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Structural features of compound nouns in the Karakalpak,
English and German languages
Tumaris AYTMURATOVA
Uzbek State World Languages University
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received April 2024
Received in revised form
10 May 2024
Accepted 25 May 2024
Available online
25 June 2024
This article is about the structural peculiarities of compound
nouns in Karakalpak, English, and German languages. The
research is focused on identifying similarities and differences in
the structure of compound nouns in the three languages
through typological analysis.
2181-3701
/©
2024 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss1
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
compound nouns,
composition,
immediate constituents
(ICs),
word formation,
word building pattern,
linking element.
Қорақалпоқ, инглиз ва немис тилларидаги қўшма
отларнинг тузулиш хусусиятлари
АННОТАЦИЯ
Калит сўзлар:
қўшма
отлар,
композиция,
бевосита компонентлар
(БК),
сўз ясалиши,
сўз ясалиш усуллари,
богловчи элемент
.
Ушбу мақолада қоракалпоқ, инглиз ва немис
тилларидаги қўшма отларнинг тузилиш хусусиятлари
хақида сўз боради. Тадқиқот уч тилдаги қўшма отларнинг
тузилишидаги ўхшашлик ва фарқларни типологик тахлил
орқали аниқлашга қаратилган.
1
Master’s student, Uzbek State World Languages University
.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
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Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
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Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
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1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
287
Структурные особенности сложных существительных
в каракалпакском, английском и немецком языках
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
сложные
существительные,
сложение,
непосредственные
составляющие (НС),
словообразование,
способы
словообразования,
связующий элемент.
В статье проведен анализ структурных особенностей
сложных существительных в каракалпакском, английском
и немецком языках. Исследование целенаправленно на
выявление типологических сходств и различий в структуре
сложных существительных этих языков.
Nowadays the comparative study of closely related languages and unrelated
languages is of greater importance than ever, as such a method of analysis assists in
identifying more characteristic features of the studied languages. There is a great
demand for that because typological analysis of languages is crucial not only for
theoretical purposes but also is necessary in practical ways. Namely, the comparative
analysis of the languages plays an important role in teaching, translation issues, and
lexicography, i.e. creating English-Karakalpak-German and Karakalpak-English-German
dictionaries. Moreover, the vocabulary of each language always changes, and new
concepts and terms come into the language because of the development of different
spheres of human activity. Consequently, words related to new terms are formed in two
ways: 1) from the existing words is formed one linguistic unit with a new lexical
meaning; 2) new words come into from other languages (borrowings). The first way of
the word formation (compounding) of the above-mentioned is the most productive and
actual in many world languages. Accordingly, the comparative analysis of compound
words in Karakalpak, English, and German languages (languages that are not close
cognates from a genealogical point of view) has a practical and theoretical value.
Central concepts of typological analysis of languages are compound,
(Zusammensteszung, Kompositum)
qospa so’z
, immediate constituent IC (unmittelabare
Konsituente UK), word building models (Wortbildungsmodelle)
so’z jasaw u’lgileri.
It is well-known that complex nouns are formed by the method of compounding.
That’s why it is crucial to consider word composition in the languages investigated.
In Karakalpak language, the term “compound word” is understood as a derivative
word, that consists of at least two stems structured in a specific order and together give
one lexical meaning. The basic peculiarity of them is that the components of compounds
can be neither restructured, nor be separated from each other, as they may not have any
meaning in that case. The compound tu’ye
-tawiq, bala-
shag’a cannot be changed into
tawiq-
tu’ye, shag’a
-bala. (1, 13)
Compounding is the most productive type of word formation in modern
Karakalpak, English, and German languages, and compounds can be found in almost all
parts of speech. R.S. Ginzburg provides the following definition for compound words:
“Compounds, as has been mentioned elsewhere, are made up of two ICs which are both
derivational bases. Compound words are inseparable vocabulary units. They are formally
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
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Зарубежная лингвистика
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Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
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and semantically dependent on the constituent bases and the semantic relations between
the motivating units.” In English complex nouns, complex adjectives, complex verbs,
complex adverbs, and phrases close to them make up more than half of the vocabulary,
according to I.V. Arnold. Approximately 58 % of the whole vocabulary makes compound
words in English.
Compounding is a word formation type that is counted to be widespread in many
Indo-European languages. Compound words are an essential part of the vocabulary in
German. Word composition
(Zusammensetzung)
is the formation of new words by joining
two or more words, namely immediate constituents (unmittelbare Konstituente UK). By
immediate constituents, we can understand the two elements of which the construction
is formed. (5, 38)
From the above stated it should be pointed out that from the structural point of
view, compound words in English and German languages are identical. Compounds in
both languages consist of ICs (UK in German) that are two or more bases united into one
whole, bearing one lexical meaning, whereas compound words in Karakalpak are usually
made up of two stems that are rigidly fixed and formed as a result of confluence.
