. В
частности,
основные
направления
фоностилистики
изучены в лингвистике русского, узбекского и английского
языков. В статье анализируется взаимосвязь языка и
социолингвистики, показаны источники фоновариантов в
разных языках.
INTRОDUСTIОN
R
esearch on phonostylistics is conducted in several different areas, with the main
focus areas identified by E. Nurakhmetov as follows:
1) The study of emotive speech;
2) The study of pronunciation styles (or phonetic styles);
3) The study of the features of the phonetic design of various genres and types of
oral speech;
4) The study of sociolects and idiostyles;
5) The study of sound symbolism;
6) The determination of phono stylistic features of reading artistic and literary text
[5, pp. 12
–
14].
A new stage in the study of phonetics and its stylistic aspect in the 20th century
has been reached. In recent years, the field has seen a proliferation of theoretical
problems, broader and more nuanced observations of modern pronunciation and its
history, an increased focus on the sound design of speech in the context of
communicative phonetics, and the emergence of mass sociolinguistic surveys, among
other developments. The field of phonetic stylistics encompasses the study of the
relationship between pronunciation and the act of speaking or singing. Significant
consideration is given to the phonetic aspects of artistic works (poetic phonetics). [7, p.
50]. One of the most significant areas of stylistic analysis is the investigation of
phonovariants and pronunciation styles.
M
А
T
Е
RI
А
LS
А
ND M
Е
TH
О
DS
In the field of linguistics, the subject of stylistics has been a traditional area of
study since the 1950s. The problems of phono stylistics (or pronunciation stylistics,
stylistic phonetics, phonetic stylistics) of the modern Russian language were illuminated
in the works of L.V. Shcherba, L.V. Bondarko, K.S. Gorbachevich, R.I. Avanesov,
M.V. Panov, M.N. Kozhina, O.A. Prokhvatilova, and many others. Phonostylistics is a
recently established scientific discipline that emerged at the nexus of phonetics and
stylistics. It constitutes one of the branches of stylistics about language resources.
Phonostylistics is a branch of stylistics that examines the expressive qualities of
pronunciation variations of words and phrases, the patterns of phonetic usage in various
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communication contexts, and the functions of phonetic means in different areas of
communication.
R
Е
SULTS
А
ND DIS
С
USSI
О
N
Both sound units and prosodic units contribute to the formation of pronunciation
styles. In this context, modern phono stylistics comprises two distinct sections.
1. Segmental phonostylistics concerns the stylistic properties of segmental sound
units, or phonemes. Segmental units represent the sounds of a language, and their
sequential arrangement and combination form a continuous chain of sounds in the
speech stream.
2. Supersegmental (or prosodic) phonostylistics is the study of the stylistic
properties of supersegmental units. Supersegmental units, which are non-linear and
prosodic, include stress and intonation in the Russian language.
The stylistic possibilities of the prosodic side of sounding speech occupy the
attention of researchers studying the stylistic aspects of phonetics. This problem is being
actively developed by a number of researchers, including A.M. Antipova, M.G. Bezyaeva,
A.D. Gartsov, E.I. Golanova, G.N. Ivanova-Lukyanova, S.V. Kodzasov, T.E. Korepanova,
E.V. Nevzglyadova, T.M. Nikolaeva, and many others.
The analysis of spoken discourse in the works of the aforementioned researchers
is conducted by examining the interaction between intonation and sound, on the one
hand, and lexical and syntactic structures, on the other. Stylistic analysis of spoken
speech is based on the relationship between intonation, vocabulary, syntax and context,
and their role in the formation of the semantic and stylistic originality of the text.
As O.A. Prokhvatilova notes, the stylistic analysis of spoken speech encompasses
the following points:
1) An examination of the lexico-syntactic structure of the text is required in order
to identify any marked linguistic units that may be used to determine its stylistic
affiliation.
