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THE ROLE OF ADJECTIVES IN THE LANGUAGE SYSTEM
Klicheva Dilafruz Shakhruitovna
Turan University, Master's degree student in English linguistics
Annotation:
This article analyzes the role of the adjective word class in the language system, its
relationship with other word classes, lexical-semantic and grammatical features. At the same
time, the similarities and differences of the adjective word class in English and Uzbek, the
degrees of adjectives, their types according to meaning, their function in a sentence, and a
comparative analysis in English and Uzbek are shown.
Keywords:
word groups, lexical-semantic, syntactic function, part of speech, auxiliary words,
grammatical system.
Абстрактный:
В статье анализируется место класса прилагательных в системе языка,
его связь с другими классами слов, а также его лексико-семантические и грамматические
свойства. В то же время показаны сходства и различия классов прилагательных в
английском и узбекском языках, степени прилагательных, их типы по значению, их
функция в предложении, а также сравнительный анализ в английском и узбекском
языках.
Ключевые слова:
словосочетания, лексико-семантическая, синтаксическая функция,
часть речи, служебные слова, грамматическая система.
Introduction
One of the main structural components of any language is word classes. Word classes
form the lexical and grammatical foundations of the language system. They play a decisive role
in expressing thoughts through language. Each word class has its own semantic and
grammatical properties. The adjective word class is also one of the independent and important
word classes. Adjectives indicate the characteristics, state and properties of objects. They act as
determiners in speech, and sometimes as participles. Adjectives are one of the main units that
increase the lexical richness of the language. In any language, a point of view is expressed in
relation to the object through adjectives. For example, in such compounds as “uakhshi ódam”,
“uirik muammo”, “aq ko‘ulak”, adjectives play a key role. They are connected with nouns and
clarify the meaning of the sentence.
In linguistics, adjectives have always been an area of deep study. Their
structural, semantic and functional aspects are widely studied. In particular, the role of
adjectives in comparative linguistics is studied separately. There are many similarities between
adjectives in the Uzbek and English languages. At the same time, there are also significant
grammatical differences between them. This article aims to study the role of adjectives in the
Uzbek language system. In addition, a comparative comparison with adjectives in English is
made. The article analyzes the degrees, types and functions of adjectives in a sentence.
Analysis of relevant literature
Joraev N. – Grammar of the Uzbek language. – Tashkent: Teacher, 2010. This work
provides a thorough analysis of the grammatical structure of the Uzbek language, word classes,
and knowledge about adjectives in particular. The author classified adjectives according to
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 05,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 1965
morphological and syntactic criteria and explained their function and structure in a sentence. In
particular, the types, degrees and methods of connection with nouns of adjectives are widely
disclosed. The work is considered the main source for studying the system of adjectives in the
Uzbek language.
Karimov B. – The modern Uzbek literary language. – Tashkent: Fan, 2015. This scientific
work studies the modern state of the Uzbek literary language and distinguishes adjectives
among word groups. The author pays attention to the lexical-semantic properties of adjectives,
showing the figurativeness, expressiveness and stylistic harmony conveyed by them. In addition,
the work also considers the use of adjectives in different stylistic layers. This book is based not
only on theoretical linguistics, but also on practical analysis.
R. Murphy – English Grammar in Use. – Cambridge University Press, 2019. This work is
considered one of the most popular sources of practical English grammar. The section on
adjectives discusses their formation, degree (comparative and superlative), role in a sentence,
attributive and predicative cases, as well as the rules related to adjectives, with simple and
concrete examples. This book is used as a basic English source when comparing adjectives in
the Uzbek language.
Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language. – Tashkent: Fan, 2006. This dictionary is
an important tool for determining the lexical meanings of adjectives and the context of their use.
It provides precise information about the semantic scope of each adjective, its stylistic features,
homonym forms and frequency of use in the language. This source serves as a lexical basis for
the analysis of the adjectives studied in the article.
Nazarov K. – Introduction to Linguistics. – Tashkent: University, 2011. The work
explains word groups on the basis of general linguistic diction. Adjectives are explained in
terms of their semantic and functional role in the language system. In addition, the general and
specific aspects of adjectives in different languages are also considered. This source is
useful for studying the topic on the basis of comparative linguistics.
Analysis and results
The adjective word class is considered one of the main links of the language system. Its
lexical-semantic, morphological and syntactic properties are of particular importance in
linguistics. Based on the theoretical and comparative analysis conducted within the framework
of this article, the following important aspects were identified: General grammatical and
semantic properties of adjectives; Grading of adjectives; Lexical-semantic grouping; The
function of adjectives in a sentence and the possibilities of word formation; Comparative results.
