Current Issue
Vol. 1 No. 7 (2025): International Journal of Artificial Intelligence
Published:
04-08-2025
Articles
3-6
69
16
TYPOLOGY OF PROVERBS WITH NUMERICAL COMPONENTS IN THE FRENCH AND GERMAN LANGUAGES
This article investigates the typology of proverbs containing numerical elements in the French and German languages. It demonstrates that numbers in such proverbs function not only as quantitative markers but also as symbolic, axiological, and cognitivesemantic units. French proverbs draw on Catholic traditions and rich metaphorical imagery, whereas German proverbs reflect moral order, social hierarchy, and practical reasoning. The study shows how numerical proverbs encode collective consciousness, cultural norms, and nationspecific patterns of thought through structured linguistic models
7-11
68
21
CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN SCHOOLS: HR AND COUNSELOR STRATEGIES FOR A HARMONIOUS ENVIRONMENT
The Presidential School in Nurafshon exemplifies effective conflict resolution through the collaborative efforts of Human Resources (HR) and school counselors, fostering a harmonious environment conducive to student success and staff well-being. This article explores how HR’s structured policies, including a revised staff code of conduct, Safer Recruitment Policy, and professional development programs, complement counselors’ empathetic interventions, such as social-emotional learning (SEL), peer mediation, and anti-bullying initiatives. By aligning administrative frameworks with emotional support, Nurafshon PS transforms conflicts into opportunities for growth, enhancing academic outcomes, staff morale, and community trust while equipping students with lifelong conflict resolution skills.
12-13
58
17
MODERN APPROACHES TO TEACHING AND EDUCATION IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
This thesis explores modern approaches in the theory and methodology of teaching and education at the primary level. Special attention is given to learner-centered instruction, integration of digital tools, and the role of moral and social upbringing in early childhood education. The paper highlights effective strategies to improve learning outcomes and foster holistic development of young learners.
14-19
48
8
METHODS FOR ADAPTING LEXICAL UNITS TO THE LEARNER'S LEVEL IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION (ZIPF-PARETO FRACTAL METHOD)
This article examines methods for adapting lexical units to the learner's level in the process of language acquisition, in particular the Zipf-Pareto fractal method. The authors describe the basic principles of this method and analyze the ordering of language elements based on their frequency of use and efficiency. The article reveals the importance of mastering the most frequently used words first in increasing the efficiency of language learning using Zipf's law. It is also shown that in the process of learning based on the Pareto principle, a large part of the language understanding is covered through a small part of the lexical units. The fractal approach, on the other hand, provides an opportunity to optimize learning by taking into account the repetition and mutual similarities in the structure of the language. The article reasonably shows that these approaches together are important in adapting lexical units to the learner's level and increasing the efficiency of learning. As a result, the article explores the prospects for using the Zipf-Pareto fractal method to optimize the language learning process and save resources.
20-23
38
10
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DEVELOPING ENGLISH READING SKILLS BASED ON PSYCHOPEDAGOGICAL APPROACH
This paper explores the significance of developing English reading skills through a psychopedagogical approach. Recognizing reading as a central skill in language acquisition, the study combines psychological and pedagogical frameworks to examine how learners can be supported in enhancing their reading abilities. Through a critical review of theoretical models, practical strategies, and empirical studies, the paper argues for an integrative methodology that considers motivation, cognitive development, learner autonomy, and socio-emotional factors. The findings indicate that psychopedagogical interventions contribute positively to both reading comprehension and learner engagement, particularly among EFL learners in secondary and tertiary settings. The study concludes with pedagogical implications and recommendations for further research in this interdisciplinary domain.
24-28
37
23
LEVERAGING UNPLANNED LEARNING MOMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
This article examines the role of unplanned learning moments in language development, analyzing how spontaneous educational opportunities contribute to effective language acquisition. The findings suggest that unplanned learning moments, when properly recognized and utilized, significantly complement formal language instruction and provide authentic contexts for language use. The study emphasizes the importance of educator awareness and adaptability in maximizing these spontaneous learning opportunities for optimal language development outcomes.
29-30
37
16
THE ENERGY SPECTRUM OF CHARGE CARRIERS IN IDEAL CRYSTALS
In solid-state physics, understanding how electrons and holes—collectively called charge carriers—behave inside crystalline materials is essential for explaining many of their physical properties. These properties include electrical conductivity, optical absorption, and heat transfer. One of the most fundamental concepts used to describe charge carrier behavior is the energy spectrum, which defines the set of possible energy levels that these particles can occupy. In ideal crystals, this spectrum takes on a clear and regular structure, allowing scientists to analyze materials with precision.
31-33
39
6
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF PRESCHOOL PEDAGOGY IN EDUCATING A HARMONIOUSLY DEVELOPED PERSON
This article examines the essential role of preschool pedagogy in educating a harmoniously developed person. It addresses psychological and age-related characteristics of preschool children, the interdisciplinary nature of pedagogy, and the importance of practical activity in cognitive development. The study emphasizes the influence of modern technologies and reforms in Uzbekistan's preschool education system and considers competence, knowledge, and skills as key outcomes of early education.
34-37
31
15
ELIMINATING FACTORS THAT CAUSE DEFECTS IN THE STORAGE OF RAW SILK
The research conducted shows that in recent years, the sericulture industry, including the processes from silkworm farming to the production of silk products, and the equipment used in these processes, have been improving. Currently, to ensure the continuous operation of sericulture enterprises, silkworms are stored in the warehouses of silkworm breeding enterprises. Although this may seem like a simple situation, it is of great technological significance. This is because during storage, the silkworms are exposed to environmental factors, metrological conditions, various pests, and other factors, leading to the disruption of the structure of the silkworm layers, damage to the silk layers, and the aging of sericin. Experiments have shown that when the storage period exceeds 11-12 months, raw silk yield decreases by 6.5%, the silk's flexibility decreases by 7.1%, and as a result, during the spinning process, the loss in output increases by 1.6%, while the recovery rate increases by 1.3%.
38-45
34
17
THE ROLE AND IMPACT OF ISLAMIC FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS IN POVERTY REDUCTION IN UZBEKISTAN
This scientific paper explores the role and impact of Islamic financial instruments in poverty reduction efforts in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study is based on the core principles of the Islamic financial system — interest-free financing, risk-sharing, social justice, and equality in ownership. Key instruments such as zakat, sadaqah, qard al-hasan, mudarabah, musharakah, and ijarah are analyzed for their potential in promoting economic and social stability. The research also evaluates the current state of Islamic finance infrastructure and legal frameworks in Uzbekistan, existing practices, challenges, and development prospects. Special attention is given to the opportunities for supporting vulnerable social groups, promoting small businesses, and enhancing financial inclusion through Islamic mechanisms. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for the effective integration of Islamic finance tools in the national poverty alleviation strategy.
46-48
36
11
STRATEGIES FOR SUPPORTING SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH GREEN FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
This article covers the current aspects of achieving economic and environmental sustainability through green financial instruments. The strategic basis for the use of financial instruments to prevent climate change and rational use of resources is analyzed. Based on the experience of Uzbekistan, the current state and prospects of green finance are discussed, existing problems and proposals for their elimination are put forward.
49-60
29
13
PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OVARIAN TUMORS
Ovarian tumors represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with diverse pathomorphological characteristics that significantly impact diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decisions. Understanding the detailed morphological features is crucial for accurate classification and optimal patient management. To analyze the pathomorphological characteristics of ovarian tumors, examine their distribution patterns, and correlate morphological features with clinical outcomes. A retrospective analysis of 847 ovarian tumor cases was conducted over a 5-year period, examining histopathological features, immunohistochemical profiles, and clinical correlations. Epithelial tumors comprised 75.2% of cases, followed by sex cord-stromal tumors (12.8%) and germ cell tumors (8.1%). Serous carcinomas showed the highest grade of nuclear atypia and mitotic activity, while mucinous tumors demonstrated characteristic intestinal-type epithelium in 68% of cases
61-67
41
18
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NATIVE AND BORROWED LAYERS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LEXICAL SYSTEMS BASED ON LEARNER'S EXPLANATORY DICTIONARIES
This article presents a comparative analysis of the native (indigenous) and borrowed (foreign origin) lexical layers in the lexical systems of English and Uzbek languages, based on explanatory learner’s dictionaries. The dictionaries selected as research material systematically analyze the origin, meaning, and structure of both native and borrowed lexical elements in the vocabulary of the two languages. The findings provide an in-depth understanding of the similarities and differences in the lexical structures of English and Uzbek. Additionally, the study highlights the cultural and historical significance of these lexical layers and their role in the development of language. The comparative analysis of these layers is of great importance for linguistic theory and language education. The study examines the features of native and borrowed lexical components based on learner’s explanatory dictionaries of English and Uzbek.
61-67
39
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NATIVE AND BORROWED LAYERS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LEXICAL SYSTEMS BASED ON LEARNER'S EXPLANATORY DICTIONARIES
This article presents a comparative analysis of the native (indigenous) and borrowed (foreign origin) lexical layers in the lexical systems of English and Uzbek languages, based on explanatory learner’s dictionaries. The dictionaries selected as research material systematically analyze the origin, meaning, and structure of both native and borrowed lexical elements in the vocabulary of the two languages. The findings provide an in-depth understanding of the similarities and differences in the lexical structures of English and Uzbek. Additionally, the study highlights the cultural and historical significance of these lexical layers and their role in the development of language. The comparative analysis of these layers is of great importance for linguistic theory and language education. The study examines the features of native and borrowed lexical components based on learner’s explanatory dictionaries of English and Uzbek.
68-73
66
21
PARALLELIZATION OF FAST HAAR TRANSFORM ALGORITHMS ON DUAL-CORE SPECIALIZED PROCESSORS
This article addresses the issue of parallelizing digital signal processing methods based on the Haar transform using Andrews' algorithm on dual-core specialized processors. The study develops mechanisms for parallel execution of the fast Haar transform algorithm by effectively utilizing the hierarchical memory model, DMA controller, and core architecture of the Blackfin ADSP-BF561 processor. Algorithmic experiments were conducted in C++ using the VisualDSP++ platform, based on block-polynomial basis functions (constant, linear, quadratic). Practical tests compared performance between the single-core ADSP-BF533 and dual-core ADSP-BF561 processors, achieving speed-up coefficients ranging from 1.14 to 1.80. The results demonstrate that multi-core computing significantly improves signal processing efficiency and reduces processing time.
74-77
38
13
MODERN APPROACHES TO TEACHING READING SKILLS
This article examines the significance of texts in the process of teaching foreign languages to students of non-philological specializations. It emphasizes that texts serve not only as linguistic material but also as an effective pedagogical tool that helps develop students’ professional and communicative competence. The study explores how authentic and professionally-oriented texts contribute to students’ mastery of specialized terminology, grammatical structures, and reading strategies necessary for understanding field-specific content. The paper also discusses the psychological and cognitive aspects of text perception, highlighting the importance of motivation, background knowledge, and interest in effective foreign language learning. Special attention is given to selecting texts that meet students’ academic needs, age, and specialization to foster meaningful and goal-oriented language acquisition.
78-82
74
15
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND ITS INTEGRATION INTO PRIMARY SCHOOL LESSONS
This article explores the integration of environmental education into primary school lessons and its role in shaping students’ ecological awareness from an early age. Environmental education is essential in cultivating responsible attitudes and sustainable behaviors in young learners. The study investigates how eco-consciousness can be effectively developed through various subjects such as science, literature, art, and practical activities. The research is based on classroom observations, teacher interviews, and analysis of environmental projects in primary schools, aiming to highlight successful strategies and outcomes of integrated ecological education.
83-86
45
27
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORMS IN SHAPING THE FUTURE OF NEW UZBEKISTAN
This article explores the critical role of public administration reforms in the transformation of New Uzbekistan. In recent years, the government has launched comprehensive modernization efforts aimed at building an efficient, transparent, and citizen-oriented administrative system. These reforms are vital to strengthening democratic institutions, improving public service delivery, and ensuring inclusive development. The paper analyzes the structure, goals, and expected outcomes of these reforms while considering their broader social, political, and economic impact. It also highlights the importance of digitalization, decentralization, meritocracy, and civic engagement in shaping a responsive public administration aligned with global best practices.
87-89
59
14
APPLICATION OF COLD PLASMA TECHNOLOGY FOR MICROBIAL DECONTAMINATION IN FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION
Cold plasma (CP) technology is emerging as a novel non-thermal technique for ensuring microbial safety and extending the shelf life of various food products. This article explores the application of cold plasma in food processing, especially focusing on microbial decontamination without compromising the nutritional and sensory qualities of food. Drawing from academic research and practical applications, this paper discusses the mechanisms, efficacy, and limitations of cold plasma treatment and its integration into post-harvest handling, packaging, and storage practices.
90-95
70
17
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE TRANSLATION OF FOLKLORE WORKS
This article analyzes the fact that peoples have their own principles and methods of translating folklore samples, reflecting their national lifestyle, religious views, customs and traditions, and their own linguistic laws. It is important to prove this in order to identify and solve the problems of artistic translation of folklore works, as well as to determine their scientific and theoretical foundations.
96-99
30
15
THE ROLE OF DIDACTIC MATERIALS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
This article explores the critical role of didactic materials in the development of professional competencies among medical students specializing in infectious diseases. The study emphasizes the effectiveness of structured didactic resources such as algorithms, clinical cases, simulation technologies, and digital platforms in improving students’ diagnostic competence, clinical forecasting skills, and evidence-based therapeutic decision-making. By integrating innovative pedagogical tools with traditional learning methods, medical education can more effectively prepare future physicians for the complexities of diagnosing and managing infectious diseases. This approach not only enhances clinical reasoning and analytical thinking but also fosters reflective learning, professional responsibility, and interdisciplinary collaboration, which are essential for modern medical practice.
100-102
29
12
TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRAINING STUDENTS’ CLINICAL THINKING THROUGH THE DISCIPLINE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
This article explores innovative technologies for training medical students in clinical thinking through the study of infectious diseases. The proposed approach integrates simulation-based learning, case-based methods, digital tools, and the VAK (Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic) model to develop diagnostic reasoning, decision-making, and professional competence.
103-105
29
9
POSSIBILITIES OF USING PEDAGOGICAL TOOLS IN DEVELOPING STUDENTS' PRACTICAL AND CLINICAL COMPETENCIES
This article examines the possibilities of using pedagogical tools to develop practical and clinical competencies among medical students. Modern medical education requires innovative teaching methods such as simulation-based learning, case studies, interactive technologies, and competency-based approaches.
106-108
34
15
STAGES OF DETERMINING THE DIAGNOSTIC COMPETENCE OF A FUTURE DOCTOR BASED ON THE STUDY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
This article explores the pedagogical potential of the Diagnostic Divergence (DD) model as a tool for developing diagnostic competence among medical students. The DD model emphasizes the process of comparing and contrasting multiple differential diagnoses through critical analysis of clinical presentations.
109-112
46
17
THE ROLE AND PROSPECTS OF DIGITALIZED MONITORING MECHANISMS IN UZBEKISTAN’S INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT.
This article examines the evolving role of digitalized monitoring mechanisms in shaping a transparent and efficient investment environment in Uzbekistan. As the country intensifies its efforts to attract both domestic and foreign investments, the need for robust digital oversight systems has become increasingly urgent. The study explores how digital monitoring platforms contribute to improving investment governance, reducing administrative burdens, and enhancing investor trust. It also analyzes the current limitations of existing systems and highlights the institutional and technological gaps that must be addressed to achieve full integration. Drawing on international case studies and comparative analysis, the paper proposes a context-specific digital framework suited to Uzbekistan’s socio-economic landscape, outlining its potential to strengthen regulatory efficiency and long-term investment sustainability.
113-114
45
17
THE USE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE TREATMENT OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES
This article explores the relevance of using medicinal plants in the treatment of upper respiratory tract diseases, emphasizing their place in both traditional and modern medicine. The pharmacological effects of the biologically active compounds in these plants, their therapeutic benefits, and precautions are thoroughly discussed. The article particularly analyzes several widely used medicinal plants in Uzbek folk medicine, presenting practical applications for respiratory health.
115-118
47
8
TRENDS AND CHALLENGES IN AGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
This article examines the dynamics of agribusiness development in Uzbekistan, with a specific focus on the Republic of Karakalpakstan, over the period 2019–2024. Using official statistical data, it evaluates gross agricultural output trends, highlights regional disparities, and provides policy recommendations based on both domestic performance and relevant foreign experience. The results reveal a consistent upward trajectory in agricultural production, driven by structural reforms, targeted investments, and technological modernization.
119-122
38
8
SEMIOTIC APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION OF A BRAND IMAGE IN SOCIAL NETWORKS
This article will analyze how semiotic strategies differ on social media platforms, as well as how meaning is conveyed through symbols and signs. It will examine the specific semiotic features of platforms such as Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn, and Twitter (X), showing how they have used different approaches in the context of brands (Starbucks, Adidas). The article will also explore the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in developing and optimizing semiotic strategies.
123-126
33
20
INNOVATIVE WAYS TO DEVELOP LEADERSHIP COMPETENCIES IN GENERAL EDUCATION INSTITUTION LEADERS
This article examines contemporary approaches to developing leadership competencies among general education institution leaders. Based on literature analysis, innovative methods and strategies for enhancing educational leaders' leadership capabilities are analyzed. The study explores modern approaches such as transformational leadership, digital leadership, and collaborative leadership. The results indicate that comprehensive development of leadership competencies is essential for improving educational quality and ensuring institutional effectiveness.