2) The specifics of each of the means of sounding speech must be identified,
including the composition of phonemes and their implementations, stress, types of
intonation structures, syntagmatic division, inter-syntagmal and intra-syntagmal pauses,
tempo and intensity of sound. These must then be compared with their neutral
characteristics.
3) A study of the lexical-syntactic and intonation-sound structures of the text is
required in order to establish the stylistic unidirectionality/multidirectionality of the
means of intonation and grammar. This will allow us to draw a conclusion about the
stylistic correlation of the sounding text as a whole. [6, p. 108]
Segmental phonostylistics “studies changes in the phonemic composition of a word
from the point of view of its stylistic significance. A change in the phonemic composition of a
word is a change in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of phonemes. For
example:
бытие –
бытиё, гренадер –
гренадёр, тёлочка –
телочка, гравёр –
гравер, обусловливать –
обуславливать, сосредоточивать –
сосредотачивать
(from a stylistic point of view, the second phonovariant of the above words is recognized as
colloquial in the modern Russian literary language)” [8, p. 5].
According to K.O. Saparova, stylistically significant can be:
1) activity and probability of the appearance of phonemes in speech;
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2) degree of reduction of phonemes;
3) assimilation of sounds;
4) dissimilation of sounds;
5) reduction of the phonemic composition of words (the number of syllables in them);
6) an increase in the phonemic composition of words (the number of syllables in
them) [8, p.7].
Despite a comprehensive study of the phonovariants of the Russian language,
many specific issues in this area cannot be considered completely resolved.
So, to the phonemic variants of K.S. Gorbachevich primarily refers to isolated pairs like
галоши –
калоши, скрип –
скрып, строгать –
стругать, запрячь –
запречь, вихрь –
вихорь, матрац –
матрас, тоннель –
туннель
and so on, noting that “the phonemic
variation of words in the modern Russian language is low in frequency, their number has
decreased compared to the language of the beginning of the 20th century”
[1, p. 88].
However, from our point of view, this issue requires additional study, since, for
example, phonovariance associated with the alternation of hard and soft consonants
remains quite regular in the Russian language, among
кизил
–
кизиль
,
кринка
–
крынка
,
сажен
–
сажень
,
изюбр
–
изюбрь
,
саами
–
саамы
,
червы
–
черви
,
церковь
–
в
церквах
etc.
The Uzbek language is rich in phonovariants. Thus, E.R.
Kilichev notes that “the
conversational style of pronunciation is observed in live speech, dialogues, and in the speech
of characters in fiction. In the colloquial style of speech, phenomena of prolongation of
vowels, reduction, rearrangement, sound doubling of consonants, manifestation of
synharmonicity /.../ are observed:
turpoq (tuproq), sha:ar (shahar)
etc.
The author emphasizes that “the pronunciation of the heroes of works of art indicates
their education, social status and nationality... Words of dialectal and foreign origin are written
in accordance with their pronunciation by the heroes” [11, p. 92]. Functional
-stylistic options
include, for example, pairs
ozod
–
ozot
,
barg
–
bark, boj
–
boch
etc.
As you know, the conversational style is characterized by a certain freedom to
choose the type of pronunciation, which contributes to the emergence of phonetic
variants of words. Among:
la’nat –
nalat, chuqur
–
cho‘qur, qirg‘iy –
qiyg‘ir, chimxo‘r –
chipxo‘r, aytganmas –
aytgan emas
etc.
The studies of Uzbek linguists on stylistics emphasize that it is the colloquial style
that is the source of the emergence of phonetic variants of words. In relation to the Uzbek
language, such a source of phonovariants as dialects is also considered, therefore, in-
depth research in the field of segmental phonostylistics of a noun can serve to solve
current problems of dialectology.
For example, the phonovariant
bo`xcha
is stylistically neutral, and
bo`g‘cha
is
characteristic of dialect speech.
In the Uzbek language, the alternation of plosive sounds with stop sounds is
characteristic only of the dialect of the population of the Fergana Valley and a number of
other regions of our republic. Among:
boyvachcha
–
boybachcha, darvoza
–
darboza
.