In both languages, adjectives are considered the main lexical means of expressing the
characteristics of the subject. In English, adjectives are stable and less subject to grammatical
changes. In Uzbek, however, their formation, addition, and flexibility in speech are at a high
level. The degrees and types of adjectives demonstrate commonality and specificity for both
languages. Comparative analysis allowed us to deeply understand the place, syntactic role, and
semantic function of adjectives in each language system. The adjective word class has taken a
firm place in the language system as an important lexical-grammatical unit in Uzbek and
English. The degrees and lexical-semantic types of adjectives have commonality and
differences in the grammar of the two languages. While adjectives in English are more stable,
in Uzbek they have a high degree of morphological compatibility. In linguistics of both
languages, the analysis of adjectives ensures the accuracy of the grammatical system and lexical
connections. The study of the comparison of adjectives is of great importance in translation
processes, linguodidactical work, and linguistic research.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 05,2025
Journal:
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page 1966
In Uzbek, adjectives often participate as units that directly express a sign. For example,
the word "beautiful" is an adjective that expresses appearance. Adjectives specify the quality of
a noun. Therefore, they perform the function of determiners. In English, adjectives often come
before nouns. Example: a beautiful girl — chiroyli qiz. This case corresponds to the
combination “chiroyli qiz” in the Uzbek language. So, this group performs a similar function in
both languages. However, the grammatical means of expression are different.
In Uzbek, adverbs and grammatical suffixes play an important role. In English, adverbs
are also used along with adverbs. For example, when saying more beautiful, the comparative
degree is expressed. In Uzbek, this is expressed in the form of “more beautiful”. Also,
adjectives are formed differently from nouns. They can exist as independent lexical units.
Sometimes, adjectives are formed from other word classes. For example, the word “temir” is
actually a noun, but it is used as an adjective in the combination “temir eshik”. This case can be
an example of relative adjectives. Adjectives are divided into several groups according to their
types. These types are based on semantic and morphological criteria. In the Uzbek language,
adjectives are divided into possessive, relative and evaluative adjectives. Each group expresses
its own characteristics. Possessive adjectives express properties such as color, shape, size,
quality. Relative adjectives are used in conjunction with other nouns. Evaluative adjectives
express positive or negative relations. These categories also exist in part in English. However,
their grammatical expression is slightly different. In English, adjectives do not change in gender
or number. In the Uzbek language, the adjective agrees with the noun. For example, although
there is no gender difference in “good boy” and “good girl”, there may be a change in the plural.
Adjectives are grammatically graded. These are the superlative, comparative, and
superlative degrees. In English, there are forms such as big-bigger-biggest. In Uzbek, it is in the
form of бақ-бақтарақ-бақстарақ. These degrees indicate the relativity between objects. In
addition, adjectives are connected with other word groups in a sentence. They are connected
with nouns, verbs, and adverbs. Complex combinations are formed with adjectives. These
combinations increase the clarity and expressiveness of the text. The semantic function of
adjectives is enormous. They provide the figurativeness of the text. In Uzbek literature, images
are often enhanced through adjectives. For example, expressions such as “an old man with
white hair” and “a long-haired man” enliven the image. There are many similar figurative
expressions in English.
Linguists also study the role of adjectives in literary texts. This shows that adjectives have
not only grammatical, but also stylistic significance. Moreover, adjectives express feelings and
states. Words such as “happy”, “angry”, “emotional” prove this. Adjectives are a means of
creating images in the text. They express not only a fact, but also a relationship. Therefore,
adjectives are actively used in every language. The role of adjectives is important not only in
the language system, but also as a means of communication in society. People use adjectives to
clarify things in their communication with each other. Adjectives help to express information
clearly and intelligibly. Teachers, scientists, and lecturers widely use adjectives. In every
profession, in every field, adjectives are considered a necessary unit. Their place in the
grammatical system is clearly visible through this.
Adjectives are one of the important topics in learning English. Therefore, special attention
is paid to them in textbooks. This topic is also deeply studied in the grammar of the Uzbek
language. Students are taught the role and importance of adjectives. This increases their ability
to express their thoughts. In the framework of the article, adjectives are analyzed in depth.
Similarities and differences in the Uzbek and English languages are identified.
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page 1967
Words differ from each other in meaning and grammatical features. Some words can
express an independent meaning, while others can express a certain grammatical meaning only
in combination with external words. In this case, such words do not have a lexical meaning and
cannot be used independently. In the construction of a sentence, independent words are the
basis. They act as a certain part of the sentence, expressing both an independent lexical concept
and grammatical meaning, playing a key role in forming the full content of the sentence and
answering a certain question in the sentence. Therefore, words are divided into word groups,
taking into account their semantic, morphological, and syntactic features. If we consider
adjectives in word groups, then the group of words that express the characteristics of the subject
is called an adjective. An adjective is an answer to one of the questions: how? what?