127-133
62
35
FEATURES OF THE LEASE AGREEMENT FOR INDIVIDUAL HOUSING AND HOUSING IN THE STATE HOUSING FUND
Today, one can say that having housing is one of the main goals of every person throughout their life. In such a period, when housing prices are rising, some citizens prefer to live in rented housing. However, not everyone can afford to rent a house. In such cases, citizens appeal to the state. In this case, citizens will receive special benefits. By applying for special housing subsidies, citizens can receive housing at a preferential price. Applications are accepted directly or electronically through my.gov.uz and the Public Services Center. Other housing is provided on the basis of a general housing agreement. Such contracts are regulated by the Civil Code and the Housing Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. You can get complete information about this by reading this article, and there is an opportunity to familiarize yourself with the information written by scientists of the Russian Federation on this type of contract. In addition, you will get detailed information about the subjects of the two types of contracts, their characteristics, terms, and prices.
134-136
57
8
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF PAREMIOLOGICAL UNITS IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
This article examines the specific features of paremiological units in the English and Uzbek languages, highlighting their linguistic, cultural, and pragmatic aspects. The study focuses on the structural, semantic, and functional peculiarities of proverbs and sayings as reflections of the worldview and cultural heritage of both nations. Comparative analysis is used to identify similarities and differences in form, meaning, and usage patterns, taking into account historical development and socio-cultural factors. The research also explores the role of paremiological units in intercultural communication, as well as their significance in language teaching and translation practice. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the interrelation between language and culture, enriching paremiological studies and fostering better cross-cultural awareness.
137-140
42
15
HISTORICAL THINKING THROUGH THEATRICAL ELEMENTS: AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH FOR FUTURE TEACHERS
This article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of developing the historical thinking of future teachers through the use of elements of theater pedagogy. The importance of theatrical lessons, dramatic play, role-playing and interactive staging as innovative methods in history is analyzed. The study reveals the influence of personal participation, emotional experience and creative expression on the acquisition of historical knowledge.
141-142
36
3
STUDYING ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS USING THE EXAMPLE OF INTERSECTIONS
In this article, due to violations of the normal movement mode of vehicles on highways, city streets and squares, people are killed, injured, as well as damage to vehicles and their loads, damage to artificial structures on the road. or accidents causing other types of material damage are called traffic accidents.
143-145
28
4
DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLECT IN ADOLESCENCE AND ITS ROLE IN CAREER CHOICE
This article highlights the processes of developing emotional intelligence in adolescence and its role in career choices. According to the results of a study conducted among 9th and 11th-grade students, a comparative analysis of the indicators of emotional intelligence and professional orientations characteristic of age groups was conducted.
146-147
87
10
THE ROLE OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND THEORY IN FORMING MARKET EQUILIBRIUM
This article analyzes the importance of the theory of supply and demand in the formation of market equilibrium. The interaction of the laws of supply and demand, the formation of equilibrium price and quantity, the concepts of short- and long-term equilibrium and elasticity are covered based on Shodmanov's textbook "Theory of Economics". Also, using modern economic literature and Internet resources, it is shown how the functioning of the market mechanism, real examples and the impact of state regulatory policy on market equilibrium are shown. The results of the research are of practical importance in ensuring economic stability and understanding market processes.
148-153
41
13
DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATION IN STUDENTS AS A PEDAGOGICAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON
Today, in our country, the problems of creating the necessary conditions for students to perfectly learn foreign languages, to express themselves in all areas with knowledge of a foreign language, to develop their oral and written speech in a foreign language are being put forward. As is known, the solution of these problems is directly related to the process of socialization of a person. Based on the psychological and pedagogical category, this concept is a process that expresses the degree of exposure to the influence of the external social environment surrounding a person, the ability to master communication, the tendency to master its norms and rules, and the degree of mastery. The general meaning of this concept is that a person is born and grows up under the influence of the external environment that directly surrounds him, is brought up in this society, this environment. In a narrow sense, socialization is a process that explains the entry of a person into the social environment, his assimilation into it, his acceptance of the norms of the external social environment and whether he complies with them or not. In the process of socialization, a person learns social norms in society, learns to fulfill various roles, develops skills for behaving in public, and chooses interesting and beneficial communication methods for himself. In this sense, the socialization of a person is based on his knowledge, understanding, and living in social existence.
154-158
34
16
ELECTRICAL DEVICES OF SOLAR POWER PLANTS
The rapid transition to renewable energy has placed solar power at the forefront of sustainable electricity generation. Among the critical elements of solar power plants are the electrical devices that convert, manage, distribute, and protect the generated energy. These devices form the backbone of solar power infrastructure, ensuring that solar energy is not only harvested efficiently but also delivered to end-users with safety, reliability, and quality. This abstract explores in detail the various electrical devices employed in solar photovoltaic (PV) power plants, their technical characteristics, functions, operational roles, and integration within the wider electrical grid.
159-163
40
11
THE PLACE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF INCOMPLETE SENTENCES AND WORDS IN A LITERATURE TEXT
This article comprehensively analyzes the linguistic, semantic-structural and stylistic properties of phrases and incomplete sentences in Russian linguistics. Phrases appear as independent predicative units in the speech process, morphologically invariable, often formed on the basis of modal words, exclamations and short response units. Incomplete sentences, despite the fact that they are syntactically devoid of some parts, are interpreted as sentences that are fully understood through the general speech situation and context. The article covers the theoretical interpretations of these units, the opinions of world and Russian linguists about them, and the features of their use in practical speech. The role of phrases and incomplete sentences in ensuring the expressiveness, conciseness and liveliness of speech is also substantiated.
164-167
26
13
PECULIARITIES OF TEACHING ENGLISH TO UNIVERSITY STUDENTS BASED ON PEDAGOGICAL FACILITATION
This article explores the core aspects and pedagogical advantages of applying facilitation in English language teaching at the university level. Pedagogical facilitation, as a learner-centered approach, enhances student engagement, autonomy, and communication through interactive and reflective learning environments. The study examines how facilitation methods influence English language acquisition, increase learner motivation, and foster soft skills in the context of higher education. Current trends in digital facilitation, blended learning, and communicative approaches are also analyzed to provide a comprehensive perspective on modern English teaching practices.
168-174
42
13
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CAPABILITIES IN THE COACHING PROCESS (PERSONALIZATION, ADAPTIVE LEARNING)
This article analyzes the possibilities of using artificial intelligence (AI) in the mentoring process for personalization and adaptive learning. In the modern educational environment, an individual approach and comprehensive development of learners are of great importance. AI technologies assist mentors in tailoring the learning process to the abilities and needs of students. The study examines methods for delivering AI-based personalized learning materials and adapting the teaching process in real time. The results indicate that artificial intelligence is a crucial tool for enhancing the effectiveness of mentoring, as well as increasing student engagement and motivation. At the same time, pedagogical and ethical aspects of technology use must be taken into consideration.
175-179
38
11
SELECTING CRYPTOGRAPHIC SIGNATURE ALGORITHMS TO ENSURE SMART CONTRACT SECURITY
Blockchain platforms based on smart contracts rely on cryptographic signature algorithms to verify user actions and provide protection against malicious attacks. Selecting the right algorithm is one of the most important factors in ensuring smart contract security, as cryptography is constantly evolving and new technologies may affect the reliability of existing algorithms. In particular, the development of quantum computers poses a threat to widely used digital signature protocols. This paper proposes a flexible approach to selecting cryptographic signature algorithms to ensure the security of smart contracts. The approach involves managing algorithms and their parameters through special smart contracts deployed on the blockchain ledger, enabling the rapid introduction of new, secure signature methods or the deprecation of outdated ones. This method increases the adaptability of the blockchain to technological advancements, facilitates the adoption of post-quantum signature algorithms, and eliminates the fork problem that often arises during updates. The proposed approach is effective for real-world applications, including industry, complex supply chains, and IoT devices.
180-184
43
11
PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION AND TRANSPIRATION INDICES OF TREES AND SHRUBS IN THE WALNUT FORESTS OF THE WESTERN TIEN SHAN
This article studies the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and transpiration processes of various tree and shrub species in nut-bearing forests of the Western Tien Shan mountain range. The study analyzed the influence of climate, soil and microclimate factors on plant water exchange and photosynthesis processes. The results showed that light intensity and leaf temperature activate the transpiration process, while relative humidity of the air slows it down. It was noted that high temperature and low soil moisture negatively affected the development of seedlings. The results of the study are important as a scientific basis for ensuring the stability of forest ecosystems in mountainous areas and managing natural regeneration processes.
185-188
36
5
PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING
This article explores the various challenges encountered in the field of foreign language teaching and proposes effective strategies to address them. It begins by identifying common issues such as student motivation, varying proficiency levels, cultural differences, and resource limitations. The author emphasizes the importance of creating an engaging learning environment that fosters enthusiasm and interest in the language being taught.
189-192
17
7
COMPOUND SENTENCE WITH A RESULTING VERB
This article explains general information about compound sentences with a consequent clause, their difference from other compound sentences, the means that connect the consequent clause to the main clause, the views of several scholars on this type of compound sentence, and the types of complex syntactic devices and examples thereof.
193-195
30
3
FOSTERING LINGUISTIC SKILLS IN LEARNERS VIA VR AND AR INTEGRATION
The emergence of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies has opened up new possibilities in modern education, particularly in language learning. This paper examines how integrating VR and AR can foster linguistic skills among learners by creating immersive, interactive, and authentic environments. By simulating real-life communication scenarios and enhancing context-based language exposure, these technologies provide learners with dynamic opportunities to develop core language competencies. The study explores the pedagogical advantages, technological challenges, and long-term potential of using VR and AR as tools to support language acquisition. Findings suggest that immersive technologies can significantly improve students’ engagement, motivation, and practical use of language in educational settings.
196-199
53
17
THE APPLICATION OF PROJECTIVE GEOMETRY IN ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY PROBLEMS
This article examines the role of projective geometry in solving elementary geometry problems. Projective geometry, a branch of mathematics focusing on properties invariant under projection, provides powerful tools and perspectives that simplify and generalize classical geometric constructions and proofs. By extending the Euclidean plane to include points at infinity and employing concepts such as cross-ratio and harmonic division, projective methods enable elegant solutions to problems involving collinearity, concurrency, and incidence relations. The paper illustrates key projective geometry principles and demonstrates their applications through typical elementary geometry problems, highlighting how projective approaches can unify and enrich traditional Euclidean techniques. This study aims to enhance the understanding and problem-solving skills of students and educators in geometry.
200-205
47
13
DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’ SPEECH COMPETENCE THROUGH AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF A. MUKHTAR’S STORY “LIGHTNING AT THE EDGE OF THE RAVINE”
This article highlights the issue of developing students' speech competence through the use of innovative approaches in the process of teaching A. Mukhtar’s story “Lightning at the Edge of the Ravine”. The study shows ways to organize the lesson process based on interactive methods, modern pedagogical technologies, and digital resources. Factors influencing the development of students' speech competence and performance indicators are also analyzed. The article is written based on international IMRAD requirements and is enriched with practical recommendations.
204-208
53
7
THE OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF THE RADIATOR IS JUSTIFIED THEORETICALLY WITH AI
This article analyzes the operating principle of radiators from motor vehicles and its theoretical foundations. thermal processes, radiator production and operation, and heat dissipation mechanisms under various conditions are described. Thermal power through radiators, their scientific fields and technical parameters. based on thermal power, the efficiency of the radiator is highlighted.
209-212
35
12
ANALYSIS OF WAYS TO REDUCE THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF CARS ON THE ENVIRONMENT USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
This article presents the results of scientific and practical work on the harmful effects and consequences of toxic gases emitted by internal combustion engine cars and vehicles on human health, animal and plant life, and the environment. In addition, every year many people suffer from diseases associated with exhaust and gases emitted by cars, as well as their noise. Today, this process has a negative impact on every country in the world. Unfortunately, such changes have little effect in Uzbekistan.
213-216
38
6
ANALYSIS OF TRACTORS USED WITH FEED HARVESTING MACHINES WITH AI(ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)
This paper presents an analysis of tractors used in combination with feed harvesting machines, enhanced by artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The study explores how AI integration improves the operational efficiency, fuel consumption, and overall performance of tractor-harvester aggregates. By utilizing AI-driven data analytics and predictive maintenance, tractors can optimize their functions to adapt to varying field conditions, reduce downtime, and increase productivity. Additionally, AI-based control systems enable precise coordination between tractors and harvesting machines, resulting in smoother operation and minimized crop loss. The research also highlights the environmental benefits of AI-assisted machinery through better fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. The findings suggest that implementing AI in agricultural machinery significantly enhances the sustainability and effectiveness of feed harvesting operations, offering valuable insights for modern farming practices.
217-221
33
16
NECESSITY OF DEVELOPING HUMANISM IN STUDENTS
This article examines the necessity of developing humanism among students from scientific and pedagogical perspectives. It highlights the importance of fostering social-emotional competencies, the role of humanism in modern education, and effective methods based on international practice. A survey conducted among university students revealed that the levels of empathy, tolerance, and cooperation remain moderate. Based on the findings, recommendations are proposed to strengthen humanistic education within Uzbekistan’s higher education system.
222-224
46
18
POLYSEMY IN TOURISM-RELATED TERMINOLOGY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
This article explores the phenomenon of polysemy within tourism-related terminology in both English and Uzbek languages. Polysemy, the coexistence of multiple meanings within a single term, plays a significant role in the development and understanding of specialized vocabulary in the field of tourism. Through a comparative linguistic analysis, the study identifies common polysemous terms, examines their semantic variations, and highlights the implications for translation and communication between English and Uzbek speakers. The findings contribute to improving terminology management and enhancing cross-cultural understanding in tourism discourse.
225-228
36
11
PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPING URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT SYSTEMS AND THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
This article highlights the main problems in the development of urban passenger transport systems and the role of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in their solution. AI-based systems play an important role in traffic flow management, traffic congestion reduction, traffic speed increase, and passenger flow analysis. The article also analyzes how AI increases the efficiency of the urban transport system through functions such as real-time data processing, route optimization, and service quality monitoring. As a result, the possibilities of sustainable and intelligent management of urban transport infrastructure using AI technologies are shown.
217-221
36
12
NECESSITY OF DEVELOPING HUMANISM IN STUDENTS
This article examines the necessity of developing humanism among students from scientific and pedagogical perspectives. It highlights the importance of fostering social-emotional competencies, the role of humanism in modern education, and effective methods based on international practice. A survey conducted among university students revealed that the levels of empathy, tolerance, and cooperation remain moderate. Based on the findings, recommendations are proposed to strengthen humanistic education within Uzbekistan’s higher education system.
222-224
37
15
POLYSEMY IN TOURISM-RELATED TERMINOLOGY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
This article explores the phenomenon of polysemy within tourism-related terminology in both English and Uzbek languages. Polysemy, the coexistence of multiple meanings within a single term, plays a significant role in the development and understanding of specialized vocabulary in the field of tourism. Through a comparative linguistic analysis, the study identifies common polysemous terms, examines their semantic variations, and highlights the implications for translation and communication between English and Uzbek speakers. The findings contribute to improving terminology management and enhancing cross-cultural understanding in tourism discourse.
225-228
34
13
PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPING URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT SYSTEMS AND THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
This article highlights the main problems in the development of urban passenger transport systems and the role of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in their solution. AI-based systems play an important role in traffic flow management, traffic congestion reduction, traffic speed increase, and passenger flow analysis. The article also analyzes how AI increases the efficiency of the urban transport system through functions such as real-time data processing, route optimization, and service quality monitoring. As a result, the possibilities of sustainable and intelligent management of urban transport infrastructure using AI technologies are shown.
229-231
43
12
LANGUAGE AND CULTURE: THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE AS AN EXPRESSION OF NATIONAL THINKING
this article provides a comprehensive and expanded analysis of the close and intrinsic relationship between language and culture, particularly focusing on the role of language in shaping and reflecting national thought. It argues that language is not only a tool for communication but a sophisticated cultural mechanism that reflects the collective identity, values, and worldview of a people. By drawing upon linguistic, sociolinguistic, and cultural studies, the paper explores how national identity is preserved and transmitted through language. It also considers how globalization poses challenges and opportunities for the protection and development of national languages.
232-234
30
16
ANALYSIS OF ENERGY SOURCES USED IN AUTOMOTIVE TRANSPORT WITH AI
This analysis explores the various energy sources used in automotive transport, focusing on gasoline, diesel, electricity, hydrogen, and biofuels. Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a crucial role in optimizing energy efficiency, predicting vehicle performance, and enhancing sustainability. By using AI-driven models, researchers and engineers can assess environmental impacts, forecast energy demands, and develop smart mobility solutions. The integration of AI with automotive systems also enables real-time monitoring and adaptive energy management. This synergy between AI and alternative energy sources is essential for advancing cleaner, more efficient transportation. The study aims to guide future innovation in energy usage and vehicle technologies.
235-237
35
10
MOTOR TRANSPORT TO AGGREGATES TECHNICIAN SERVICE SHOW AND REPAIR IMPROVEMENT MAIN DIRECTIONS
This in the article Far In the North car to units technician service show and repair improvement main directions analysis We are far away . In the North to cars relatively irresponsible and irresponsible technician service to show positive and negative sides we evaluate and technician service to show collection methods to practice current to grow issues seeing Let's go out .
238-243
46
9
THE CONCEPT OF SENTENCING FOR MULTIPLE CONVICTIONS IN CRIMINAL LAW
The state policy implemented in the criminal legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan is primarily aimed at the fair protection of the interests of each person on the basis of the law. This scientific article provides information on the concept of imposing punishment for multiple convictions in criminal law. In addition, the article describes a number of legal reforms carried out in the field of criminal legislation after the independence years.
244-251
43
20
SYNTHESIS OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS BASED ON ETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN AND THEIR MODIFICATION WITH CHITOSAN
A quaternary ammonium salt was synthesized based on ethylene chlorohydrin. Alternative reaction conditions were studied to optimize the synthesis process. The resulting quaternary ammonium salt was subsequently reacted with chitosan. Given the inherently high biological activity of chitosan, its conversion into a quaternized, positively charged form was found to further enhance its bioactivity. The synthesized compounds were analyzed using physicochemical methods, including IR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The obtained data confirmed the successful formation of the quaternary ammonium chitosan derivative.
