Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika –
Зарубежная лингвистика и
лингводидактика – Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Etymological features of Aphorisms in Linguistics
Oydin KHUDOYBERDIYEVA
1
Denov Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received January 2025
Received in revised form
10
February 2025
Accepted 25 February 2025
Available online
25 March 2025
This article analyses the diversity of aphorisms’ topics, the
period in which they appeared, the historical events they
reflected, and the structural and semantic features of English
aphorisms. The study of semantic features of aphorisms is
based on dictionary analysis. An aphorism should be clear and
understandable to any reader, so the use of common words in
aphorisms is free and unlimited. Thematically, these words
cover various areas of human life.
2181-3701/© 2024 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol3-iss3
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
paremia,
paremiological unit,
proverb,
saying,
idiom,
aphorism.
Tilshunoslikda aforizmlarning etimologik xususiyatlari
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar:
paremiya,
paremiologik birlik,
maqol,
matal,
idioma,
aforizm.
Ushbu maqolada aforizmlarning mavzulari xilma-xilligi, ular
paydo bo‘lgan davri, tarixiy voqealar aks ettirilgan, ingliz
aforizmlarining tarkibiy va semantik xususiyatlari o‘rganilgan.
Aforizmlarning semantik xususiyatlarini o‘rganish lug‘at
tahliliga asoslanadi. Aforizm har qanday o‘quvchi uchun
tushunarli bo‘lishi kerak, shuning uchun aforizmlarda umumiy
so‘zlardan foydalanish erkin va cheksizdir. Tematik jihatdan bu
so‘zlar inson hayotining turli sohalarini qamrab oladi.
Этимологические особенности афоризмов в лингвистике
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
паремия,
паремиологическая
единица,
пословица,
В данной статье анализируются разнообразие тем
афоризмов, периоды их появления и отражение
исторических событий, а также изучаются структурные и
семантические особенности английских афоризмов.
1
PhD student, Denov Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue – 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
24
поговорка,
фразеологизм,
афоризм.
Исследование семантических особенностей основывается
на словарном анализе. Афоризм должен быть ясен и
понятен любому читателю, поэтому употребление
общеупотребительных слов в афоризмах осуществляется
свободно и неограниченно. Темы афоризмов охватывают
различные сферы человеческой жизни.
In historical sources and among the people, the aphoristic creativity of our people
is called by different terms. Proverb, saying, parable, idiom,saying of fathers, wise saying,
aphorism, story, wisdom, saying of old people, saying of elders and others are such terms.
In many cases, these terms are still used in a mixture in relation to the aphoristic work in
general, and one is used instead of theother. However, it is necessary to set certain limits
and make clarifications when using them1.S.Tursunov, B.Murtozoyev, O.Allanov’s book
“The role of folk wisdom in the education of a well-rounded generation” describes
aphorisms as “masterpieces of wisdom”, learning the wisdom of our ancestors, drawing
conclusions from it, being vigilant and alert for the peace of the family, children,
neighborhood, and country to be, to feel that one vague or rude word can cause
misunderstandings between people, and emphasizes the importance of wisdom in
preventing this. Definition of aphorisms, determination of their nature and life tasks
began at the time of the philosopher Hippocrates, who lived in the 4th century BC. He
sees the Greek term “aphorism” as a lexeme derived artistic nature of aphorisms,
aphorism initially expressed the conclusions of medical opinions, signs and symptoms of
various diseases directly in the form of aphorisms in the form of concise, meaningful,
meaningful judgments. Later, this term began to be widely used by thinkers engaged in
philosophy and science. M. Saidova in the book “Using proverbs and wisdom in
extracurricular reading classes” wise words, proverbs are for us the sound of centuries,
an eternal call that awakens a feeling of harmony with the distant past, a bridge between
times, the heart lines of unknown poets,the distant streams of people’s talent, tyranny,
enmity. it is emphasized that injustice stings in the chest, and the dictionary meaning of
the word wisdom is “extreme wisdom”. According to the definition given in the
dictionary dedicated to the explanation of literary terms, “Aphorism (Greek -wise word)
is a wise sentence with a deep meaning, clear and concise form, whose author is known.
The fewer words in an aphorism, the more expressive and sharp it is. Unlike folk
proverbs, the author of aphorisms isalways clear. Folk proverbs are also called folk
aphorisms in a broad sense. According to the “Annotated Dictionary of the Uzbek
Language”, aphorism [Greek] is a deep, meaningful, short, concise, phrase, wise word.