However, I.V. Arnold confirms that English compounding has two principal peculiarities:
firstly, both immediate constituents of the compound are free forms, they can be used
independently with a distinct meaning; secondly, regular word-building pattern in
English is a two-stem compound (1, 121). It is noteworthy that two-stem structure is the
main characteristic feature of English compounding, while German compounds are
usually made up of two or more than two elements like
Wahnsinn/idee,
Kosten/dämpfungs/gesetz, Kranken/kassen/dämpfungs/gesetz
etc. The above-given
examples prove that word composition is the most productive word-building model in
the German language. German compound words are formed from Bestimmungswort
(determining word) and Grundwort (determined word), according to which the whole
compound will belong to a particular part of speech. The same semantic structure in
English compounds is observed. I.V. Arnold states that some compounds are made up of a
determining and a determinant part, which may be called the determinant and the
determinatum. As an example, Arnold gives the word sunbeam, where the first
component
sun
serves to differentiate the basic part, the determinatum
beam
from other
beams. Furthermore, he emphasizes the degree of motivatedness of compounds that are
non-idiomatic:
aircraft, airship, seaman, spacecraft, and spaceship
. In the given words the
first component
air
serves to highlight the machines designed for air travel
differentiating them from other types of craft. Compound words in the Karakalpak
language can be formed of determining and determined elements, however they may
have different orthographic features. Two-stem compounds are usually written
separately, although they together give one lexical meaning: miynet haqi (salary), so’z
basi (introduction), ayaq kiyim (shoes), ku’n ta’rtibi (routine), tas bawir (ruthless).
Another structural feature of compound words that should be paid attention to is
the role of linking elements in the formation of compound words. In all three languages,
the most widespread part of speech is the noun. The basic way of combining the
components of compounds is by joining stems of different parts of speech with or
without any changes. The key feature of compound nouns is that the first component can
be any part of speech, while the second component is expressed by the first one. In other
words, the connection of bases is carried out by their direct juxtaposition. The word-
building pattern is very common in the languages studied.
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The linking morphemes are more typical for English compounds. These special
linking elements include ‘o’, occasionally ‘i’, and the linking consonant ‘s’. For instance:
Afr-o-Asian, film-o-graphy, hand-i-craft, trag-i-comic, land-s-man, sport-s-man, craft-s-
man etc.
In German as linking elements serve the followings: -(e)s-, -(e)n-, -e-, -nen- and -er.
For ex, Universitätsgebaüde, Freundeskreis, Sonnenstrahl, Lehrerinnenseminar,
Haltestelle, Wartesaal, Bilderbuch.
In Karakalpak language: ayg’abag’ar, atqaminer, kespas, Porlitaw
Further, it is worthwhile mentioning that from the point of view of orthography
compound words in Karakalpak, English, and German languages have common features,
as well as specific peculiarities of each of them. So, merged (solid) spelling is common in
all the three languages. In Karakalpak: shashbaw, baspana, asqatiq, qarabaraq; In English:
afternoon, downstairs, everydiv, bookshelf, whiteboard; In German: Weissbrot,
Tischlampe, Weisswein, Gastarbeiter, Arbeitgeber, Baustelle, Schreibtisch, Sitzordnung.
From the examples, it should be inferred that merged spelling is more typical for German.
Separately written compounds make up a considerable part of Karakalpak and
modern English. In Karakalpak: suw jilan, tu’ye taban, ko’z aynek, su’yir shibin, bota ko’z,
ish ko’ylek, iyt ayaq, ku’n ko’ris, is taslaw, islep shig’ariw, hawa ren’.
In English: grandfather clock, sweater vest, Christmas tree, flash flood, shock jock.
However, it is worthwhile mentioning that the type of spelling in the German
language compounds usually are formed by joining two or more bases into one whole.
Accordingly, German compound nouns are characterized by merged spelling, and
sometimes through hyphens. Based on the above it is significant to note that separate
spelling of words is much more typical for Karakalpak language.
Beyond that part of the compounds in Karakalpak, English, and German there are
the ones which are written semi-merged, through hyphen. In Karakalpak: ata-ana, qazan-
tabaq, bala-
shag’a, jaqsi
-jaman, talas-tartis, jawin-
shashin, ag’a
-ini, ata-baba, pada-pada,
topar-
topar, bo’lek
-
bo’lek, qap
-qap.
In English: ice-axe, ink-pad, self-study, merry-go-round, forget-me-not, know-it-all.
In German: In-sich-Geschlossenheit, das Vor-mir-stehen.