252-259
49
11
WAYS TO INCREASE PROJECT EFFICIENCY THROUGH HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT
The article analyzes the structural elements of human capital and their impact on project efficiency, identifies existing problems and proposes effective solutions. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the systematic study of the relationship between project management and human capital, and also provides recommendations for its implementation in real practice in the modern conditions of the economy of Uzbekistan.
260-261
43
12
ETHNOGRAPHISMS AS CULTURAL MARKERS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
Ethnographisms, as linguistic reflections of cultural artifacts, traditions, and social norms, play a significant role in shaping national mentality. This study investigates how ethnographisms contribute to the formation and preservation of collective cultural identity, focusing on examples from Uzbek language and comparing them with select global contexts. The research explores semantic, pragmatic, and symbolic functions of ethnographisms in everyday language and folklore. The findings highlight their role in transmitting cultural values and sustaining national consciousness across generations
262-264
52
12
COSTS AND BENEFITS OF BILINGUAL EDUCATION IN GUATEMALA: A PARTIAL ANALYSIS
This article examines the economic and educational impacts of bilingual education programs in Guatemala, focusing on their costs and benefits. Drawing on quantitative data from primary schools, the study analyzes how bilingual instruction in indigenous languages alongside Spanish influences academic performance, school attendance, repetition, and dropout rates. The findings indicate that bilingual education not only improves learning outcomes in both the native language and Spanish but also reduces grade repetition and dropout rates, generating substantial cost savings for the education system. The paper further explores the broader socio-economic implications of investing in bilingual education, particularly in multilingual and culturally diverse societies.
265-269
59
8
INVESTING IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RETURNS
This article explores the economic and social returns of investing in early childhood education (ECE), drawing on international research evidence and cost–benefit analyses. It highlights how high-quality early learning programs, particularly for children from disadvantaged backgrounds, yield substantial long-term benefits that far exceed the initial costs. These benefits include improved cognitive and socio-emotional skills, higher school readiness, better academic performance, reduced repetition and dropout rates, increased lifetime earnings, and lower social costs in areas such as crime and welfare dependency. Using case studies from both developed and developing countries, the article demonstrates that early interventions have one of the highest returns of any form of public investment, with rates of return estimated between 7% and 18% per year according to Nobel laureate James Heckman’s research. The discussion also examines the equity implications of ECE, emphasizing its role in reducing intergenerational poverty, promoting social inclusion, and fostering human capital development essential for national economic growth. The paper concludes that sustained and well-targeted investment in early childhood education is not only an educational priority but also a critical socio-economic strategy.
270-273
32
17
FORENSIC MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE RADIATION TRAUM
Current issues of forensic medical diagnostics of acute radiation injuries were considered. Based on the generalization of the personal experience of the authors and literature data, general and specific issues of organizing and conducting forensic medical work in various variants of radiation injuries were thoroughly covered. Special attention was paid to the specifics of retrieving and referring autopsy materials for additional laboratory studies, as well as measures for radiation protection of medical personnel.
274-276
42
17
USING THE BLENDED LEARNING METHOD IN TEACHING BIOETHICS
It is beneficial for every student today to consciously choose the learning process that best suits their specific circumstances and abilities. This approach naturally prevents a haphazard attitude towards acquiring knowledge, skills, and competencies. In the current era of advanced information and communication technologies, relying solely on e-learning, traditional education, or cutting-edge educational technologies in organizing lessons does not yield optimal results. This is because each educational method has its own strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, the combined application of these educational approaches is currently producing positive outcomes in the field of education, and this approach is referred to as blended learning.
277-281
49
19
ASSESSMENT OF THE CONDITION OF URBAN ROADS AND STREETS, AS WELL AS TRAFFIC USE INDICATORS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
This study focuses on the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to assess the condition of urban roads and streets, as well as analyze traffic use indicators. It explores how AI technologies—such as image recognition, sensors, and data analytics—are employed to detect road surface damage, monitor infrastructure health, and evaluate traffic patterns. The research highlights the benefits of AI in enabling timely maintenance, improving road safety, and optimizing urban mobility planning. By integrating AI with geographic information systems (GIS) and smart sensors, the study demonstrates improved accuracy and efficiency in urban road condition monitoring and traffic management decision-making processes.
282-284
48
11
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN TRAFFIC FLOW MANAGEMENT
This paper explores the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in optimizing traffic flow management within urban environments. It examines how AI technologies, including machine learning, computer vision, and predictive analytics, contribute to real-time traffic monitoring, congestion reduction, and adaptive signal control systems. The study highlights the integration of AI with smart city infrastructure to enhance efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability. Case studies and current implementations are analyzed to demonstrate AI's effectiveness in reducing delays and improving traffic conditions. The annotation emphasizes the transformative potential of AI in reshaping traffic systems and supporting the development of intelligent transportation networks.
285-288
36
8
FORECASTING THE RISK OF VEHICLE TRAFFIC DURING ROAD CONNECTION USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
This paper investigates the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in forecasting vehicle traffic risk during road connection and construction activities. It focuses on how AI models, including machine learning and predictive analytics, can analyze historical traffic data, environmental conditions, and real-time inputs to predict potential congestion, accidents, and disruptions. The study emphasizes AI’s role in proactive traffic management, helping authorities plan safer and more efficient road connections. By identifying high-risk zones and periods, AI-driven forecasting supports strategic decision-making, minimizes delays, and enhances road user safety. The research underlines AI’s capacity to revolutionize traffic risk prediction and infrastructure planning.
289-292
36
14
WAYS TO INCREASE THE NUTRITION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF WINTER WHEAT
In this article, mineral nutrition of winter wheat, the use of organic fertilizers, the rate of mineral fertilizers, the method and timing of application of mineral fertilizers are described in detail. When increasing the yield of winter wheat, it is necessary to take into account the amount and ratio of nutrients in the soil.
293-298
42
12
PEDAGOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
This article provides an in-depth scientific analysis of the physiological development processes of primary school students and their integration mechanisms into pedagogical contexts. The study examines age-specific physiological characteristics, stages of physical growth, and strategies for aligning these processes with the teaching and learning environment. It further explores the interrelationships between neuropsychological, biomechanical, and psychophysiological factors, emphasizing the significance of individual developmental dynamics in enhancing educational outcomes. The research also focuses on the theoretical knowledge and practical competencies required by educators to effectively accommodate physiological development within the primary education framework. By employing a comprehensive approach, the article identifies and systematizes key determinants directly influencing students’ academic performance, offering pedagogical strategies that bridge developmental science and classroom practice.
299-305
36
18
AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS IN LIGHT INDUSTRY PRODUCTION LINES
The rapid advancement of automation and robotics has significantly transformed the light industry, particularly the textile and garment sectors. With the growing demand for efficiency, accuracy, and sustainability, companies are increasingly adopting automated production lines and robotic systems to replace labor-intensive processes. This article explores the theoretical foundations, current applications, challenges, and future prospects of automation and robotics in light industry. Emphasis is placed on smart factories, digital integration, and Industry 4.0 principles. Furthermore, the study highlights the socio-economic impacts of automation, such as workforce transformation, skill development, and productivity growth. Graphs and tables are provided to illustrate comparative efficiency gains, energy savings, and defect reduction in automated versus traditional production systems. The results suggest that a gradual but consistent integration of robotics leads to significant improvements in product quality, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability.
306-308
30
9
LINGUOSTYLISTIC FOUNDATIONS OF INTEGRATING NATIVE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE THROUGH ARTISTIC TEXTS
The integration of native language instruction with literature through artistic texts represents a critical pedagogical approach in contemporary language education. This methodology emphasizes the synergy between linguistic competence and literary appreciation, fostering students’ expressive, interpretative, and analytical skills. The study explores the linguostylistic foundations of such integration, highlighting the role of stylistic devices, language variation, and context in enhancing students’ comprehension and creative abilities. Through an examination of both theoretical frameworks and empirical practices, the article demonstrates the efficacy of combining language and literary instruction to promote holistic linguistic development.
309-313
50
8
AI AS A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN AVIATION AND LOGISTICS: STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL IMPACTS
This article analyzes the strategic and operational importance of using artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the aviation and logistics sectors. AI allows for real-time processing of large amounts of data, optimizing flight schedules, reducing fuel consumption, forecasting maintenance processes, and effectively managing cargo supply chains. In aviation, AI can increase safety levels, minimize delays, and improve customer service. In the logistics sector, it offers great opportunities in processes such as route optimization, demand forecasting, and automated warehouse systems and vehicle management. The study highlights the main areas of increasing competitiveness, reducing costs, and achieving sustainable development through the implementation of AI technologies. It also discusses future innovative AI solutions in the aviation and logistics sectors and their impact on global market trends.
314-316
33
11
THE ROLE OF CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION IN METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING WITH MULTIMEDIA TOOLS IN UZBEKISTAN
This article explores the integration of creativity and innovation in teaching methodology through the use of multimedia tools in Uzbekistan’s English language education. With rapid digital transformation, classrooms are evolving into interactive, student-centred spaces. By employing visual and performing arts, digital platforms, and AI-driven applications, teachers can foster not only vocabulary acquisition but also critical thinking, collaboration, and global citizenship competencies. The study also highlights classroom practices, challenges of implementation, and recommendations for embedding creative multimedia pedagogy into Uzbekistan’s educational system.
317-318
36
10
EFFECTS OF TRANSPORTATION IN UZBEKISTAN
The article discusses issues related to car transit and the problems that arise.
319-322
19
10
USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are increasingly being utilized in the software development process, bringing improvements in efficiency,speed, and innovative solutions to this field. This article analyzes modern methods and the significance of using AI tools at various stages of software development (design, coding, testing, deployment, and maintenance). Key aspects such as AI-based automation, error detection, code generation, and user interface optimization are examined. Additionally, the challenges encountered in AI-driven software development, security concerns, and future development prospects are discussed.
323-328
40
15
WASTE RECYCLING STRATEGIES IN THE PROCESSING OF RARE AND RADIOACTIVE METALS ORES
This article is devoted to strategies for recycling waste generated during the processing of rare and radioactive metal ores. The article analyzes modern methods of waste management, their environmental and economic efficiency. It also discusses scientific and practical approaches to waste recycling, technological innovations and their impact on the environment. The study considers international experiences in waste recycling and the possibilities of their implementation in the conditions of Uzbekistan. The results show the importance of waste recycling strategies in resource conservation and environmental protection.
329-334
32
11
GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE IN ESL LEARNERS: TEACHING COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
This article explores the challenges faced by ESL learners in mastering countable and uncountable nouns. It presents a case study of a learner, analysis of grammatical issues, and a tailored lesson plan based on observed errors. Pedagogical approaches grounded in applied linguistics are suggested to address learner needs.
335-338
28
8
COMPOUND SENTENCE WITH A RESULTING VERB
This article explains general information about compound sentences with a consequent clause, their difference from other compound sentences, the means that connect the consequent clause to the main clause, the views of several scholars on this type of compound sentence, and the types of complex syntactic devices and examples thereof.
339-342
32
6
APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL ALGORITHMS BASED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN PRODUCTION
This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and mathematical modeling for the production sector. Also, in the context of modern Industry 4.0, the processes of machine learning and predicting failures using mathematical algorithms based on large volumes of IoT data in real time, virtual simulation and optimization of processes using digital twins technology are analyzed.
343-348
18
13
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND MODERN APPROACHES IN PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY
This article examines the role and significance of innovative technologies in shaping modern approaches to pedagogical activity. The study emphasizes the need to transform traditional educational practices into technology-driven and interactive forms, focusing on digitalization, artificial intelligence, e-learning platforms, and virtual pedagogical environments. The research highlights the ways in which innovative technologies contribute to improving the quality of teaching, fostering students’ creative and critical thinking, and increasing the effectiveness of educational management.
349-353
17
4
COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO THE COURSE AND TREATMENT OF CONJUNCTIVITIS AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF METABOLIC SYNDROME
Metabolic syndrome is a combination of pathological conditions, including insulin resistance, arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and abdominal obesity, which significantly affect various body systems. One of the important aspects of metabolic syndrome is its impact on eye health, especially on the development of inflammatory diseases such as conjunctivitis. Conjunctivitis against the background of metabolic syndrome can have various clinical manifestations, including redness, itching, tearing, and eye swelling. The pathogenesis of these diseases includes both the direct effect of metabolic disorders and the secondary weakening of immune defense. Endocrine and metabolic disorders contribute to changes in the structure of tear fluid, which increases susceptibility to inflammation and infections.
A comprehensive approach to treating conjunctivitis against the background of metabolic syndrome includes both systemic and local therapeutic methods. The most important areas of treatment are the correction of metabolic disorders using drugs aimed at reducing blood sugar levels, improving lipid metabolism, and normalizing blood pressure. Local treatment of conjunctivitis includes the appointment of anti-inflammatory and antiseptic medications, as well as the use of medications to improve the condition of the tear film. Thus, effective treatment of conjunctivitis in patients with metabolic syndrome requires an individual approach, which includes both the correction of the underlying disease and the use of specific therapy to reduce inflammation and prevent complications.
A comprehensive approach to treating conjunctivitis against the background of metabolic syndrome includes both systemic and local therapeutic methods. The most important areas of treatment are the correction of metabolic disorders using drugs aimed at reducing blood sugar levels, improving lipid metabolism, and normalizing blood pressure. Local treatment of conjunctivitis includes the appointment of anti-inflammatory and antiseptic medications, as well as the use of medications to improve the condition of the tear film. Thus, effective treatment of conjunctivitis in patients with metabolic syndrome requires an individual approach, which includes both the correction of the underlying disease and the use of specific therapy to reduce inflammation and prevent complications.
354-356
27
11
PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL SELF-AWARENESS OF GRADUATING STUDENTS
This article analyzes the process of professional self-awareness of graduating students and the pedagogical conditions that play an important role in its formation. The article highlights the content of the concept of professional self-awareness, factors influencing its development, the role of the pedagogical environment in school and the tasks of the teacher. Also, effective methods and modern approaches to organizing career guidance activities are considered.
357-364
42
16
LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH PROCEDURAL FORMS AT THE PRE-INVESTIGATION STAGE OF CRIMINAL PROCESS IN UZBEKISTAN LEGISLATION
This article analyzes the material and procedural aspects of the concept and significance of procedural forms at the pre-investigation stage of the criminal process. The requirements for procedural forms during the pre-investigation stage and the legal consequences of their non-compliance are theoretically and practically explained on the basis of national legislative documents. At the same time, the opinions and considerations of theoretical scientists in this field are analyzed.
365-367
39
10
THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN SURKHANDARYA REGION (1991–2021) AND ITS METHODOLOGICAL ROLE IN FORMING ANALYTICAL SKILLS OF STUDENTS
This article examines the changes in rural infrastructure in Surkhandarya region during the years of independence (1991–2021). Particular attention is paid to the construction of roads, electricity and gas supply, water systems, as well as social facilities such as schools, hospitals, and cultural centers. It also analyzes the methodology of teaching these processes to students in order to develop their analytical skills.
368-371
34
10
IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY FOR RAISING THE OVERALL ENDURANCE OF GIRLS OF THE UPPER CLASS IN ATHLETICS CLUBS AT SCHOOL
Athletics is very important for developing endurance and fitness among sports. Increasing the overall endurance of high school girls will further increase their interest in physical health and sports. This article presents suggestions for improving the methodology of endurance training in athletics circles.
372-374
27
10
SPIRITUAL VALUES IN OTKIR HASHIMOV'S NOVEL "THE WORKS OF THE WORLD"
Otkir Hoshimov's "The Works of the World" is one of the rare works of art in Uzbek literature that deeply and vividly illuminates the theme of spiritual values. This story is written in the memoir genre and is based on the events of the writer's childhood. According to the writer, "There is a magical power in the world that knows no boundaries and shines like the sun. This is Mother's love!" . This value is expressed in all parts of the work.
375-379
21
10
OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPLEMENTING "KAIZEN" PRINCIPLES TO ENHANCE ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY IN THE REGION
This article analyzes the opportunities and benefits of implementing Kaizen principles in improving business activity in the region. It shows how the main principles of the Kaizen approach - continuous process improvement, active employee participation, quality improvement and efficient use of resources - can be applied in small businesses and private entrepreneurs. The study developed practical recommendations for implementing the Kaizen model, taking into account regional economic conditions, existing problems and development prospects. The results show that the implementation of Kaizen principles is an important factor in improving the efficiency of business entities.
380-385
27
12
PEDAGOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF APPLYING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN MUSIC EDUCATION
This article examines the pedagogical characteristics of integrating innovative technologies into music education, highlighting how digital tools, multimedia resources, and interactive platforms transform teaching and learning processes. The study analyzes both theoretical and practical dimensions of technology-enhanced music pedagogy, emphasizing its role in fostering creativity, enhancing learner engagement, and supporting individualized and collaborative learning. Special attention is given to the interplay between traditional instructional approaches and modern technological innovations, exploring how they collectively shape musical competencies, cognitive development, and aesthetic appreciation. Furthermore, the article reviews recent international research to identify effective strategies for implementing technology in music classrooms and discusses the challenges and pedagogical considerations inherent in such integration. The findings underscore the importance of pedagogically grounded, context-sensitive approaches that align technological applications with educational objectives and learner needs.