Local linguists such as B. Mengliyev, A. Nurmonov, A. Sobirov, Sh. Yusupova define
paremiological units as stable compounds as follows. A stable combination is also needed
to express thoughts in speech. For example, the verb to be surprised is not enough to
express strong surprise. Then the stable conjunction is used: His mouth fell open.
His mouth dropped open -a phrase. It consists of two independent words and is ready for
speech. It remains in our minds even after the speech. Although its meaning is the same
as the meaning of the verb to besurprised, it differs in its adverbial, i.e., emotional and
stylistic meaning, as well as the expression scheme. As a stable combination in the Uzbek
language, proverb, matal, phrase, figurative expression are generally recognized
(however, whether proverbs and matals are a stable combination is debatable). Language
units consisting of a stable relationship of two or more words, which are ready to be
brought into the speech process, and which exist as a possibility in the memory of the
speakers of the language, are called stable compounds.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue – 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
25
The main characteristics of stable compounds are:
1. Before the speech process, the presence in the language should be brought into
speech.
2. Integrity of meaning.
3. Stability of structure and composition.
Appropriate use of stable conjunctions ensures the beauty of speech, so they are
the beauty of our speech. The branch of linguistics that studies stable compounds is
called paremiology (from Latin parema stable, logos, “teaching”), and the branch that
studies the problems of creating a dictionary of stable compounds is called
paremiography (from Latin Parema – stable, grofho to write”). Although stable
compounds are common in terms of the fact that they are ready to be brought into the
speech the stability of their components, they differ from the point of view of the
wholeness of meaning.
Today, various forms of information are increasing, in particular, they are in
written and oral form, and the verbal form of information is often replaced by written,
i.e., text in the process of communication and the appearance is used in official
proceedings. First, let's talk about the text and its features. Language system units are
activated in the text and become communication units. According to stylists, the units of
the text take the form of “text-word”, “text-sentence”, and “in their meaning and syntax,
the language system and the features learned from the text system are embodied at the
same time.Text is a complete structure formed on the basis of syntactic, semantic and
pragmatic connection of linguistic units. Therefore, the text is the text. It is considered
appropriate to recognize the rules that ensure the unification of speech syntactic units –
sentences and speech acts in a single text system as the mainfeatures that determine its
nature.Text (from Latin: textus – fabric; combination) – human thought connected to a
certain material carrier; overall consistent and complete sequence of characters.Text may
differ from one another according to the scope of its application, and also according to its
size. The definitions given to the text have been interpreted differently by linguists and
many scientists. It is not an exaggeration to say that it is a complex entity due to its wide
scope of application and its purpose. Below we turn to the definitions given by some
scientists. Kubryakova commented on the text as follows: the text is a sequence of verbal
signs,its main features are unity and logic. So, in the text, not only the words should be
formed together, but also the meaning and content should match each other, the
sequence and harmony of thoughts should be ensured. Due to the fact that text
construction is a complex linguistic activity, several linguistic units actively participate in
its structure. It would be correct to add aphorisms to them, because they also have a
meaning in a small context, so it is not an exaggeration to consider aphorisms as a small
text.In the process of communication, people use various units in speech, for example
proverbs, sayings, aphorisms, riddles and other language units. We can say that
aphorisms like small text so every time they connect each other in any context. There are
different views in scientific literature about whether aphorism has an independent
literary genre or is a temporary literary phenomenon that could not rise to the level of an
independent genre, although it is widespread in fiction. Scholars who are engaged in
aphorism at one level or another recognize it as an independent genre, while some
researchers confuse it with such genres as wise words, winged words or phrases,
gregariousness, and paradox. So, at first, the concept of aphorism was difficult for most
researchers to come to a stopand determine which genre it belongs to and what
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue – 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
26
differences it has with other concepts. things are going on. Aphorisms can consist of one
word or appear as a whole text. As a result of their research on aphorisms, many
scientists have defined them in different ways, according to some scientists, the smaller
the number of words used, the stronger the meaning, while some scientists expressed a
different opinion.
Along with world linguistics, in Turkology, including Uzbek linguistics, the concept
of phraseology is understood in a broad and narrow sense until now. Scholars who
understand phraseology in a broad sense include proverbs, sayings, aphorisms and other
types of fixed combinations; Supporters of phraseology in the narrow sense limit
themselves to the study of stable connections with figurative meaning, such as to sweat,
topull wool from dough, to flood the world, not to climb on one’s heels.Wise sayings
(aphorisms) have in common with other stable units according to the signs of stability,
meaningful integrity, repetition (i.e., they are repeated in the same structure allthe time),
but they differ from them by the presence of a specific author. Wise words (aphorisms)
teach a person to think and at the same time to speak. The shortness of enough words,
the depth of meaning, and bright imagery ensure the stylistic color of aphorisms.In the
same way, the deeper the thought, the shorter the expression, the more beautiful it is, the
faster it is remembered and prevents human speech from becoming monotonous.