As an adjective, it expresses the color of the object: white, red, blue; the shape: round, flat,
flat, triangle; the size: narrow, wide, big, small; the taste: sweet, sour, delicious; the
characteristic: ordinary, modest, wise, clever; the character: mean, stingy, stubborn, cheerful,
open-minded; the place and time express the attitude towards the time (summer, autumn, spring,
evening).
Since an adjective expresses a feature of a thing or event, it is always associated with a
noun in speech: a spacious room, a pleasant atmosphere, a blue lake. Adjectives have their own
morphological characteristics. An important morphological feature of an adjective is that it
compares and grades the feature of its subject with another feature of the subject. Therefore,
unlike other categories, adjectives have degree, diminutive, and intensifier forms. In addition,
adjectives also have a system of word-forming and form-forming suffixes.
Another word category is also a sign expression. However, an adjective is distinguished
by the expression of a stable and stable sign. For example, when a flower is red, it is a static
sign. When a flower is red, it is a dynamic sign. Adjectives act as qualifiers, determiners, and
sometimes as a participle or case. The category of the basis of an adjective is the degree
category. The degree category of adjectives exists in all languages with a derivation.
However, it is interpreted differently in different languages. However, the expressive content of
degrees comes from not expressing the relationship between the derivation of a derivation. For
example: short-kalta, cold-sovuq, light-yorug'. In a comparative degree, the characteristic of
one object is greater or less than the characteristic of another. For example: bigger, smaller.
The superlative degree indicates that one of the objects in a category is much more or less. For
example: shorter, biggest.
In both Uzbek and English, adjectives differ in their semantic properties. Thus, some
adjectives express the characteristic of the object directly, while others express the
characteristic by attributing it to another object, instead of to the subject. Accordingly,
adjectives are divided into two types in terms of meaning:
Original adjectives - adjectives that directly express the characteristic and have the ability
to qualify it. For example: го'зал-беаутифул, ширин-свеет.
Relative adjectives are adjectives that are not directly expressed by the sign, but are
expressed in relation to another concept and do not have the ability to show degree. In the
Uzbek language, relative adjectives are formed after special adjective suffixes: -li, -iу, (-viу), -
lik , -simоn, -gi, -ki, -qi, -daki suffixes are relative adjective suffixes.
The sign of the main and relative adjectives can be either strengthened or weakened.
Adjectives can show their character in degrees: good-good-very good (good-better-the best).
Adjectives that are formed with the suffixes of the relative adjective do not have the
characteristic of showing their character in degrees. Adjectives can sometimes be attached to a
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ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
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Journal:
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page 1968
verb along with being attached to a noun. For example: in those days-we were old back then.
Relative adjectives are not attached to a verb.
In English, adjectives are divided into different categories according to the function they
perform when used in a sentence. There are the following types of adjectives:
1. Possessive adjectives
2. Interrogative adjectives
3. Demonstrative adjectives
4. Additional adjectives
Possessive adjectives, like possessive pronouns, are used to show ownership. For example:
mу, уоur, his, hеr, thеir, its, whоsе (mеning, sizning, uning, ularning, uning, kimning)
Demonstrative adjectives are mainly used to express the position of a subject (a noun or
pronoun) in the past tense. This, that, these and those (bu, o'sha, bular va o'shalar) are
demonstrative adjectives in English.
Compound adjectives are two or more adjectives that, when combined, form an adjective
that modifies the subject and together act as an adjective. They are usually joined by a hyphen
(-). For example: well-known, He is a well-known actress, He has a part-time job, He has a
high-quality job. We produce high-quality goods, open-minded.
If we talk about the structural types of adjectives in the Uzbek language, they are simple
basic adjectives, which do not contain word-forming suffixes: green, red, good.
The adjective phrase is an integral and important part of any language system. It ensures
the clarity and expressiveness of speech by expressing the characteristics and properties of the
subject. The analysis conducted in this article shows that adjectives in Uzbek and English have
their own grammatical and semantic features, and in both languages their function in
speech - as determiners - plays a leading role. In Uzbek, adjectives are graded by suffixes, can
be derived from other word classes, and have high adaptability in adapting to the context, while
adjectives in English have stable forms and are used mainly in the attributive and predicative
cases. Their degrees are expressed by means of –er/–est or more/most. Both languages
allow for a wide range of features to be expressed through the division of adjectives into
different semantic groups. Comparative analysis of adjectives has shown great practical
importance in identifying commonalities and differences between the grammars of two
languages, in translation practice and linguodidactical processes.
In general, adjectives play an important role in the language system not only as
grammatical units, but also in the expressive, emotional and stylistic aspects of speech. Their
in-depth analysis provides a solid basis for research in linguistics.
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ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
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page 1969
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