386-391
29
16
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC EDUCATION: PHILOSOPHICAL, PEDAGOGICAL, AND METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
This article explores the theoretical foundations of music education by examining its philosophical, psychological, and pedagogical underpinnings, as well as its historical evolution and contemporary challenges. The research emphasizes the role of music education as a socio-cultural phenomenon that not only transmits artistic values but also fosters intellectual, emotional, and moral development. Special attention is given to the dialectical relationship between tradition and innovation in shaping music pedagogy. The study critically reviews the works of international scholars who have significantly contributed to this field and analyzes methodological approaches employed in the study of music education. The paper highlights the importance of integrating interdisciplinary perspectives and contextual methodologies to ensure the sustainability and relevance of music education in a rapidly changing globalized world.
392-397
51
17
THE ROLE OF MUSIC EDUCATION IN SOCIETY: PEDAGOGICAL, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL DIMENSIONS
Music education, beyond its artistic value, serves as a transformative force within society by fostering creativity, cultural awareness, and social cohesion. This article examines the role of music education in shaping human development, reinforcing cultural identity, and contributing to social integration in the context of global educational reforms. The study highlights the philosophical and pedagogical foundations of music education while analyzing its socio-cultural functions in diverse communities. Drawing upon contemporary scholarly perspectives, the paper argues that music education must be understood as a multidimensional phenomenon, one that not only cultivates musical skills but also promotes democratic participation, intercultural dialogue, and the ethical formation of individuals. Ultimately, music education emerges as a vital instrument for both personal growth and societal progress.
398-403
38
12
PEDAGOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC EDUCATION: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
This article explores the pedagogical foundations of music education by analyzing its theoretical underpinnings, historical evolution, and practical applications in contemporary educational systems. Music, as both an art form and a pedagogical tool, plays a crucial role in shaping learners’ intellectual, emotional, and cultural development. The study emphasizes how pedagogical theories—ranging from constructivist and humanistic approaches to competency-based education—inform the design of music curricula and instructional strategies. Drawing on global scholarly perspectives, the paper highlights the integrative nature of music education, which fosters creativity, intercultural understanding, and holistic growth. By critically examining both traditional and modern practices, this article provides insights into how music pedagogy can be adapted to meet the challenges of globalization, technological innovation, and the increasing need for interdisciplinary teaching. The findings underscore the importance of music education not only as a subject of study but also as a vital dimension of personality formation, socialization, and cultural continuity.
404-410
20
14
WAYS OF REPRODUCING THE SEMANTICS OF VERBAL MEANS OF THE CONCEPT “NON/BREAD” IN THE TARGET LANGUAGE
This article explores the challenges of reproducing the linguistic means of the “Non/Bread” concept in Uzbek and English translation. The study investigates literal and figurative meanings, their cultural semantic load, and the degree of equivalence in translation. Full, partial, and non-equivalences are analyzed across different linguistic levels with illustrative examples. Particular attention is given to phraseological units and proverbs containing the bread/non component, emphasizing their status as linguocultural markers. The research highlights the effectiveness of transliteration, descriptive translation, and mixed techniques in rendering culturally bound expressions. Findings demonstrate that cultural differences in conceptualizing bread require translators to rely on context, pragmatic meaning, and functional-stylistic features. The study concludes that adequate translation of bread-related units depends largely on the translator’s linguocultural competence and sensitivity to cultural nuances.
411-421
21
12
LINGUOCULTUROLOGICAL RESEARCH OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH SEVERAL SOMATIC COMPONENTS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
This article discusses linguocultural studies of phraseological units with several somatic components in the Uzbek and English languages. A phraseological unit or phrase, although the phrase is very ancient in origin, the history of the science of phraseology goes back several hundred years. Phraseologisms are the wealth of a nation, and their sources are closely related to nature, economic structure, history, culture, way of life, oral literature, fiction, art, science, and customs of the place where a particular people lives.
422-425
35
18
WAYS TO FURTHER IMPROVE MECHANISMS FOR REDUCING POVERTY AND INCREASING POPULATION INCOME
This article analyzes the main
This article analyzes the main causes of poverty, state policies aimed at reducing it, mechanisms for increasing incomes, and modern approaches to ensuring social equality. The article also considers strategic measures aimed at improving the living standards of the population through economic growth, employment policy, professional development, and entrepreneurship development.
causes of poverty, state policies aimed at reducing it, mechanisms for increasing incomes, and modern approaches to ensuring social equality. The article also considers strategic measures aimed at improving the living standards of the population through economic growth, employment policy, professional development, and entrepreneurship development.
This article analyzes the main causes of poverty, state policies aimed at reducing it, mechanisms for increasing incomes, and modern approaches to ensuring social equality. The article also considers strategic measures aimed at improving the living standards of the population through economic growth, employment policy, professional development, and entrepreneurship development.
causes of poverty, state policies aimed at reducing it, mechanisms for increasing incomes, and modern approaches to ensuring social equality. The article also considers strategic measures aimed at improving the living standards of the population through economic growth, employment policy, professional development, and entrepreneurship development.
426-432
51
37
MODERN METHODS OF PROCESSING DOLOMITE INTO MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM COMPOUNDS WITH MINERAL ACIDS
Optimal conditions for obtaining granular and liquid nitrogen calcium and magnesium fertilizers, as well as Mg(OH)2 and MgO, by decomposing dolomite raw material with nitric acid to form a solution of Ca(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2 and ammonizing this solution with ammonia were studied.
433-435
37
12
PRINCIPLES OF MODULAR TEACHING IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
This article studies the development and implementation of modular teaching technology and the adopted modular principles of teaching in the educational process, and highlights how they can be used in the modern education system. Also, conclusions and suggestions are made about the significant effect of this methodology in theoretical and practical training.
436-444
48
12
PHYSICAL STUDIES OF LIGHTWEIGHT TAMPONADE COMPOSITE MATERIAL BASED ON MICROSILICA AND LOCAL ORGANOMINERAL INGREDIENTS
The paper presents the results of selecting the composition of composite gypsum materials using inorganic fillers - ash microspheres, which are formed during the combustion of coal at thermal power plants.
Based on the laboratory studies, composite compositions have been developed for obtaining thermal insulation building products with low bulk density. The rheological properties and physical and mechanical properties of mortar mixtures have been studied and the optimal compositions of composite gypsum mixtures for the production of thermal insulation materials using aluminosilicate ash microspheres have been determined.
Based on the laboratory studies, composite compositions have been developed for obtaining thermal insulation building products with low bulk density. The rheological properties and physical and mechanical properties of mortar mixtures have been studied and the optimal compositions of composite gypsum mixtures for the production of thermal insulation materials using aluminosilicate ash microspheres have been determined.
445-448
29
9
CHANGE OF PROTEIN AMOUNT IN DIFFERENT SOIL-CLIMATE CONDITIONS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF HARVEST PERIODS BASED ON SOIL-CLIMATE CONDITIONS AND GRAIN MOISTURE
This article presents data on the changes in protein content under different soil-climatic conditions under the influence of soil-climatic conditions and harvest dates based on grain moisture.
445-449
28
6
ENHANCING DUAL EDUCATION IN PEDAGOGICAL HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS
This study examines the development of dual education in pedagogical higher education institutions within the framework of international educational programs. The research emphasizes the importance of integrating theoretical knowledge with practical training in order to improve the quality of teacher education. By analyzing international practices and adapting them to the local context, the study highlights strategies to foster professional competencies, enhance academic mobility, and promote sustainable innovations in pedagogy. Furthermore, the paper addresses the challenges and prospects of implementing dual education models to meet the demands of the global labor market and to strengthen collaboration between universities and educational institutions.
450-455
34
16
TECHNOLOGY RESHAPES PEDAGOGY TOWARD MORE STUDENT-CENTERED APPROACHES
The integration of digital technologies in educational settings has fundamentally transformed pedagogical approaches, creating a paradigm shift from traditional teacher-centered methodologies to more dynamic student-centered learning environments. The analysis reveals that successful pedagogical transformation requires not merely technological implementation but strategic integration that prioritizes learner needs, promotes active participation, and fosters critical thinking skills. The research contributes to understanding how educational institutions can leverage technological innovations to create more inclusive, engaging, and effective learning environments that prepare students for the demands of the digital age.
456-459
48
10
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Author describes the experience of using ready-made neural networks (ChatGPT) and those developed by means of chat bot designers as a means of teaching Russian as a foreign language; the advantages and disadvantages of introducing chatbots in teaching business and scientific communication are revealed; the prospects for introducing artificial intelligence into the practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language are determined.
460-462
26
9
INDEPENDENT RESEARCH IN TECHNICAL SCIENCES: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES
Independent researchers in technical sciences play a significant role in the advancement of engineering, technology, and applied sciences. Their contributions often arise outside institutional frameworks, bringing fresh perspectives, innovative methodologies, and interdisciplinary approaches. This article examines the current position of independent research in technical sciences, exploring the methods employed, the challenges faced, and the potential outcomes that contribute to global scientific progress. The study concludes that while independent research encounters financial, infrastructural, and recognition-related limitations, it remains an essential driver of innovation and a complement to institutional research.
463-471
49
14
FROM FIELDS TO FINANCE: HOW WATER SHORTAGES THREATEN UZBEKISTAN'S AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY
This paper analyzes the potential risks and consequences of water scarcity for the agricultural economy of Uzbekistan. The depletion of water resources not only reduces productivity in the field, but also directly affects financial flows, market price volatility, and food security. Historical processes - the drying up of the Aral Sea, over-irrigation practices, salinization, and land reclamation problems - have exacerbated current economic pressures. At the same time, climate change, more frequent droughts, and increased competition for water resources are expected to pose serious threats to the sustainability of agriculture in the future. The study discusses the economic consequences of water scarcity, their impact on farms, the domestic market, and export potential. The solutions proposed include the widespread introduction of water-saving technologies, the introduction of digital control over water distribution, and enhanced regional cooperation.
472-479
61
9
The role of artificial intelligence in the education system: opportunities and risks
This article comprehensively analyzes the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies on the modern education system. AI is creating positive opportunities in education, such as personalization, rapid assessment, automation of the pedagogical process, and expanding access to education. At the same time, the article deeply examines the potential risks of AI technologies - including problems with academic integrity, the weakening of the pedagogical role, data security, and negative consequences leading to social inequality. The article puts forward an educational model based on human-AI cooperation as the most optimal approach.
480-483
40
11
INTERNATIONALISMS OF ENGLISH ORIGIN AND THEIR ASSIMILATION IN UZBEK
Today in the globalization world all languages interrelate with others, in the result of which they borrow elements of other languages. Borrowing is as one of the most productive ways of enriching vocabulary. They come in the result of language contact, which is the social and linguistic phenomenon by which users of different languages interact with one another, leading to a transfer of linguistic features. In the results of language contacts of English and Uzbek languages many English words, phrases, even suffixes were borrowed and is being borrowed. Most of them are international words. In other words they denote same meaning in several languages. The given work is dedicated to study the of international words of English origin, their etymology and assimilation, their role in the development of English-Uzbek language contacts.
484-489
32
13
THE ROLE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES (AS EXEMPLIFIED BY ENGLISH) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENERAL PROFESSIONAL AND SPECIFIC COMPETENCIES OF FUTURE TEACHERS IN THE PROCESS OF COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
This study is dedicated to analyzing the influence of the English language as a tool for collaborative learning on the development of general professional (intercultural communication, collaboration, critical thinking) and specific (linguistic skills, language teaching methodology) competencies of pedagogical students. An experiment involving 80 students from KSU and YKSG showed a significant increase in competencies, especially in speaking and intercultural communication, which underscores the importance of language training in globalized pedagogical education. The results offer recommendations for integrating English-language modules into international teacher training programs.
490-495
31
5
IMPROVING THE PRACTICAL TRAINING OF FUTURE TEACHERS IN COLLABORATIVE LEARNING AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEM
This study is dedicated to the analysis of psychological barriers that hinder the effective practical training of future teachers in collaborative learning between KSU and YKSG. The main focus is on problems such as stress caused by intercultural differences, decreased motivation, and anxiety, as well as the development of strategies to overcome them. An experiment involving 70 students showed that the implementation of psychological support (training, reflection) significantly reduces stress and increases motivation, contributing to the development of general professional competencies. The results emphasize the importance of psychological support in intercultural educational programs and offer recommendations for integrating such measures into the curriculum.
496-500
40
7
IMPROVING THE PRACTICAL TRAINING OF FUTURE TEACHERS IN COLLABORATIVE LEARNING AS A PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEM
This article explores the pedagogical problems associated with improving the practical training of future teachers within the framework of collaborative learning between KSU and YKSG. The main focus is on identifying barriers such as curriculum misalignment, differences in pedagogical standards, and coordination difficulties, as well as developing ways to overcome them. An experiment involving 90 students showed that joint practical modules contribute to a significant improvement in methodological and organizational skills. The results emphasize the need to unify educational approaches for effective intercultural training. The recommendations are aimed at integrating joint practices into curricula to improve the quality of pedagogical education.
501-505
20
15
INTERACTIVE AND PROBLEM-BASED APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENERAL PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES OF FUTURE TEACHERS IN THE PROCESS OF COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
The article examines the effectiveness of interactive and problem-based approaches in developing general professional competencies in future teachers within a collaborative learning framework between two universities. Based on empirical data, it is shown that these methods contribute to a significant increase in communication, critical thinking, and collaboration skills. The results underscore the importance of intercultural exchange for modernizing pedagogical education.
506-512
31
8
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN COLLABORATIVE LEARNING: INTEGRATING ICT AND INTERCULTURAL APPROACHES TO FORM PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES OF FUTURE TEACHERS IN COLLABORATIVE EDUCATION
This study analyzes the role of digital transformation in collaborative learning between KSU and YKSG, with a focus on integrating information and communication technologies (ICT) and intercultural approaches to form professional competencies of future teachers. An experiment involving 120 students showed that using ICT (Google Workspace, Canva, Moodle) combined with intercultural modules (case studies, role-playing games) significantly enhances general professional (communication, leadership) and specific (teaching methods) competencies, and also reduces psychological barriers, such as stress from intercultural interaction. The results highlight the potential of digital tools in the globalization of pedagogical education and offer recommendations for their integration into international teacher training programs.
513-517
50
17
USING PROJECT-BASED EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES AND ICT TO DEVELOP GENERAL PROFESSIONAL AND SPECIFIC COMPETENCIES OF FUTURE TEACHERS IN THE PROCESS OF COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
The article explores the impact of project-based educational technologies (PET) and information and communication technologies (ICT) on the development of general professional (planning, leadership, communication) and specific (subject-specific skills) competencies in pedagogical students within a collaborative learning framework. An experiment involving students from KSU and YKSG showed a significant increase in competencies, which underscores the potential for integrating PET and ICT into intercultural educational programs. The data obtained offer recommendations for modernizing pedagogical education.
518-519
38
12
ENHANCING FOREIGN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION THROUGH INTERACTIVE LEARNING PLATFORMS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
this article examines the role of interactive learning platforms in enhancing foreign language acquisition. It highlights how digital platforms contribute to communicative competence, intercultural awareness, and learner motivation. At the same time, the paper analyzes the challenges of implementing interactive platforms in educational practice, such as the digital divide, teacher preparedness, and pedagogical adaptation. Finally, the study suggests strategies and opportunities for improving foreign language teaching through the integration of interactive technologies.
520-525
42
9
PEDAGOGICAL FEATURES OF DEVELOPING FUTURE TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE THROUGH THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has introduced new opportunities for enhancing the professional competence of future teachers. In the modern educational paradigm, the integration of AI into pedagogical practice is not merely an auxiliary tool but a transformative factor that reshapes teaching methodologies, learning strategies, and assessment mechanisms. This article examines the pedagogical features of developing professional competence among prospective educators through the application of AI-based technologies. Special attention is devoted to the ways in which AI contributes to strengthening cognitive, methodological, and reflective skills, while simultaneously fostering adaptability to the rapidly changing demands of the digital age.
526-531
33
12
IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF EDUCATIONAL QUALITY CONTROL MECHANISMS
This article explores the methodological and strategic foundations for improving the management system of educational quality control mechanisms, drawing upon the best practices and policy frameworks adopted in developed countries. It critically analyzes the strengths and limitations of existing control systems in the context of digital transformation, with a focus on enhancing transparency, accountability, and data-driven governance. The study emphasizes the integration of advanced digital technologies—such as artificial intelligence, learning analytics, and cloud-based platforms—into national education management structures to support real-time quality monitoring and decision-making. Case studies from countries such as Finland, Singapore, and South Korea are examined to identify transferable models of educational supervision and performance evaluation. Furthermore, the paper proposes a conceptual framework for Uzbekistan, combining international standards with localized policy mechanisms to ensure sustainable and scalable improvement in educational quality. The findings of this research aim to contribute to the modernization of national education quality assurance systems, strengthen institutional capacity, and align governance processes with global benchmarks for educational excellence.
532-537
41
12
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND MODERN APPROACHES IN PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY
This article examines the role and significance of innovative technologies in shaping modern approaches to pedagogical activity. The study emphasizes the need to transform traditional educational practices into technology-driven and interactive forms, focusing on digitalization, artificial intelligence, e-learning platforms, and virtual pedagogical environments. The research highlights the ways in which innovative technologies contribute to improving the quality of teaching, fostering students’ creative and critical thinking, and increasing the effectiveness of educational management.
538-541
34
13
ORGANIZATIONAL ELEMENTS PROMOTING THE EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF LABOR POTENTIAL
The organizational elements affecting industrial companies' efficient use of worker potential are examined in this study. This article highlights important elements that support labor potential optimization by examining different organizational practices, management techniques, and work environment characteristics. The results show that corporate culture, technological adoption, employee motivation, and leadership styles all have a big influence on how much labor is used. The significance of strategic human resource practices is emphasized in the recommendations for better labor potential management.
542-545
45
8
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LINGUOCULTURAL UNITS IN UZBEK AND TAJIK LANGUAGES
The article presents a comparative analysis of linguocultural units in the Uzbek and Tajik languages. Linguoculturology, as a scientific field, examines cultural and spiritual values reflected in language. The study analyzes such concepts as mother, bread, hospitality, labour, nature, animal imagery, ritual expressions, religious values, love and loyalty, and metaphorical constructions. The findings indicate that due to the historical closeness of the two nations, many similarities exist, but national specificities remain in ritual and everyday expressions.