1. Despite the common characteristics of the above-mentioned proverbs and aphorisms,
there are also distinctive features between them. These are: One of the noticeable
differences of an aphorism is the aphoristic background (sound). Historical reality is
known in the aphorism, and it contains the person, the author's understanding
(imagination) of the world. An aphorism is immutable in time and space after its creation.
3. The time when the proverb was spoken is also unknown, it lost its owner (author),
changed its appearance (meaning) and became folklorized (popularized). 4. Another
aspect is that the aphorism has authenticity and appears as the author. Thus, the
individual using the aphorism has no place to defend his point of view. When using a
proverb, the problem of the truth of expression is solved, because in this case, a person
speaks not on his own behalf, but referring to the experience of the people. The
connection with the author or source is an important specific feature of the genre, and it
has an extralinguistic rather than a linguistic feature, while this connection plays an
important role in expressing its significance.
One of the distinctive differences between proverbs is their function. Proverbs are
an element of the oral creativity of the people, while aphorisms belong to the literary
language and are mainly expressed in written form. Proverbs have a simple syntactic
form and are often rhythmically ordered. It is natural for aphorisms to be wrapped in a
prosaic form and have a rather complex syntactic complexity, because the reader (fan)
has the opportunity tothink of an expression reinforced in writing. Proverbs have
figurative evidence of general content, and aphorisms have a direct basis of general
content. The use of aphorisms is limited to relatively specific situations. Proverbs can
have multiple meanings based on metaphorical meanings. Proverbs have more sign of
usage than aphorisms. The utilitarian component of evaluation in folk dimensions
(application) prevails in aesthetic and ethical units.
REFERENCES:
1.
RUZIYEV, X. B., & SIDIKOVA, S.A.K. (2019). Translation problems of proverbs and
some special tips for translating from English into Uzbek. – CC.100 -105.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue – 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
27
2.
Ўзбек халқмақоллари. Иккитомлик. Тузувчилар: Мирзаев Т., Саримсоқов Б.
Тошкент: “Фан”, 1987. –Б.14.
3.
Турсунов С., Муртозоеб Б. Алланов О. “Халқ ҳикматларининг баркамол
авлод тарбиясидаги ўрни. –Тошкент: “Янги нашр”нашриёти, 2014. – Б.4.
4.
Менглиев Б.Р. Ҳозирги ўзбектили. –Тошкент: “Тафаккур бўстони”, 2018. –
Б.190-191.
5.
Narmuratov, Z. R. (2020). SOME ENGLISH PROVERBS WITH THE CONCEPT OF
SCIENCE AND THEIR UZBEK EQUIVALENTS. Theoretical & Applied Science, (4), 524-527.
6.
Narmuratov, Z. R. (2021).The proverb is a means of verbalization of concept.
Актуальные научные исследования в современном мире, (7-1), 124-129.
7.
NARMURATOV, Z. R., & BOZOROVA, M. A. K. (2019). Translation problems of
proverbs and sayings expressing senility and youth in English and Uzbek languages.
Наука среди нас, (5), 79-85.
8.
Narmuratov, Z. R. (2023). EXPLORING THE LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL
RELEVANCE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS. Academic research in educational sciences,
4(3), 322-326.
9.
Нармуратов, З. (2023). FRAZEOLOGIK BIRLIKLAR LINGVOMADANIY BIRLIK
SIFATIDA. Ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг долзарб муаммолари/Актуальные
проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук/Actual Problems of Humanities and Social
Sciences., 3(8).
10.
BAKHRITDINOVICH, R. K. The Approach of Paremias in Parallel Corpora.
JournalNX, 6(05), 216-222.
11.
Ruziev, K. B. (2020). Proverbs and corpus linguistics. Актуальные проблемы
гуманитарных и естественных наук, (6), 64-67.
12.
Ruziyev, K. (2021). Paremiological units and their differences. InterConf.
13.
Ўзбек халқмақоллари. Иккитомлик. Тузувчилар: Мирзаев Т., Саримсоқов
Б. Тошкент: “Фан”, 1987. –Б.14.