As M.M. Makovsky asserts, the study of dialect phonovariants provides invaluable
and truly inexhaustible material for penetrating into the deepest origins of the language,
its historical past, as well as for evaluating and understanding the features of the
formation and development of literary norms, various social and professional dialects,
and linguistic variants. The examination of segmental phonovariant data provides the
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opportunity to gain insight not only into the so-called "deviations" from the rules of
pronunciation and grammar, but also into the very rules themselves. This can serve as a
solid basis for the study of the formation and development of word meanings [4, p. 15].
From our perspective, this is not limited to the English language, as previously
discussed by M.M. Makovsky, but also extends to the modern Uzbek language.
Concurrently, the literary standard exerts a stabilising influence on the sphere of
everyday communication, thereby facilitating the gradual erasure of dialect differences. It
is also noteworthy that in Uzbek linguistics, there are works that examine stylistic
phenomena related to phonosemantics. The subject and functions of phonostylistics are
elucidated in the works of E.R. Kilichev, G.T. Yakshieva, and K.O. Saparova.
In her dissertation, "Phonographic Stylistic Means in the Uzbek Language,"
G.T. Yakhshieva delineates the parameters of vowel and consonant phonemes, which
serve as the foundation for the emotional and expressive coloring of words. The author
posits that "phonetic longitude is stylistically significant and is mainly associated with
stress and a number of other phonetic phenomena" [10, pp. 11
–
12].
The field of phonostylistics in Uzbekistan in the 21st century is one of the most
active and promising areas of linguistics. However, it should be acknowledged that it also
faces a number of unresolved problems. In particular, it is of great importance to study
the phonostylistic capabilities of Uzbek speech, which is rich in various phonostylistic
means, in the context of different societies and individuals within societies. Furthermore,
the study of the synchronic and diachronic aspects of phonostylistics is also of great
relevance. The phonostylistics of the Uzbek language must address the systematic study
of the articulatory-acoustic and prosodic properties of phonetic variants of words,
pronunciation styles associated with orthoepy, and types of pronunciation depending on
situations and conditions of communication. One of the current challenges facing
phonostylistics is the study of segmental phonovariants of nouns in the Uzbek language,
with a particular focus on comparisons with languages employing different systems, such
as Russian and English.
The study of phonological variants of the English language is of particular
importance. In the view of D. Crystal, English is a multinational language. The British
version served as the foundation for the American and Australian versions, which in turn
influenced the South African variant. In the 21st century, we are dealing with the
Nigerian, Indian and Singaporean variants.
[3, p. 6] Nevertheless, it is important to recognize that the pronunciation features of
the English and American national standards are of particular importance in both linguistic
and extralinguistic aspects in the formation of interethnic phonological variants.
In 1985, O.A. Domashnev posited that the study of the nature of the literary
language in such conditions enabled the formulation of the concept of a national version
of the literary language. The field of variantology is a relatively new discipline, currently
in its infancy. The state of the literary language system when it is used by two or more
national-state communities, which represents a separate case of variation, is referred to
as national inhomogeneity of the language. It is important to distinguish between
national and regional variants of the literary language. While regional variants are
characterized by a focus on local specificity (cultivation of dialectal and areal
differences), national variants also draw on other sources of language development. In
general, national variants are characterized by the fact that, from the perspective of the
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primary inventory of their elements of substance and structure, they are unified.
Nevertheless, the unity of such a national, inhomogeneous language does not imply a
mandatory identity.
The degree to which phonovariants differ from the literary standard is determined
by a number of factors: the history of the emergence and development of the dialect, the
socioeconomic structure of society, etc. In many cases, in phonostylistic phonovariants
one can find language norms that have already fallen out of use in the language standard.
For example:
gaol, gaoler(Bre)
–
jail, jailer, upper house
–
upper chamber
–
second
chamber.