546-549
45
17
THE ROLE OF NEUROIMAGING (MRI AND CT) IN THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ISCHEMIC STROKE
Ischemic stroke is one of the most pressing issues in modern medicine, and its early diagnosis plays a crucial role in preserving patients’ quality of life and reducing complications. Neuroimaging methods, including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are considered key diagnostic tools in the early detection of stroke. CT provides rapid results in differentiating between hemorrhagic and ischemic types during the acute stage, while MRI demonstrates high sensitivity in identifying small lesions and early changes in brain tissue. This article analyzes the clinical significance of ischemic stroke, the role of neuroimaging in its early diagnosis, and the capabilities of CT and MRI based on modern scientific literature.
550-552
43
9
ABU ALI IBN SINO (AVICENNA)THE ORIGINAL DRIVE AND THE STAGES OF IMPROVEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE
The article examines the issue of improving knowledge based on the syllogisms of Abu Ali ibn Sina. He defends the concept that through the influence of external forces, i.e. divine reason on human nature, thinking appears, then the desire to study, which ultimately leads to cognition. Through the construction of logical methods of study, in his opinion, a person can prepare a structure of the studied. Ordinary knowledge through the active use of reason can move to a higher stage of cognition.
553-556
153
34
SPACED REPETITION AND ASSOCIATIONS: HOW TO EFFECTIVELY MEMORIZE VOCABULARY WHEN LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Vocabulary acquisition is one of the most critical and challenging aspects of foreign language learning. This article explores two scientifically grounded techniques - spaced repetition and associative memorization—that significantly enhance vocabulary retention and recall. The spaced repetition method optimizes review intervals based on memory decay patterns, while associative techniques leverage the brain’s preference for vivid imagery and meaningful connections. Combining these methods allows learners to systematically build and retain large vocabularies more efficiently. The article also discusses technological tools, common mistakes to avoid, and ways to personalize the learning process according to individual cognitive styles.
557-560
35
18
PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL EFFECTS OF COCHLEAR IMPLANTATION: A CHILD AND FAMILY PERSPECTIVE
This article explores the multifaceted psycho-emotional impact of cochlear implantation (CI) on both children and their families. It examines the psychological adjustments required by children as they adapt to hearing with a CI, including changes in self-perception, identity, and social interactions. The article also investigates the emotional experiences of parents and other family members, such as initial hopes and expectations, adjustments to therapy schedules, and potential stress related to financial burdens and communication challenges. Furthermore, it addresses the ways in which CI affects family dynamics, sibling relationships, and overall family well-being. The study draws on qualitative and quantitative research to provide a comprehensive understanding of the psycho-emotional aspects of CI from both the child's and the family's points of view, highlighting the importance of psychological support and counseling services to promote positive adaptation and resilience.
561-564
38
14
METHODS TO STIMULATE AUDITORY NEUROPLASTICITY AFTER COCHLEAR IMPLANTATION
This article explores various methods for stimulating auditory neuroplasticity following cochlear implantation (CI). Neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life, is crucial for optimizing outcomes after CI. The article reviews strategies aimed at enhancing auditory pathway development and function, including auditory training techniques, music therapy interventions, language-based rehabilitation programs, and the use of technology-assisted learning platforms. It examines the evidence base for each method, highlighting the underlying neural mechanisms and the potential benefits for speech perception, language development, and overall communication skills. The article also discusses the importance of individualized approaches, considering factors such as age at implantation, duration of deafness, and cognitive abilities. By synthesizing current research and clinical insights, this review provides practical guidance for professionals seeking to maximize auditory neuroplasticity and improve long-term outcomes for CI recipients.
565-569
36
7
TOWARDS INFINITY: THE IMPERFECT INTEGRAL THROUGH THE EYES OF A STUDENT
This article explores the concept of the imperfect integral from a student’s perspective, highlighting the challenges and misconceptions that arise during the learning process. By analyzing common pitfalls and providing insights into effective strategies for grasping this mathematical concept, the article aims to bridge the gap between theoretical understanding and practical application. Through a combination of illustrative examples and personal experiences, it offers readers a unique viewpoint on how students can better navigate the complexities of the imperfect integral and foster a deeper appreciation for calculus.
570-574
31
14
A SYMPHONY OF FUNCTIONS: MUSICAL RHYTHM AND MATHEMATICAL WAVES
This article delves into the fascinating intersection between music and mathematics, exploring how musical rhythms can be represented through mathematical functions and waves. By analyzing the structure of sound and its representation in terms of sine and cosine waves, the article reveals the intrinsic relationship between musical notation and mathematical principles. Through examples such as the Fourier series, which allows for the decomposition of complex musical signals into simpler waveforms, the discussion highlights how mathematical concepts not only enhance our understanding of music theory but also influence practical applications in fields like signal processing and acoustics. The article aims to inspire readers to appreciate the harmony between mathematics and music, encouraging a deeper exploration of how they can inform and enrich one another.
575-579
26
11
THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN SUPPORTING PPPS IN UZBEKISTAN'S INFRASTRUCTURE
A Public-Private Partnership (PPP or P3) is a long-term arrangement where a government entity collaborates with a private-sector company to deliver public infrastructure and services. Through this arrangement, the public and private sectors pool their resources and expertise to provide a service or facility that the general public can use. Each partner shares in the potential risks and rewards associated with providing the service and/or facility, in addition to sharing resources. PPPs are developed in fields where a collaborative effort between public and private organizations offers effective solutions to significant societal problems.
580-582
70
8
THE ECONOMIC ROLE OF LAND CADASTRE IN DEVELOPMENT
This article highlights the role and significance of land cadastre in economic development. Through the land cadastre, control over land resources is established, and property rights are clarified, which improves the investment climate and facilitates the formation of land market mechanisms. Additionally, the cadastre system plays a vital role in expanding the tax base, supplementing the state budget, and developing the credit system. The article analyzes international experience, ongoing reforms in Uzbekistan, and existing challenges, offering recommendations to address them.
583-586
34
8
DIGITAL TOOLS AND MOBILE APPLICATIONS IN ENHANCING TOURIST GUIDING SERVICES
The integration of digital tools and mobile applications into tourist guiding services has transformed the way travel experiences are delivered, accessed, and personalized. This article explores how technology enhances tour guiding through real-time information, interactive content, GPS navigation, language support, and user engagement. The role of mobile apps, virtual assistants, augmented reality, and self-guided tours is analyzed in relation to improving service quality, efficiency, and tourist satisfaction. The study emphasizes the need for tour guides and tourism providers to adapt to emerging technologies to remain competitive and relevant in a digitally-driven tourism environment.
587-590
33
12
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ECOTOURISM PRACTICES IN U ZBEKISTAN AND GERMANY
Ecotourism has emerged as a vital component of sustainable tourism strategies across the world. This article offers a comparative analysis of ecotourism practices in Uzbekistan and Germany, examining how each country approaches environmental preservation, community involvement, and sustainable development through tourism. While Germany has a well-established ecotourism framework grounded in policy, regulation, and green infrastructure, Uzbekistan’s ecotourism is evolving, centered around its rich natural landscapes and growing interest in sustainability. By comparing the two, this study highlights the strengths, challenges, and opportunities present in both contexts.
591-594
38
9
CHALLENGES FACED BY TOURIST INTERPRETERS IN MULTICULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS
In today’s globalized tourism industry, tourist interpreters play a critical role in facilitating communication between travelers and host cultures. Operating in multicultural environments, these professionals face unique linguistic, cultural, ethical, and emotional challenges. This article explores the key difficulties encountered by tourist interpreters, including language accuracy, cultural sensitivity, managing diverse expectations, handling emotional labor, and maintaining neutrality. By understanding these challenges, tourism institutions can better support interpreter training and promote more effective and inclusive tourism experiences.
595-598
42
15
THE INFLUENCE OF HISTORICAL NARRATION STYLES ON TOURIST ENGAGEMENT
Historical narration plays a pivotal role in shaping tourists’ experiences and their engagement with cultural heritage sites. Different narration styles—ranging from factual and formal to dramatic and interactive—affect how visitors perceive history, connect emotionally, and retain information. This article examines the impact of various historical storytelling approaches on tourist engagement, highlighting the importance of narration techniques in enhancing educational and experiential outcomes. It underscores the need for tailored narration methods to meet diverse audience expectations and promote meaningful cultural understanding.
599-602
46
11
ADVANTAGES OF TEACHING PHYSICS TO SCHOOLCHILDREN BASED ON THE STEAM APPROACH
The STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) approach has revolutionized the teaching of physics by integrating interdisciplinary methods that foster creativity, critical thinking, and practical problem-solving skills among schoolchildren. This article explores the advantages of teaching physics through the STEAM framework, highlighting how it promotes deeper understanding, enhances student engagement, and prepares learners for future scientific and technological challenges.
603-606
34
8
METHODS OF FORMING PROBLEM-SOLVING COMPETENCE IN PHYSICS
This article explores methods for developing problem-solving competence in physics education. In modern teaching, it is essential to cultivate students’ abilities to think independently, analyze problems, and find solutions in challenging situations. The article discusses problem-based learning, project-based instruction, experimental approaches, and interactive pedagogical technologies as effective ways to foster problem-solving skills in physics students.
607-610
30
11
THE ROLE OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION APPROACHES IN MODERN DEFECTOLOGY
This article explores the role of inclusive education approaches in modern defectology, focusing on how contemporary pedagogical practices support the learning and development of children with special educational needs. The article outlines key principles of inclusion, current models used in schools, and the evolving role of defectologists as facilitators of inclusive practices. The integration of students with physical, cognitive, and emotional disabilities into mainstream classrooms has transformed the responsibilities of special educators. Inclusive education, as a philosophy and practice, promotes equality, participation, and the personalization of learning, helping to build more tolerant and diverse educational communities
611-613
33
6
MULTIDISCIPLINARY REHABILITATION SYSTEM FOR CHILDREN WITH SEVERE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Children with severe developmental disorders face complex challenges that require coordinated efforts from various specialists to optimize their functional abilities and quality of life. This article examines the importance of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation system designed to address the diverse physical, cognitive, emotional, and social needs of these children. The integration of medical, educational, psychological, and social interventions within a unified framework ensures comprehensive support. The article highlights contemporary approaches, the roles of different specialists, and the impact of early and continuous rehabilitation efforts.
614-617
24
9
THE SEMANTIC ROLE OF KOREAN CONJUNCTIONS AND THEIR EXPRESSION IN UZBEK
The study explores the semantic roles of conjunctions in the Korean language and examines their equivalents in Uzbek. It analyzes the functions these conjunctions perform within sentence structures, considering their syntactic and semantic nuances. Through comparative linguistics, this article aims to shed light on the similarities and differences between the two languages' conjunctional use, providing insights into syntactic structures and cultural contexts.
618-621
37
27
POSSESSIVE DECLENSION IN KOREAN AND UZBEK: SYNTACTIC AND PRAGMATIC ASPECTS
This paper explores the syntactic and pragmatic functions of possessive markers in Korean and Uzbek, two typologically distinct languages. It examines how these markers, through their declension, contribute to grammatical structure, semantic interpretation, and discourse coherence. The analysis focuses on the agreement patterns, scope relations, and information structure sensitivity associated with possessive constructions in both languages. Furthermore, it investigates how possessive markers contribute to pragmatic effects such as topic marking, emphasis, and conveying speaker attitudes. By comparing and contrasting the use of possessives in Korean and Uzbek, the paper aims to shed light on cross-linguistic variations and universals in the expression of possession and its role in discourse management. This comparative approach facilitates a deeper understanding of the grammatical and communicative strategies employed by speakers of Korean and Uzbek to encode possessive relationships and manage information flow.
622-625
100
14
SEMANTIC SHIFT IN LOANWORDS FROM ENGLISH TO UZBEK
This article explores the phenomenon of semantic shift in loanwords from English to Uzbek, illustrating how borrowed terms adapt and evolve within the cultural and linguistic context of Uzbek. It delves into the factors influencing these changes, such as socio-political dynamics, technology, and globalization, and analyzes specific examples of loanwords that have undergone significant semantic transformations. The study contributes to understanding the interplay between language contact and cultural integration in contemporary Uzbekistan.
626-629
96
25
VOWEL HARMONY IN TURKISH VS. UZBEK: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
This article presents a comparative analysis of vowel harmony systems in Turkish and Uzbek, two related Turkic languages. While both languages exhibit vowel harmony, the specifics of their systems differ significantly. The paper examines the phonological rules governing vowel selection in suffixes, focusing on the dimensions of rounding harmony, backness harmony, and height harmony. It analyzes the extent to which vowel harmony is maintained in contemporary usage, considering factors such as loanword integration, dialectal variation, and the influence of standard language norms. The study highlights the similarities and differences in the vowel inventories of the two languages and their impact on the operation of vowel harmony. It also investigates the productivity of vowel harmony in each language, examining the degree to which speakers consistently apply harmony rules in novel words and constructions. Finally, the article discusses the implications of these findings for language acquisition, language teaching, and historical linguistics within the Turkic language family. Data sources include descriptive grammars, phonological analyses, and corpus-based investigations. The analysis seeks to provide a clearer understanding of the evolution and current status of vowel harmony in these two important Turkic languages.
630-632
26
13
THE FUNCTION OF COLOR IMAGES IN REVEALING THE PSYCHE OF THE LYRICAL HERO
This article examines the artistic and aesthetic function of color imagery in expressing the emotional state of the lyrical hero. In poetry, colors serve not only as elements of the landscape but also as a means of conveying emotional and philosophical meanings. The symbolic meanings of colors and their role in creating poetic images are analyzed.
633-635
52
15
THE USE OF AUGMENTATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATION IN SURDOPEDAGOGY
This article explores the significant role of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) methods within surdopedagogy—the education of individuals with hearing impairments. It discusses the modern approaches and tools employed to enhance communication skills, promote social integration, and improve educational outcomes for deaf and hard-of-hearing learners. Emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of AAC strategies and technologies in supporting language development and overall learning processes.
636-639
23
6
VISUAL SUPPORT TOOLS IN TEACHING CHILDREN WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS
This article explores the importance and effectiveness of visual support tools in educating children with visual impairments. It discusses various assistive technologies and teaching methods that help improve learning outcomes and foster independence. The paper highlights modern innovations and practical applications in special education to enhance educational accessibility and quality for visually impaired students.
640-642
66
15
THE ROLE OF KOREAN LANGUAGE IN MODERN GLOBAL CULTURE
This article explores the growing significance of the Korean language in contemporary global culture. It examines how the rise of Korean popular culture, including K-pop, K-dramas, and Korean cinema, has propelled the language onto the world stage, fostering cross-cultural communication and influencing language learning trends worldwide. The paper also discusses the socio-economic and technological factors contributing to the Korean language’s international presence and considers its future role in global intercultural exchange.
643-646
84
6
EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR PASSING THE TOPIK EXAM
This article discusses effective strategies for preparing and succeeding in the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) exam. It highlights key approaches such as structured study plans, understanding exam formats, focusing on vocabulary and grammar, practicing past papers, and utilizing modern technology. The article emphasizes how these methods help learners enhance their language skills and improve their chances of passing the TOPIK exam efficiently.
647-651
363
33
THE IMPACT OF ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE
English has emerged as the dominant global language, influencing various aspects of communication, education, business, and cultural exchange. This study examines the impact of English as a global language by analyzing its role in international relations, economic development, and linguistic diversity. The research employs a qualitative approach, reviewing existing literature and case studies to assess both the benefits and challenges associated with the widespread use of English. The findings indicate that English facilitates global communication and economic opportunities; however, it also contributes to the erosion of minority languages and cultural identities. The discussion highlights the implications of English dominance on linguistic diversity and proposes strategies for promoting multilingualism while maintaining the advantages of a common global language. The study concludes that while English enhances global connectivity, efforts to preserve linguistic diversity remain essential.
652-654
27
10
WAYS TO INCREASE THE COMPETITIVENESS OF ENTERPRISES IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
This article discusses ways to increase the competitive resilience of enterprises in the digital economy, theoretical and practical views on them, and the formation of competitive resilience in various ways due to the digital economy.
655-658
146
20
THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF RAILWAYS
This article explores the history and development of railways, highlighting their transformative role in transportation and economic growth. It examines the technological advancements that shaped railway systems and discusses their continuing impact on modern society.
659-662
42
17
TYPES OF ENGINES AND THEIR ROLE IN MODERN TRANSPORTATION
This article explores various types of engines used in modern transportation, including internal combustion engines, electric motors, and hybrid systems. It discusses their operational principles, applications, and significance in shaping contemporary mobility while addressing environmental and technological advancements.
663-667
32
8
AI AS A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN AVIATION AND LOGISTICS: STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL IMPACTS
This article analyzes the strategic and operational importance of using artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the aviation and logistics sectors. AI allows for real-time processing of large amounts of data, optimizing flight schedules, reducing fuel consumption, forecasting maintenance processes, and effectively managing cargo supply chains. In aviation, AI can increase safety levels, minimize delays, and improve customer service. In the logistics sector, it offers great opportunities in processes such as route optimization, demand forecasting, and automated warehouse systems and vehicle management. The study highlights the main areas of increasing competitiveness, reducing costs, and achieving sustainable development through the implementation of AI technologies. It also discusses future innovative AI solutions in the aviation and logistics sectors and their impact on global market trends.
668-670
41
9
THE ROLE OF DIGITAL PLATFORMS IN TRANSFORMING THE SERVICE SECTOR
This article explores how digital platforms are fundamentally reshaping the service sector by enhancing accessibility, efficiency, and personalization. It analyzes the core functions of digital platforms, the technological innovations driving this shift, and the economic and social impacts on service delivery. The study highlights how sectors such as transportation, healthcare, education, and finance are evolving through platform-based models. Furthermore, it examines the challenges and regulatory considerations associated with this transformation.