The above-given examples made it obvious that hyphenated spelling is more
common in the Karakalpak language, whereas English and German compound nouns are
not often written through dash. Here it is essential to point out that especially the latter
has only a few compounds with hyphenated spelling which are mainly used in fiction.
There is also a specific number of compound nouns that are formed by connecting
two stems with the help of a preposition or a conjunction. This type of word-building
model is much more typical for the English language. For instance: mother-in-law, sister-
in-law, commander-in-chief, free-for-all, good-for-nothing, stick-in-the-mud, hide-and-
seek, pick-me-up etc.
The typological analysis of the compound words in the three languages studied has
great practical implications, especially in teaching. The next structural feature of
compounds that is of major significance is their morphological structure. Further, the
object of study will serve types of compound nouns in Karakalpak, English, and German
languages according to their morphological features.
In the Karakalpak language compound nouns can have the following
morphological structures:
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1)
Adjective + noun: qara torg’ay, aq baliq, ko’k bet, qara mal, sasiq gu’zen;
a)
aqsaqal, aqsu’yek, ko’kjo’tel, qarako’z, qarabaraq, qizilayaq;
2)
Noun + noun: qayin ene, qiz bala, til bilimi, awil xojalig’i, ko’z aynek;
b)
janbawir, tasbaqa, buzawbas, atqulaq, bilezik, bu’gin;
c)
kiyik-
kenshek, ko’rpe
-
to’sek, qazan
-tabaq, aziq-awqat;
d)
pada-pada, topar-topar, bolek-
bo’lek, qap
-qap;
e)
AQSh (Amerika Qurama shtatlari), BMSh (Birlesken Milletler Sho’lkemi);
3)
Numeral + noun: qirqayaq, segizko’z, birg’azan, besbarmaq;
4)
Noun + verb: orinbasar, Bo’ribasar, Qizketken, belbuwar, dem alis, elgezer;
In English there exist the following structural types of compound nouns:
1)
Noun + noun: notebook, fountain-pen, motherland, staircase, postcard, pen-
knife, pencil case;
2)
Adjective + noun: whiteboard, real estate, blacklist, redhead, redbreast, sweet-tooth;
3)
Adverb + noun: underground, down-hall, overpopulation;
4)
Noun + preposition + noun: commander-in-chief, brother-in-law, editor-in-
chief;
5)
Noun + preposition: day off, passer-by;
6)
Noun + verb: sunset, sunrise, heartbeat, waterfall;
7)
Verb + noun: breakwater, cookbook, driveway, telltale;
8)
Participle + noun: looking glass, living room, smoking room, waiting list;
9)
Noun + linking consonant/vowel + noun: handicraft, sportsman, spokesman;
10)
Noun + conjunction + noun: hide-and-seek, merry-go-round;
In German there are also different structural types of compound nouns which are below:
1)
Noun + noun: Arbeitsplan, Blumengarten, Tischtennis, Kuchencheff
2)
Adjective + noun: Weisswein, Hochhaus, Hochschule
3)
Verbal stem + noun: Lesesaal, Redensart, Bestimmungshafen
4)
Numeral + noun: Dreieck, Dreikönig, Zweijahrplan
5)
Pronoun + noun: Ich-
Laut, Selbstgespräch, Selbstbeherrschung
6)
Adverb + noun: Zusammenarbeit, Voraussetzung, Vorwärtsbewegung
7)
Preposition + noun: Überblick, Umwelt, Nacharbeit, Mitfahrer
CONCLUSION
Based on the study and analysis of the compound nouns in Karakalpak, English,
and German languages, it should be inferred that:
1)
Compound nouns in Karakalpak, English, and German make a huge part of the
vocabulary of each language.
Compound nouns are formed with and without linking elements in the languages
studied. The spelling of the nouns is distinctive in each language. Separate spelling is
more typical for Karakalpak and English languages. Compound nouns in Karakalpak are
spelled in all three ways: solid, hyphenated, and separately depending on the type of
compound. In distinction from other compounds German compound nouns are written
mostly solidly, which is the main cause of their excessive length.
2)
Furthermore, some structural types of compound nouns have been identified in
the following amount in each language: In Karakalpak
–
4, English
–
10, German
–
7.
The most widespread of the morphological structures that often can be found in all
three languages is noun + noun structure. This type is considered to be numerous and
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unlimited in number, as well as the oldest word-building model especially in English and
German languages.
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И.В. Арнольд «Лексикология современного английского языка» М: Высшая
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R.S. Ginzburg “A Course in Modern Lexicology” М
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, 1979, p 141-142.
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A. Bekbergenov “Qaraqalpaq tilinde so’zlerdin’ jasaliwi” Qaraqalpaqstan baspasi,
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