There are three phonovariants in English:
yogurt
–
yoghurt
–
yoghourt.
Іt should be noted that the yogurt option іs a lіterary norm, and the next two are
stylistically colored. Among:
And there’s nіce whole
-
mіlk
yogurt,
steak wіth a lіttle fat
around the edge, rotіsserіe chіcken wіth golden skіn, and smoky thіck
-cut bacon.
Older chіldren admіt to sіmіlar habіts, and although half of four
-to-11-year- olds and
a quarter of 11-to-16 year-
olds fess up to the odd fruіt,
yoghurt
or smoothіe, one іn four
Brіtіsh parents apparently fіnds іt dіffіcult to persuade theіr chіldren to snack on anythіng a
nutrіtіonіst mіght consіder remotely healthy
І lіke
yoghourt
for breakfast (Speakіng).
“Contrasts between Amerіcan and Englіsh standards of Englіsh are found quіte
often and іn varіous areas of the language system ... a contіnuous analysіs of the sectіon
begіnnіng wіth the letter “s” revealed that a large number of differences relate to words
that have a similar morphological structure, but differ phonetically” (2, p. 73). The whole
group consists of words in which a peculiar change in phonetic structure occurs as a
result of the transition from [ju] to [u:], or the elimination of the sound [j].
For example, the word
stew
has two transcriptions in the dictionary: [stju:]
(English version) and [stu:] (American version). The same phenomenon was noted in the
following lexical units:
studio, studious, studiously, studiousness, subdue, stupefy,
stupendous, stupid, stupor, stupefaction, stupidly, stupidity, student.
In two cases
(sterile, sterilization) the transition of the vowel of these word forms from diphthong to
monophthong is noted: [`sterail] (English)
–
[`sterel] (Amer.). In two other cases, there is
a transition from the long sound [a:] in English to the diphthong [ei] in American (noun
stratum, verb strafe): [`stra:tem] (English)
–
[`streitem] (American) , [stra:f] (English)
–
[streif] (American).
In the phonetic implementation of the word submersion in the American version,
there is a voicing of the sound [sh]. The word form strontium carries the following
differences in pronunciation: [`strontiem] (English)
–
[`stronshiem] (Amer.). In the
phonetic implementation of the word form subleutenant, the sound [e] is replaced by a
long [u:].
СО
N
С
LUSI
О
N
An analysis of phonovariants in artistic, journalistic and colloquial live speech
indicates that one of the necessary conditions for the effectiveness of verbal
communication of people is the correct sound design of speech, the pronunciation of
language units in accordance with established orthoepic norms and rules. The speaker’s
knowledge and correct use of the laws of sound design of speech largely determines their
speech culture. It is important to note that a comparative study of segmental
phonostylistics of the Russian, Uzbek and English languages has not yet been undertaken.
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L.: Nauka, 2018.
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English literary language // Linguistic studies. 2015. Language structure and language
change.
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M.: Nauka, 2015.
3. Crystal D. English as a global language.
–
M., 2011.
4. Makovsky M. M. English dialectology. Modern territorial English dialects of Great
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–
M.: Higher School, 2010.
5. Nurakhmetov E. Problems of suprasegmental phonostylistics (based on the
material of the French language).: Author's abstract. diss... doc. Philol. Sci.
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M., 2017.
6. Prokhvatilova O. A. Phonostylistics: Stylistic analysis of sounding speech.
–
Volgograd: VolGU, 2006.
7. Stylistics of the Russian language / Ed. N.M. Shansky.
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L.: Education, 2019.
8. Saparova K. O. Problems of segmental and supersegmental (accentual)
phonostylistics of the Russian language.: Author's abstract. diss. ...cand. Philol. Sci.
–
Tashkent, 2010.
9. Saparova K. O. Comparative and typological study of phonostylistics of the
Russian and Uzbek languages (based on the material of phonovariants of words).:
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Tashkent, 2019.
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