671-673
32
17
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AS A DRIVER OF MODERN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
This article examines the impact of innovative technologies on the development of modern infrastructure systems. It highlights how digital transformation, smart technologies, automation, and artificial intelligence are reshaping infrastructure planning, construction, and management across various sectors. The study also explores future prospects and challenges related to sustainable infrastructure development in the digital age.
674-676
38
8
WAYS TO SHAPE AND IMPROVE PERSONNEL POLICY IN ENTERPRISES
This article considers the ways to effectively shape personnel policy in enterprises and to improve it. It emphasizes the importance of developing personnel policy on the basis of modern management principles, personnel selection, training, and incentive systems. The article is written in Uzbek and highlights modern methods of human resource management in the activity of enterprises.
667-680
30
7
WAYS TO APPLY MOTIVATION SYSTEMS TO IMPROVE LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
The importance of motivation systems in increasing labor productivity is inestimable. This article analyzes how modern motivation methods and their effective application can improve work efficiency in enterprises. It discusses the impact of motivation on employee performance and ways to strengthen it.
681-683
31
9
RAPID POPULATION AGING AND THE PROBLEM OF ELDERLY PEOPLE IN SOUTH KOREA
factors such as low fertility and long life expectancy in the country are leading to changes in the population structure. As a result, the number of elderly people is increasing, which is putting great pressure on social and economic systems. The article analyzes issues such as difficulties in providing services and resources for the elderly, problems of social isolation, and migration of the younger generation.
684-686
33
10
POVERTY OF ELdDERLY WORKERS IN SOUTH KOREA
as a result of population aging and economic changes, poverty rates among the elderly, especially those in the workforce, are increasing. Although South Korea has a social protection system for the elderly, many older workers struggle to meet their needs. The article examines the support systems for older workers, their economic situation, social protection programs, and labor market opportunities.
687-690
42
11
ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR EVALUATING MOTOR ACTIVITY DIFFERENCES IN INFANTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER UNDER SIX MONTHS OF AGE
Early motor development is a vital indicator of neurological functioning in infants. Research increasingly suggests that motor activity differences may emerge in infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder well before the first signs of social or communication challenges. This article explores the current tools used to assess motor behaviors in infants under six months of age and their relevance for early identification of autism. Highlighting modern, evidence-based observational methods and standardized assessments, the article discusses how early motor markers could enhance screening accuracy and support earlier intervention.
691-695
41
18
COGNITIVE REFLECTIVE THERAPY: DEVELOPING SELF-AWARENESS AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
Cognitive Reflective Therapy is an emerging psychological approach aimed at enhancing self-awareness, emotional insight, and interpersonal communication, particularly in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Autism is often associated with challenges in self-reflection, theory of mind, and pragmatic language skills. This article explores how cognitive reflective techniques—rooted in cognitive-behavioral theory, mindfulness, and metacognitive training—can be adapted to support individuals with autism. Emphasizing the importance of guided self-exploration and structured reflection, the paper outlines therapeutic strategies and recent evidence on their effectiveness in improving emotional understanding and communicative competence.
696-699
25
15
IMPROVING SPEECH COMPETENCIES OF PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION TEACHERS
improving the speech competencies of preschool education teachers is one of the important issues in this field. Speech competencies determine the professionalism of the teacher and the effectiveness of their educational activities. This study analyzes methodologies, methods, and tools aimed at developing the speech skills of preschool educators.
700-702
48
11
PLAY ACTIVITIES IN A PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION
play activities in preschool educational organizations hold a central place in the comprehensive development of children. This activity is an important tool for forming children's cognitive, socio-emotional, physical, and speech skills. This article analyzes the pedagogical significance of play activities in preschool educational organizations, their impact on children's development, as well as methods for creating an effective play environment. It examines types of play, the educator's role in the play process, and play-based learning strategies.
703-705
33
16
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AND ITS CHEMICAL NATURE
This article explores the chemical nature of atmospheric pollution, analyzing the main pollutants present in the air and their sources. It discusses the chemical reactions that lead to the formation of secondary pollutants and the impact of these substances on the environment and human health. The study also reviews recent advances in understanding pollutant behavior and strategies for monitoring and mitigating air pollution. This comprehensive overview highlights the importance of chemistry in addressing atmospheric pollution challenges.
706-708
30
15
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND THEIR CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS
Renewable energy sources are increasingly vital in addressing global energy demands while mitigating environmental impacts. This article explores the chemical principles underlying various renewable energy technologies, including solar, wind, bioenergy, and hydrogen fuels. Understanding the chemical reactions and materials involved is essential for improving efficiency and sustainability in energy production.
709-712
33
10
WORKING ON PERSIAN WORDS IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
This article discusses the content of words borrowed from the Persian-Tajik language, their use in their own and figurative meanings, and the meanings used in the text, given in Chapter 1 of the fourth-grade textbook "Reading Literacy" .
713-716
26
12
IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE THE FUTURE OF EDUCATION? OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
This paper examines the significance of artificial intelligence (AI) within the educational sphere, focusing on the opportunities it creates for enhancing teaching and learning. It provides a concise overview of AI-driven applications that facilitate more effective educational processes. Moreover, the study addresses potential challenges and risks associated with the use of AI in education that require critical consideration.
717-720
31
5
GRAMMATICAL POSSIBILITIES OF THE NOUN PHRASE
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the grammatical possibilities of the noun phrase in the Uzbek language. It covers the morphological features of nouns, their formation through declension categories, possessive suffixes, and syntactic functions. It also explains the possibilities of nouns as primary and secondary parts of speech, their role in word combinations, and sentence structure on a scientific basis. During the study, the grammatical formation system of nouns, the diversity of their use in speech, and expressive possibilities were analyzed based on examples. The article aims to show the role and importance of the noun phrase in the theory and practice of linguistics.
721-725
34
17
STRATEGIES FOR INTEGRATING DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS INTO UZBEKISTAN'S ECONOMIC POLICY
This article analyzes the strategies for integrating derivative financial instruments (futures, options, swaps) into Uzbekistan's economic policy. It highlights the contribution of derivatives to financial stability, risk management, and the deepening of the capital market. Based on the current legislative framework, infrastructure, and level of financial literacy in the country, the stages of their implementation into the economic system are reviewed. The article also offers integration strategies based on international experience, regulatory approaches, and forward-looking recommendations.
726-730
39
11
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SIMULATION-BASED LEARNING VERSUS TRADITIONAL TEACHING METHODS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
The complexity of epidemiological concepts, such as outbreak investigation and disease modeling, presents significant challenges for traditional pedagogical approaches. Recent global health crises have underscored the urgent need for practitioners equipped with robust practical skills. This study provides a rigorous comparative analysis of the effectiveness of simulation-based learning (SBL) against traditional lecture-based methods in teaching core epidemiological principles. The research aims to quantify and contextualize the impact of SBL on knowledge retention, the application of practical skills in complex scenarios, and overall student engagement. Key findings indicate that while both methods improve foundational knowledge, SBL is significantly superior in fostering the critical thinking and decision-making skills essential for real-world practice. By evaluating these outcomes, this paper argues for the strategic integration of advanced simulation tools into modern medical and public health curricula to better prepare future professionals for the dynamic challenges of global health security.
731-741
95
6
TOURIST PERCEPTION OF SUSTAINABILITY IN HERITAGE SITES: A CASE STUDY OF SAMARKAND AND BUKHARA
This study examines tourists' perceptions of sustainable development in Uzbekistan's two main tourist centers – Samarkand and Bukhara. Using mixed methods, including a survey of 210 tourists, 15 stakeholder interviews, and field observations, an analysis was conducted to assess visitors' perceptions of the environmental, sociocultural, and economic aspects of sustainability. The results show that tourists highly value architectural heritage, cultural authenticity, and community-based initiatives, but express concerns about commercialization, waste disposal issues, and a lack of "green" infrastructure. Samarkand is perceived as a city that is rapidly modernizing and offering improved conditions for tourists, but risks losing its authenticity. Bukhara, on the other hand, is considered more authentic but faces limited infrastructure and inadequate management of tourist flows. The results show that visible sustainable practices – such as green infrastructure, support for local crafts, and community participation – increase tourist satisfaction and loyalty. In conclusion, the need for closer cooperation between government bodies, the private sector, and local residents to integrate sustainability principles into the development of cultural tourism is emphasized. Strengthening green infrastructure, digital tourism flow management, and the involvement of local communities will help balance tourism growth with the preservation of cultural heritage. The results can help Central Asia create policies and practices for sustainable tourism, which will make Uzbekistan a more responsible and competitive cultural tourism destination.
742-746
32
17
INTERPRETATION OF THE AFGHAN WAR IN THE WORK ” BLOODY CRADLES "
The article analyzes the specific aspects and character traits of the heroes in the work “Qonli yoʻrgaklar” ("Bloody Cradles ") whose fates are connected with the war. The fact that the work is created on the basis of internal discourse, the destructive nature of the war, the suffering of the fate of young warriors, which is imprinted in their memory for a lifetime, is shown. As recounted by Afghan war veterans, the young men who departed from their school or university desks in order to fulfill their duty to the Motherland are interpreted as victims of the political circumstances of that era.
747-749
24
13
ALISHER NAVOI’S PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS ON KINGSHIP(AN ANALYSIS OF THE 53RD CHAPTER OF FARHOD AND SHIRIN)
This article examines Alisher Navoi’s philosophical and artistic views on kingship as expressed in the 53rd chapter of his poem Farhod and Shirin. Through symbolic imagery and poetic counsel, Navoi addressed Shoh Gharib Mirzo, the son of Sultan Husayn Bayqaro. The chapter conveys essential virtues of rulership such as justice, devotion to knowledge, and care for the people. Special attention is given to the artistic expression of these ideas and their significance for state governance.
750-753
33
14
ARTISTIC PSYCHOLOGISM IN THE WORKS OF TOGAY MURAD
In the works of Uncle Murad, artistic psychologism finds its expression as an art that reveals the most delicate and complex layers of the human psyche. In his work, he provides a deep and thoughtful analysis of the inner world of a person, his feelings, thoughts and spiritual experiences. Through artistic psychologism, the author is able to enter the reader into the inner world of characters, accurately and impressively describe their internal conflicts and emotional states. In this art form, the characters come to life not only through external events, but also through their own inner spiritual experiences and monologues.
754-757
29
14
INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION: INTERCONNECTION AND THEIR PLACE IN THE MODERN ECONOMY
In the article investment and innovation concepts in the economy theoretical and practical their place each other connection , modern in the economy importance analysis In world experience used mechanisms , Uzbekistan in practice take going reforms and leather - fur in the industry investment-innovation strategies harmony issues illuminated .
758-761
49
15
FORENSIC PATHOLOGY AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Forensic pathology is a cornerstone of forensic medicine, providing courts and investigators with scientific evaluations of death, injury, and disease in legal contexts. By conducting autopsies, analyzing injury patterns, and interpreting pathological findings, forensic pathologists determine the cause and manner of death. This article explores the history, scope, and methodologies of forensic pathology, emphasizing its role in homicide investigations, accident reconstruction, and the protection of human rights. The paper also discusses current challenges, such as workload, ethical considerations, and the impact of new technologies, while highlighting future directions in education, research, and interdisciplinary collaboration.
762-766
46
15
РLАNNING АND DЕSIGNING ЕNGАGING LЕSSONS
This article investigates the planning and designing of engaging lessons within the context of modern language teaching methodologies. As language education evolves, there is a growing need for innovative and learner-centered approaches that promote motivation, engagement, autonomy, and critical thinking. The study explores the principles and practices of effective lesson design by focusing on methods such as Task-Based Language Teaching, Project-Based Learning, and Content and Language Integrated Learning. It analyzes how these approaches necessitate a reconceptualization of traditional planning strategies to foster authentic communication and active learning. Key factors influencing lesson planning—such as teacher expertise, curriculum constraints, and technological integration—are examined. The dissertation aims to provide practical guidance to educators and curriculum developers by bridging theoretical frameworks like Understanding by Design and differentiated instruction with classroom application. The findings highlight both the potential and the challenges of implementing engaging lesson plans and offer insights for enhancing educational practice in contemporary language classrooms.
767-769
31
9
PRОPER NАMES АS VERBS: А REFLEСTIОN ОF СULTURE АND SОСIETY
This study examines the linguistic and cultural significance of proper names, their functions, and their influence on language and society. Scholars such as Vilkuna, Binyong, and Boldyrev have explored the interaction between literary and real-world naming conventions, the gender specificity of names, and the role of proper names as identification markers. The research also highlights the complexities of translating proper names and their cultural specificity, as discussed by Cameron and Nord. Additionally, the paper investigates the institutionalization of verbs derived from proper names, reflecting linguistic evolution and cultural impact. The findings reveal how names not only serve as unique identifiers but also carry historical, cultural, and linguistic significance across different societies.
3-7
43
10
METHODOLOGY OF SOLVING OLYMPIAD PROBLEMS USING INTEGRAL TECHNIQUES
This article presents a detailed analysis of two advanced problems located at the intersection of mathematical analysis and linear algebra. The first problem,demonstrates the integration of a logarithmic function with a rational expression, solved using series expansion techniques. The second problem involves the integration of a matrix-valued cosine function under the Gaussian kernel, offering an approach to operator-valued functions and matrix analysis. Both problems are designed to enhance students’ theoretical knowledge, logical reasoning, and familiarity with competition-level mathematical problem-solving. The article serves as a methodological guide for gifted learners aiming to deepen their understanding of advanced mathematical concepts.
8-11
38
16
GENDER ASYMMETRY IN COLOR SYMBOLISM IN RUSSIAN FOLK TALES
Russian folk tales are rich in symbolic imagery, where color often functions as a key code that shapes the audience’s understanding of characters, events, and moral lessons. In traditional oral storytelling, color descriptors are rarely ornamental; rather, they serve as condensed symbols of broader cultural meanings. Through repeated use, certain colors become associated with particular moral, social, or cosmic concepts, and these associations often intersect with gender representation. In Russian folk narratives, male and female characters are frequently depicted with distinct color schemes, and these color choices are rarely accidental.
12-17
22
5
ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS, SOLUTIONS, AND PROPOSALS IN THE DESIGN OF WORM GEARS
This article highlights the importance of analyzing the problems encountered in the design of worm gears and proposing appropriate solutions to improve the reliability of manufactured machines.
It also emphasizes the significance of developing highly effective proposals based on innovative approaches to ensure the production of high-quality and reliable machines
It also emphasizes the significance of developing highly effective proposals based on innovative approaches to ensure the production of high-quality and reliable machines
18-30
67
10
MILITARY AND POLITICAL STRUGGLE IN THE CAUCASUS-CASPIAN REGION FOR CONTROL OVER ONE OF THE MAIN BRANCHES OF THE GREAT SILK ROAD – THE CASPIAN ROUTE (III-XV CENTURIES)
The article reveals the content of the ever-increasing role of the Caucasus-Caspian region in global geopolitical and geoeconomic processes in the Middle Ages. It provides a detailed study of the military and political events occurring during this period and reveals the struggle of the main rival forces to establish their control over the main trade routes stretching from Europe and China, India and Central Asia. In this connection, the extremely important military-strategic and economic significance of one of the main branches of the Great Silk Road is demonstrated – the famous Caspian Route, which ran along the western coast of the Caspian Sea, which became famous back in ancient times.
The aim of the study is to analyze the military-political processes occurring in the region in the Middle Ages and to reveal the military events that took place from the 3rd century to the end of the 14th century in the region, which was subjected to spontaneous geo-ethnopolitical pressure from successive military-political forces. In the course of studying this problem, the main responsibilities were to highlight the great migrations of peoples, as well as the invasions of the Arabs, Rus, Seljuks, Mongols, Golden Horde and Timurids, which coincided with the directions of the main world trade routes, including the Caspian, and constituted one of their main strategic goals. In the article, historical-chronological and comparative research methods were used to reveal the problem. In the final part of the article, it is noted that the Middle Ages marked the intensification of military and political rivalry in the Caucasus-Caspian region for control over the Caspian route. Beginning in the 10th century, the first signs of a renewed desire of non-Caspian states to penetrate and strengthen their positions in this region by one means or another were observed. With the emergence of the powerful Ottoman Empire and the strong Azerbaijani states of Ak Koyunlu from the middle of the 15th century, and then from the beginning of the 16th century, – The Safavid state, the Caucasus-Caspian region becomes one of the key elements in the relations between Asia and Europe, which during this period acquired the character of a military-political confrontation.
The aim of the study is to analyze the military-political processes occurring in the region in the Middle Ages and to reveal the military events that took place from the 3rd century to the end of the 14th century in the region, which was subjected to spontaneous geo-ethnopolitical pressure from successive military-political forces. In the course of studying this problem, the main responsibilities were to highlight the great migrations of peoples, as well as the invasions of the Arabs, Rus, Seljuks, Mongols, Golden Horde and Timurids, which coincided with the directions of the main world trade routes, including the Caspian, and constituted one of their main strategic goals. In the article, historical-chronological and comparative research methods were used to reveal the problem. In the final part of the article, it is noted that the Middle Ages marked the intensification of military and political rivalry in the Caucasus-Caspian region for control over the Caspian route. Beginning in the 10th century, the first signs of a renewed desire of non-Caspian states to penetrate and strengthen their positions in this region by one means or another were observed. With the emergence of the powerful Ottoman Empire and the strong Azerbaijani states of Ak Koyunlu from the middle of the 15th century, and then from the beginning of the 16th century, – The Safavid state, the Caucasus-Caspian region becomes one of the key elements in the relations between Asia and Europe, which during this period acquired the character of a military-political confrontation.
31-42
41
7
AZERBAIJAN IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE: REGIONAL POWER AND GEOPOLITICAL STRATEGIES
This article analyzes Azerbaijan's position as a regional power and its geopolitical strategies in the post-Soviet space. Azerbaijan's strategic location, rich energy resources, and developing transit infrastructure are identified as key factors enhancing its regional influence. The country's multi-vector foreign policy—particularly its balanced relations with Russia, Turkey, Iran, and Western states—is examined as a critical element in strengthening its regional standing. Complex regional conflicts, especially the Karabakh conflict, are highlighted for their role in shaping Azerbaijan’s security and diplomatic strategies. The article thoroughly assesses the political, humanitarian, and security impacts of the Karabakh conflict and emphasizes the significance of new geopolitical realities that emerged after the Second Karabakh War in 2020, such as the opening of the Zangezur Corridor as a strategic transit route. It also addresses the challenges and risks Azerbaijan faces in asserting itself as a regional power. The study underlines the importance of pursuing multi-dimensional diplomacy, a balanced foreign policy, economic diversification, innovation, and social development. Recommendations include deepening regional integration, modernizing energy and transport sectors, resolving conflicts peacefully, and expanding security cooperation. This article offers valuable academic and practical insights into Azerbaijan’s evolving role in the dynamic geopolitical landscape of the post-Soviet region.
43-45
34
14
EFFECTIVE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE IN REGIONS
This article presents the issues of the necessity, importance, specific features and effective use of artificial intelligence technologies in the formation of innovative infrastructures in regions. It also substantiates the possibility of applying proposals and recommendations on the effective use of artificial intelligence technologies in the formation of innovative infrastructures in regions.
46-49
31
22
IMPROVING THE PRODUCT POLICY OF DOMESTIC INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
The article covers the importance of commodity policy and assortment in domestic industrial enterprises, the role of identifying low-profit goods in the assortment and optimizing production costs by improving commodity policy.
50-54
22
10
ISSUES OF THE FORMATION OF THE CONCEPT OF A GREEN ECONOMY IN UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the processes of formation of the green economy concept in Uzbekistan, its scientific and theoretical foundations, and directions of practical implementation. The main principles of the green economy are the rational use of natural resources, ensuring environmental sustainability, increasing social well-being, and stimulating economic growth. The article also separately examines the factors driving the development of a green economy on a global scale, including climate change, resource constraints, and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
55-57
38
14
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MARKETING: 5 KEY PRINCIPLES
In the article, sustainable development marketing is not only vital, but also necessary and is the only way forward. research
58-60
46
14
INNOVATIVE PROJECTS IN IMPROVING THE MARKETING ACTIVITIES OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
This article analyzes the role and importance of innovative projects in improving the marketing activities of industrial enterprises. The impact of modern marketing strategies, digital technologies, artificial intelligence, Big Data, blockchain, and other innovative approaches on industrial enterprises will be studied. Methods for increasing competitiveness and establishing effective communication with clients through the implementation of innovative projects are also highlighted.
61-63
67
13
THE REFLECTION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE PROVERBS OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
This article explores the reflection of national identity in the proverbs of English and Uzbek languages, focusing on their cultural, social, and historical dimensions. Proverbs, as concise expressions of collective wisdom, embody the worldview, traditions, and values of a nation. Through a comparative analysis, the study highlights how English proverbs often emphasize practicality, individualism, and rationality, whereas Uzbek proverbs frequently reflect collectivism, respect for elders, and the significance of family and hospitality. By examining thematic categories such as nature, morality, social relations, and work ethic, the article demonstrates that proverbs serve not only as linguistic units but also as cultural markers that preserve and transmit national identity across generations. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of paremiology and the role of proverbs in shaping and maintaining national consciousness.
64-66
54
10
CLINICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF HEPATITIS B AND D COINFECTION
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains one of the major causes of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) in individuals already infected with HBV leads to coinfection or superinfection, which significantly worsens the clinical outcome. This study reviews clinical and microbiological characteristics of HBV/HDV coinfection with a focus on available epidemiological data from Uzbekistan. The aim is to highlight virological interactions, disease progression, and implications for diagnosis and prevention.
67-70
28
7
READING CULTURE IS THE BASIS OF LIBRARIAN ACTIVITY
This article provides information about book reading, as well as the fact that a person can deeply understand his thinking, expand his knowledge, and gain a deeper understanding of the worldview. A person can read books using various sources throughout his life, enjoy the best works of our national literature and world literature, and increase the interest of today's youth in reading books.
71-73
31
9
KHORAZM LITERARY REFERENCE SOURCES
This article provides information on the creation of literary reference publications about the Khorezm oasis, an analysis of the poets of the past who lived and worked in Khorezm and their work, the formation of the literary life of the oasis, its specific development directions, the worthy place of Khorezm poets and writers in the development of Uzbek literature, the importance of the works they created, the emergence of a number of enlightened poets in literature, the glorification of science and enlightenment in their works, the glorification of goodness and friendship in their works.
74-77
30
12
PRAGMATIC TRANSPOSITION IN LITERARY TRANSLATION
Pragmatic transposition in literary translation refers to taking into account the pragmatic aspects of language during the translation process. The translator must consider the text not only from grammatical and lexical perspectives but also its context, cultural characteristics, and the author’s intentions. This process helps accurately convey the original meaning and spirit of the work, providing the reader with an opportunity to understand another culture.
78-80
35
11
DEVELOPING CREATIVE ABILITIES IN SCHOOLCHILDREN: PEDAGOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
This article analyzes the pedagogical foundations and methodological approaches of developing creative abilities in schoolchildren, as well as the role of the teacher in this regard. Effective methods for promoting creative thinking, forming independent thinking in learners, and revealing personal interests and talents are highlighted. The article focuses on current aspects of developing creativity in modern educational processes.
81-84
18
12
VIOLATION OF THE INVIOLABILITY OF PERSONAL DATA IN THE DIGITAL WORLD: A NEW TYPE OF MODERN CRIME
This article examines the concept of personal data and the types of crimes committed during their use or those that may be committed in the future. In particular, cases of committing crimes using the capabilities of artificial intelligence, which is forming as a product of the digital age, and their consequences are analyzed. Liability measures established by current legislation for such offenses will also be considered.
85-91
45
9
FORMATION OF SPEECH COMMUNICATION IN CHILDREN WITH NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHILDREN WITH SEVERE FORMS OF MENTAL RETARDATION
This article deals with the study and analysis of foreign literature on the issues of formation of speech communication in children with normal development and severe forms of mental retardation, as well as the formation of speech communication in severe forms of mental retardation, communication in Uzbek children. the development of skills is expressed.
92-103
61
12
AZERBAIJAN IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE: REGIONAL POWER AND GEOPOLITICAL STRATEGIES
This article analyzes Azerbaijan's position as a regional power and its geopolitical strategies in the post-Soviet space. Azerbaijan's strategic location, rich energy resources, and developing transit infrastructure are identified as key factors enhancing its regional influence. The country's multi-vector foreign policy—particularly its balanced relations with Russia, Turkey, Iran, and Western states—is examined as a critical element in strengthening its regional standing. Complex regional conflicts, especially the Karabakh conflict, are highlighted for their role in shaping Azerbaijan’s security and diplomatic strategies. The article thoroughly assesses the political, humanitarian, and security impacts of the Karabakh conflict and emphasizes the significance of new geopolitical realities that emerged after the Second Karabakh War in 2020, such as the opening of the Zangezur Corridor as a strategic transit route. It also addresses the challenges and risks Azerbaijan faces in asserting itself as a regional power. The study underlines the importance of pursuing multi-dimensional diplomacy, a balanced foreign policy, economic diversification, innovation, and social development. Recommendations include deepening regional integration, modernizing energy and transport sectors, resolving conflicts peacefully, and expanding security cooperation. This article offers valuable academic and practical insights into Azerbaijan’s evolving role in the dynamic geopolitical landscape of the post-Soviet region.
104-116
88
19
MILITARY AND POLITICAL STRUGGLE IN THE CAUCASUS-CASPIAN REGION FOR CONTROL OVER ONE OF THE MAIN BRANCHES OF THE GREAT SILK ROAD – THE CASPIAN ROUTE (III-XV CENTURIES)
The article reveals the content of the ever-increasing role of the Caucasus-Caspian region in global geopolitical and geoeconomic processes in the Middle Ages. It provides a detailed study of the military and political events occurring during this period and reveals the struggle of the main rival forces to establish their control over the main trade routes stretching from Europe and China, India and Central Asia. In this connection, the extremely important military-strategic and economic significance of one of the main branches of the Great Silk Road is demonstrated – the famous Caspian Route, which ran along the western coast of the Caspian Sea, which became famous back in ancient times.
The aim of the study is to analyze the military-political processes occurring in the region in the Middle Ages and to reveal the military events that took place from the 3rd century to the end of the 14th century in the region, which was subjected to spontaneous geo-ethnopolitical pressure from successive military-political forces. In the course of studying this problem, the main responsibilities were to highlight the great migrations of peoples, as well as the invasions of the Arabs, Rus, Seljuks, Mongols, Golden Horde and Timurids, which coincided with the directions of the main world trade routes, including the Caspian, and constituted one of their main strategic goals. In the article, historical-chronological and comparative research methods were used to reveal the problem. In the final part of the article, it is noted that the Middle Ages marked the intensification of military and political rivalry in the Caucasus-Caspian region for control over the Caspian route. Beginning in the 10th century, the first signs of a renewed desire of non-Caspian states to penetrate and strengthen their positions in this region by one means or another were observed. With the emergence of the powerful Ottoman Empire and the strong Azerbaijani states of Ak Koyunlu from the middle of the 15th century, and then from the beginning of the 16th century, – The Safavid state, the Caucasus-Caspian region becomes one of the key elements in the relations between Asia and Europe, which during this period acquired the character of a military-political confrontation.
The aim of the study is to analyze the military-political processes occurring in the region in the Middle Ages and to reveal the military events that took place from the 3rd century to the end of the 14th century in the region, which was subjected to spontaneous geo-ethnopolitical pressure from successive military-political forces. In the course of studying this problem, the main responsibilities were to highlight the great migrations of peoples, as well as the invasions of the Arabs, Rus, Seljuks, Mongols, Golden Horde and Timurids, which coincided with the directions of the main world trade routes, including the Caspian, and constituted one of their main strategic goals. In the article, historical-chronological and comparative research methods were used to reveal the problem. In the final part of the article, it is noted that the Middle Ages marked the intensification of military and political rivalry in the Caucasus-Caspian region for control over the Caspian route. Beginning in the 10th century, the first signs of a renewed desire of non-Caspian states to penetrate and strengthen their positions in this region by one means or another were observed. With the emergence of the powerful Ottoman Empire and the strong Azerbaijani states of Ak Koyunlu from the middle of the 15th century, and then from the beginning of the 16th century, – The Safavid state, the Caucasus-Caspian region becomes one of the key elements in the relations between Asia and Europe, which during this period acquired the character of a military-political confrontation.
117-119
43
15
LEXICAL-SEMANTIC, STYLISTIC AND METHODOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PROVERBS RELATED TO LANGUAGE AND SPEECH ACTIVITY
This article analyzes proverbs and sayings related to language and speech activity, focusing on their lexical-semantic, stylistic, and methodological features. Based on the author’s personal observations, reflections, and practical examples, the role of proverbs in today’s linguistic process is highlighted. Furthermore, their significance in shaping speech culture and their application in education are also discussed.
120-133
29
7
MILITARY AND POLITICAL STRUGGLE IN THE CAUCASUS-CASPIAN REGION FOR CONTROL OVER ONE OF THE MAIN BRANCHES OF THE GREAT SILK ROAD – THE CASPIAN ROUTE (III-XV CENTURIES)
The article reveals the content of the ever-increasing role of the Caucasus-Caspian region in global geopolitical and geoeconomic processes in the Middle Ages. It provides a detailed study of the military and political events occurring during this period and reveals the struggle of the main rival forces to establish their control over the main trade routes stretching from Europe and China, India and Central Asia. In this connection, the extremely important military-strategic and economic significance of one of the main branches of the Great Silk Road is demonstrated – the famous Caspian Route, which ran along the western coast of the Caspian Sea, which became famous back in ancient times.
The aim of the study is to analyze the military-political processes occurring in the region in the Middle Ages and to reveal the military events that took place from the 3rd century to the end of the 14th century in the region, which was subjected to spontaneous geo-ethnopolitical pressure from successive military-political forces. In the course of studying this problem, the main responsibilities were to highlight the great migrations of peoples, as well as the invasions of the Arabs, Rus, Seljuks, Mongols, Golden Horde and Timurids, which coincided with the directions of the main world trade routes, including the Caspian, and constituted one of their main strategic goals. In the article, historical-chronological and comparative research methods were used to reveal the problem. In the final part of the article, it is noted that the Middle Ages marked the intensification of military and political rivalry in the Caucasus-Caspian region for control over the Caspian route. Beginning in the 10th century, the first signs of a renewed desire of non-Caspian states to penetrate and strengthen their positions in this region by one means or another were observed. With the emergence of the powerful Ottoman Empire and the strong Azerbaijani states of Ak Koyunlu from the middle of the 15th century, and then from the beginning of the 16th century, – The Safavid state, the Caucasus-Caspian region becomes one of the key elements in the relations between Asia and Europe, which during this period acquired the character of a military-political confrontation.
The aim of the study is to analyze the military-political processes occurring in the region in the Middle Ages and to reveal the military events that took place from the 3rd century to the end of the 14th century in the region, which was subjected to spontaneous geo-ethnopolitical pressure from successive military-political forces. In the course of studying this problem, the main responsibilities were to highlight the great migrations of peoples, as well as the invasions of the Arabs, Rus, Seljuks, Mongols, Golden Horde and Timurids, which coincided with the directions of the main world trade routes, including the Caspian, and constituted one of their main strategic goals. In the article, historical-chronological and comparative research methods were used to reveal the problem. In the final part of the article, it is noted that the Middle Ages marked the intensification of military and political rivalry in the Caucasus-Caspian region for control over the Caspian route. Beginning in the 10th century, the first signs of a renewed desire of non-Caspian states to penetrate and strengthen their positions in this region by one means or another were observed. With the emergence of the powerful Ottoman Empire and the strong Azerbaijani states of Ak Koyunlu from the middle of the 15th century, and then from the beginning of the 16th century, – The Safavid state, the Caucasus-Caspian region becomes one of the key elements in the relations between Asia and Europe, which during this period acquired the character of a military-political confrontation.
134-141
106
23
“Measuring the Efficiency of Digitalization in Banking Services: Theoretical and Practical Approaches”
The digital transformation of banking services has become a central driver of efficiency, competitiveness, and customer satisfaction in the financial sector. This article examines both theoretical and practical approaches to measuring the efficiency of digitalization in banking. Theoretically, efficiency is evaluated through financial indicators such as Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and the Cost-to-Income Ratio, as well as non-financial metrics including customer satisfaction, transaction speed, and digital adoption rates. Practically, the study analyzes data from selected banks in Uzbekistan and international benchmarks, focusing on indicators such as the growth of digital banking users, profitability dynamics, and operational cost reduction. The findings reveal that digitalization projects not only enhance service delivery but also improve overall financial stability and competitiveness of banks. Graphical and tabular analyses are employed to illustrate trends in user adoption, profitability, and comparative international experiences. The study concludes by highlighting key methodological implications for policymakers and banking practitioners, offering a framework for assessing efficiency in the era of digital transformation.
142-144
27
8
Some Remarks on the Use of Parenthetical Insertions in the Works of Erkin A’zam
This article examines the stylistic and functional use of parenthetical insertions (kiritmalar) in the works of the contemporary Uzbek writer Erkin A’zam. Insertions are studied as independent linguistic units that enrich the narrative by adding explanatory detail, irony, and authorial commentary. By analyzing selected passages from A’zam’s prose, the paper reveals how insertions contribute to characterization, narrative dynamics, and implicit meaning. Comparative references are also made to other Uzbek prose writers to demonstrate the uniqueness of A’zam’s style.
145-152
32
12
METHODS OF DEVELOPING NATIONAL AND GENERAL COMPETENCES IN LITERATURE LESSONS
This article discusses the issues of developing national and general cultural competencies in literature lessons for students (grades 5-7) studying in general secondary schools. Traditional and modern methods of instilling national and general cultural values in students through certain literary sources are studied. New methods are developed on the values that should be established in the pedagogical activity of the teacher in literature lessons, taking into account the age, gender and mental state of the student.
153-158
34
8
A NEW ERA OF COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN UZBEKISTAN AND CHINA IN THE 21ST CENTURY
This article explores the dynamics of the comprehensive strategic partnership between Uzbekistan and China in the 21st century, analyzing its historical foundations, geopolitical significance, and evolving multidimensional cooperation. The study emphasizes the growing importance of bilateral relations in the context of global power shifts, regional integration processes, and the Belt and Road Initiative. By examining political, economic, cultural, and security dimensions, the research highlights how the partnership transcends traditional diplomacy and reflects a pragmatic model of interdependence, where both states pursue mutual interests while navigating global competition and regional challenges. The article also addresses scholarly perspectives and methodological frameworks that provide critical insights into understanding the depth and complexity of this bilateral engagement.
159-164
75
13
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONS WITH OTTOMAN TURKS IN CENTRAL ASIA (1865–1910)
This article systematically examines the historical, political, and socio-cultural dynamics underpinning the formation and development of relations between Central Asian entities and the Ottoman Turks during the period from 1865 to 1910. The study elucidates the complex interplay of geopolitical aspirations, trade exchanges, diplomatic correspondences, and cultural interactions that shaped bilateral engagements in this transitional era.
165-170
103
16
THE INFLUENCE OF THE OTTOMAN TURKS ON THE BUKHARA, KHIVA, AND KOKAND KHANATES
This article examines the multifaceted influence of the Ottoman Turks on the Bukhara, Khiva, and Kokand khanates during the 19th and early 20th centuries, with particular emphasis on political, diplomatic, cultural, and religious dimensions. Through an analysis of archival documents, diplomatic correspondence, trade records, and contemporary accounts, the study elucidates the ways in which the Ottoman Empire projected influence into Central Asia, reinforcing Islamic identity, supporting administrative and educational reforms, and facilitating transregional networks. The research highlights the reciprocal nature of these interactions, demonstrating how Central Asian khanates selectively adapted Ottoman models to their local contexts while negotiating autonomy under the pressures of Russian expansion. By situating these relations within broader geopolitical and socio-cultural frameworks, the article provides a nuanced understanding of the historical processes that shaped the development of Central Asian polities and their enduring engagement with the Ottoman world.
171-176
41
17
THE FORMATION OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN UZBEKISTAN AND CHINA
This article examines the establishment and evolution of diplomatic relations between Uzbekistan and the People’s Republic of China, highlighting their historical underpinnings, political dynamics, and strategic significance within the broader context of Central Asian geopolitics. By situating the formation of bilateral relations in the aftermath of Uzbekistan’s independence in 1991, the research underscores the multifaceted drivers of cooperation, including political recognition, economic interdependence, and regional security imperatives. Special emphasis is placed on the mechanisms through which China’s growing global influence, articulated through initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative, has shaped Uzbekistan’s foreign policy orientations, while Uzbekistan’s strategic geographical position and reform-driven domestic policy have enhanced its role as a reliable partner for China. The study not only investigates the political and economic determinants of bilateral cooperation but also addresses the challenges, contradictions, and opportunities inherent in these relations. In doing so, the article contributes to the academic discourse on post-Soviet state diplomacy, Sino-Central Asian engagement, and the transformation of Eurasian international relations.
177-182
26
7
PEDAGOGICAL FEATURES OF DEVELOPING FUTURE TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE THROUGH THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has introduced new opportunities for enhancing the professional competence of future teachers. In the modern educational paradigm, the integration of AI into pedagogical practice is not merely an auxiliary tool but a transformative factor that reshapes teaching methodologies, learning strategies, and assessment mechanisms. This article examines the pedagogical features of developing professional competence among prospective educators through the application of AI-based technologies. Special attention is devoted to the ways in which AI contributes to strengthening cognitive, methodological, and reflective skills, while simultaneously fostering adaptability to the rapidly changing demands of the digital age.
183-186
25
7
NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS
Currently, computer networks are developing rapidly. It is difficult to imagine any organization or institution without computer networks. The Internet, a global international computer network that emerged at the end of the 20th century, is proof of this. This network is becoming one of the electronic forms of information that many people receive daily from newspapers, journals, and books. Therefore, using and studying the structure of computer networks and obtaining information from them is of great importance.
187-190
25
15
THE EFFECT OF ETHYLENE AND STORAGE CONDITIONS ON THE QUALITY OF APPLES
This article examines the effect of ethylene gas on the external and internal properties of apple fruits during storage, in particular, on their degree of hardness. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of ethylene on biochemical and physiological changes in fruit tissues and, as a result, to determine changes in the shelf life, appearance and consumer properties of apple fruits.the notation. The article examines the effect of ethylene gas on the external and internal properties of apple fruits during storage, in particular, on their degree of hardness. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of ethylene on biochemical and physiological changes in fruit tissues and, as a result, to determine changes in the shelf life, appearance and consumer properties of apple fruits. Data on the possibility of preserving the quality of apples for a longer period of time through the use of ethylene sorbents in fruit storage and reducing the ethylene content are presented.
191-196
23
23
DETERMINATION OF PRODUCT OUTPUT AND QUALITY INDICATORS WHEN PROCESSING IN A WORKING SOLUTION OF C5H8NO4NA H2O WHEN DRYING SWEET PEPPER FRUITS IN A SHADY WAY
in a scientific article, experiments were carried out to determine the product output and quality indicators when these varieties and hybrids of sweet kalmpir are processed in a soyaki method of drying, in a working solution of C5H8NO4Na * H2O. Natrii glutamas, mononatrium glutamate, the mononatrium salt of glutamic acid is a white crystalline powder, well soluble in water, with the chemical formula C5H8NO4Na * H2O - is a food additive designed to enhance taste perception by increasing the sensitivity of the tongue receptors in the dar Tashkent variety 0.85 kg, in the "Chelsea F1 hybrid 1.1 kg, "Reyna F1", while in the hybrid this figure was found to be 0.96 kg.atrii glutamas, mononatrium glutamate, the mononatrium salt of glutamic acid is a white crystalline powder, well soluble in water, with the chemical formula C5H8NO4Na * H2O - is a food additive designed to enhance taste perception by increasing the sensitivity of the tongue receptors in the dar Tashkent variety 0.85 kg, in the "Chelsea F1 hybrid 1.1 kg, "Reyna F1", while in the hybrid this figure was found to be 0.96 kg. It is worth saying that the highest figure in the output of this ready-made dryylgna product was analyzed to be 1.1 kg, in the Chelsea F1 hybrid.
197-202
53
11
AGROTECHNOLOGY OF GROWING CALIFORNIA POPLAR (Populus fremontii) SEEDLINGS
This article is devoted to the development of agrotechnology for growing standard California poplar seedlings in Uzbekistan. The experiments showed that the viability of cuttings cut from new branches in November is high. Cuttings were planted with a length of 10–35 cm and a diameter of 5–18 mm, and as a result, cuttings with a length of 25–30 cm and a diameter of 12–15 mm showed the highest indicators (41 cuttings). This option was found to be superior in terms of root formation rate and viability. Scientific recommendations were developed on the agrotechnology of growing seedlings - cutting preparation, planting date, irrigation, fertilization, and methods of seedling extraction. The study is of practical importance in establishing high-quality timber poplar plantations in Uzbekistan.
203-209
27
17
TYPOLOGY OF PERSONALITY IN ULUGBEK HAMDAM'S LYRICS
in this article, the types of personality used in the lyrical works of Ulugbek Hamdam, the specificity of which typology arose through expression using somatisms, and their meaning are revealed.
210-213
38
8
MARKETING OF SOCIAL SERVICES IN THE FIELD OF TOURISM
Marketing in the field of tourism plays a crucial role in connecting internal management practices of travel companies with external market realities. Initially developed in the manufacturing sector, social services marketing has evolved into a vital tool for the tourism industry due to the growing competition, commercialization of services, and the specific nature of tourism products. Unlike traditional goods, tourist services are often offered as pre-packaged sets of experiences that require predicting consumer demand and preferences in advance. Effective marketing in tourism therefore ensures constant alignment of services with customer needs, enabling companies to remain competitive and profitable. At the macro level, tourism marketing is shaped by state policy and the economic role of tourism, with examples such as the U.S. Tourism Marketing Bureau coordinating national and international projects. At the micro level, travel companies and independent marketing firms employ research to evaluate market conditions, advertising effectiveness, consumer preferences, and product quality. Key research areas include assessing the popularity of destinations, analyzing new market opportunities, evaluating advertising channels, and identifying problematic situations. Overall, the marketing of social services in tourism functions as a system of continuous adaptation, designed to anticipate demand, enhance product quality, and sustain consumer interest, while also acting as an indicator of long-term success for tour operators.
214-220
27
6
ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS, SOLUTIONS, AND PROPOSALS IN THE DESIGN OF WORM GEARS
This article highlights the importance of analyzing the problems encountered in the design of worm gears and proposing appropriate solutions to improve the reliability of manufactured machines.It also emphasizes the significance of developing highly effective proposals based on innovative approaches to ensure the production of high-quality and reliable machines.
221-223
28
8
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH EMPAGLIFLOZIN THERAPY : MECHANISMS, RISC FACTORS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Empagliflozin, a sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is widely prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure. Despite its proven cardiovascular and renal benefits, rare but serious cases of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), including euglycemic DKA (euDKA), have been reported. This article reviews the incidence, mechanisms, risk factors, clinical features, and management strategies of empagliflozin-associated DKA. Early recognition and preventive strategies are essential to balance risks and benefits of therapy.
224-225
42
10
PORTRAIT AND IMAGE OF THE HEROINE IN RUSSIAN PROSE
It is well known that the description of external, pictorial phenomena of life is an important component of a literary and artistic work: portraits of characters, landscapes, the interior where events unfold - all together lead the reader to an understanding of how the writer solves social, moral, aesthetic, spiritual, philosophical problems of his time by figurative means. Some cultural eras and literary trends make one or another component of the descriptive "complex" more preferable for depiction, for example, a portrait, its various forms and types, others build a work on the dynamics of the landscape, on its special role, allowing us to judge both the people depicted, and the nature of the problems, and the ways of their resolution.
226-228
26
9
STRESS AS A FACTOR IN CAUSING CONFLICTS
A person is in different situations in his daily life and lives in different moods. Today, it is common to experience stress frequently. Isn't a person who looks at the situation through the lens of stress prone to conflict situations?
229-232
47
9
PECULIARITIES OF THE CONCEPTS OF SECULAR AND SOCIAL STATE IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
This article discusses the unique characteristics of the concepts of "social state" and "secular state" as enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It highlights the state's commitment to social justice, equitable distribution of wealth, poverty reduction, and creation of equal opportunities. The secular state model emphasizes freedom of conscience and the separation of religion from the state. Additionally, the article analyzes constitutional reforms, the “Uzbekistan – 2030” development strategy, and advancements in the national social protection system.
233-239
35
9
THE ROLE OF THE CLUSTERING MODEL IN THE MODERNIZATION OF LEGAL EDUCATION
The article analyzes the essence of the clustering system in legal education, its role in the integration of education and practice, and its impact on the modern educational process. Clustering unites higher legal education institutions, judicial and law enforcement bodies, the bar, notary offices, and legal clinics into a single system, serving to prepare students to apply theoretical knowledge in practice. The study proposes new approaches to the development of legal education clusters in Uzbekistan, highlighting issues such as the development of a national concept, the formation of regional clusters, and the integration of digital technologies into the educational process. In addition, based on a comparative analysis with the experiences of countries such as the USA, the UK, and Germany, ways to improve the efficiency of clustering are presented. The findings contribute to improving the quality of legal education, training competitive specialists in the labor market, and raising the legal culture of the population. The article also broadly covers the importance, advantages, and prospects of implementing clustering in legal education in Uzbekistan.
240-243
39
11
SYNONYMS IN PHARMACEUTICAL LEXICON IN ENGLISH, RUSSIAN AND UZBEKISTAN
This article discusses how synonymous phenomena occur between words in the pharmaceutical field, an analysis of the opinions of linguists on this issue, and the types of synonymous phenomena.
244-249
26
15
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF SYNONYMS IN SAIDA ZUNNUNOVA'S POEMS
This article talks about the specific features of the synonyms used in Saida Zunnunova's poems. The phenomenon of language units having the same meaning is called synonymy. A group of words that are synonymous with each other is called a series of synonyms. One word in the series of synonyms is the main word. The examples given in the article are taken from the poems of the poetess Saida Zunnunova.
250-255
62
29
«FAKE NEWS AND FINANCIAL MARKETS: MECHANISMS, EVIDENCE, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS»
This paper examines how misinformation, rumors, and fabricated news stories influence modern financial markets. The study builds on theories of information asymmetry, behavioral finance, and market microstructure to show that false information can trigger significant volatility, distort investor behavior, and erode trust in financial systems. Using recent global cases such as the Associated Press Twitter hack in 2013, the GameStop and AMC short squeeze episodes of 2021, the collapse of the Terra–Luna cryptocurrency ecosystem, and rumors that contributed to the Silicon Valley Bank crisis in 2023, the paper illustrates how digital platforms amplify misinformation. Special attention is also paid to emerging markets, including Uzbekistan, where Telegram channels and social media commentary often affect perceptions of currency stability and bank liquidity. The paper concludes with policy recommendations, emphasizing the need for stronger regulatory frameworks, improved market surveillance, and digital literacy programs for investors.
256-259
36
11
IN VITRO STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF COMPLEX COMPOUNDS SYNTHESIZED BASED ON LEVOFLOXACIN
This study investigates the antibacterial activity of novel metal complexes synthesized using levofloxacin (LEV) as a ligand. The in vitro antimicrobial effects of these complexes were evaluated against three clinically significant bacterial strains: Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The synthesized copper(II), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) complexes of levofloxacin were tested using the agar well diffusion method at a fixed concentration of 35 µg/mL. The diameter of the bacterial growth inhibition zones was measured and compared to those produced by free levofloxacin and the corresponding metal salts. Results demonstrated that the metal complexes exhibited significantly enhanced antibacterial activity compared to levofloxacin alone, with the copper complex showing the highest efficacy. These findings suggest that metal complexation with levofloxacin can improve its antimicrobial potency and may serve as a promising strategy for developing more effective antibacterial agents..
260-265
32
10
ENHANCING TEACHER CONTINUOUS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS
This article explores strategies and frameworks for improving continuous professional development (CPD) systems for teachers. It highlights the importance of ongoing learning and skill enhancement in the teaching profession to ensure educational quality and adaptability to changing pedagogical demands. The study examines current CPD models, identifies challenges faced by educators in accessing and benefiting from professional development opportunities, and proposes innovative approaches to make CPD more effective, inclusive, and sustainable. Emphasis is placed on integrating technology, collaborative learning, and personalized growth plans to foster teacher motivation and professional growth. The findings aim to support policymakers, educational institutions, and stakeholders in creating robust CPD systems that contribute to improved teaching practices and student outcomes.
269-272
351
61
YOUTH SLANG AND IDENTITY: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE
Youth slang is a vibrant and evolving aspect of modern communication that plays a significant role in shaping personal and social identities. This study investigates youth slang from a sociolinguistic perspective, emphasizing its role in the construction of identity, group membership, and cultural belonging. Through an analysis of language use among youth in both offline and digital contexts, the paper explores how slang acts as a linguistic tool for self-expression, peer bonding, and distinction from mainstream or adult discourse. It also examines the dynamic and creative nature of slang, particularly its rapid emergence on social media platforms and its adoption within localized linguistic communities. The research draws on theoretical frameworks from W.Labov, supported by contemporary studies on digital discourse. Findings suggest that youth slang not only reinforces social identity but also serves as a mechanism for resistance, creativity, and adaptability in an ever-changing sociocultural landscape. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of how informal language practices among young people reflect broader issues of power, identity, and social dynamics in today’s globalized world.
273-278
55
10
RECREATING PEDAGOGY: STUDENT-CENTERED STRATEGIES FOR HOLISTIC ACQUIRING AND ENHANCEMENT
Modern education is shifting to pay more attention to the needs of students. This essay talks about student-centered learning, which means that students take part in their own learning rather than just sitting back and listening to the teacher. It explains how this method helps students grow in all areas, not just in school, but also in their personal and social lives. People talk about ways to learn, such as doing group work, asking questions, and going at your own pace. The paper also talks about the problems, such as how to give fair tests to students and teach teachers how to use this new method. It shows that student-centered learning makes kids more sure of themselves, able to work on their own, and ready for the future.
Beyond the classroom, student-centered learning has several advantages. Students are more likely to feel pride in their work and a sense of ownership when they are actively involved in their education. Stronger interpersonal skills, more self-esteem, and an increased ability to handle difficulties in the classroom and in the real world can result from this. Although there are many benefits to student-centered learning, there are drawbacks as well. How to fairly evaluate students' progress is a big worry, particularly when they are learning at various rates or doing different kinds of assignments. The requirement for teachers to have enough training in order to successfully apply student-centered practices in their classrooms is another problem.
Notwithstanding these obstacles, the increasing demand for student-centered learning is indicative of a larger movement in education toward.
Beyond the classroom, student-centered learning has several advantages. Students are more likely to feel pride in their work and a sense of ownership when they are actively involved in their education. Stronger interpersonal skills, more self-esteem, and an increased ability to handle difficulties in the classroom and in the real world can result from this. Although there are many benefits to student-centered learning, there are drawbacks as well. How to fairly evaluate students' progress is a big worry, particularly when they are learning at various rates or doing different kinds of assignments. The requirement for teachers to have enough training in order to successfully apply student-centered practices in their classrooms is another problem.
Notwithstanding these obstacles, the increasing demand for student-centered learning is indicative of a larger movement in education toward.
279-282
37
11
RELAY OPERATION PROCESS
Despite the fact that a wide range of problems related to train traffic control are being solved using microelectronic technology, the prospects for the development and application of relay technology remain, since there are a number of problems that are more appropriately solved with the help of relays. This opinion is also confirmed by the ongoing work on creating new relays.
283-286
41
10
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED TARIFF BASED ON THE ATTO TRANSPORT CARD
This paper examines the development of an integrated “city–suburb” tariff system for the Tashkent agglomeration, based on the ATTO transport card. The study highlights the fragmentation of the current fare structure, in which suburban railway services remain excluded from the existing digital integration of urban transport modes (bus and metro). Drawing upon international best practices, the research proposes a methodological framework for incorporating suburban train journeys into a unified tariff zone, applying transfer discounts, and preventing fare duplication. The proposed model aims to reduce overall passenger expenditures, enhance the attractiveness of public transport, and support the establishment of a sustainable “city–suburb” mobility system.
287-289
50
12
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS OF IMPROVING PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF PROSECUTORS
The article examines the psychological factors influencing the development and improvement of professional competence among prosecution officers. Within the framework of an empirical study (n=84), the features of socio-psychological adaptation, emotional resilience, and motivational sphere of prosecutors were analyzed. It was found that the level of stress resistance and professional identity directly correlates with job satisfaction and readiness for self-development. The article concludes that it is necessary to implement psychological programs aimed at preventing professional deformation and strengthening intrinsic motivation.
