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HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF PATIENTS' SUSCEPTIBILITY TO
FUNGAL DISEASES
Khakberdiev Husan Rakhmatilloevich,
Assistant Department of Hygiene of Children, Adolescents and Food Hygiene,
Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Bakieva Mukhabbat Tursunkulova,
Assistant Department of Human Anatomy and Operative Surgical Topographic Anatomy
,
Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Anotation:
The scientific article is devoted to the study of the prevalence of sensitization to
food products and mushrooms, as well as its prevention in hot climates. Today, mushrooms
areknown in different countries of the world as an etiological factor of allergic diseases. In
patients with allergic diseases, based on a detailed anamnesis and using modern methods in In
vitro diagnostics can detect sensitivity to fungal allergens. In hot climates, detection of
immunoglobulin E antibodies to mold and yeast fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium,
Cladosporium, Alternaria and Rhizopus is only possible with a personalized approach to
diagnostics and therapy.
Key words
: food products, fungal allergens, allergen-specific immunoglobulins E, atopy,
environmental factors.
ENTRANCE
In humans, fungal infections often cause immediate allergic reactions with
immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated mechanisms. Patients sometimes also develop type II, III,
and IV allergic diseases [12]. In patients with fungal sensitivity, allergic reactions to house dust
mites, pet allergens, and foods may also occur due to changes in the immune system. One of the
unique features of fungal allergens is that they can be present both indoors and outdoors at
different times of the year, so patients may experience symptoms throughout the year [13].
Fungal allergens are part of outdoor bioaerosols and can cause allergic rhinitis,
conjunctivitis, bronchial asthma and allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis. At the same time,
mold fungi have a more significant impact on the immune system of patients than plant pollen
or other household allergens [11].
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
Currently, constant contact with the fungus leads to colonization of the respiratory tract
and the appearance of disease symptoms [6].
Fungal spores can provoke an immune response leading to the production of IgG and
IgA [9]. Mycogenic allergy is often accompanied by polyvalent sensitization.
Observations have shown that in 20–65% of people suffering from allergic diseases, the
causative allergen is fungal allergens, and 20–25% of them have bronchial asthma [2]. In
approximately 3–6% of cases, the development of bronchial asthma can be caused by fungal
spores. A high content of fungal spores is inextricably linked with the sanitary and
epidemiological characteristics of human living conditions, geographic region, environmental
factors, and season. The penetration of fungal spores into the human respiratory tract depends
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 07,2025
Journal:
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page 607
on their size, and the smaller they are, the deeper they penetrate into the respiratory tract (most
often their size is from 1 to 40 μm) [2, 9].
It is known that fungi of the genus Rhizopus are dangerous because they live in humid
conditions and usually spread as black mold when bakery products are stored incorrectly. Fungi
of the genus Cladosporium also live in relatively humid conditions and are very sensitive to
moisture deficiency. Fungi are preserved in cheese, cereals, grain products and plants [13].
Often, general practitioners, without taking into account the characteristics of allergens,
conduct empirical therapy. Only with the help of a complete and carefully collected anamnesis
can a positive mycotic anamnesis be predicted. In this case, it is recommended to pay attention
to the following aspects:
1. Most patients
are unaware that their symptoms are related to their living or working
conditions. They do not even think to tell the doctor that their symptoms appeared after a
change in their home or work conditions. Sometimes, after collecting a complete anamnesis, the
doctor has to find the allergen-"culprit" himself. Because microscopic fungi, invisible to the
naked eye, affect the course of bronchopulmonary diseases in sensitive patients in residential
premises. At the same time, climatic conditions, geographic region to a certain extent affect the
composition of micromycetes and biochemical processes. Conidia of some fungi (Alternaria
alternata, mucor spr., Penicillinum spr., Aspergillus spr.) penetrate through the respiratory tract
and cause allergic reactions, internal mycoses (Aspergillus flavus, Asp. fumigatus, Asp. niger)
and mycotoxicoses (Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Asp. fumigatus) [3, 5].
Cladosporum herbarum is widely distributed in the environment and is considered a
major source of inhalant fungal allergens. Cladosporum herbarum is also found in rotting grass
and tree branches, among weeds, in textiles and food products. Cladosporum herbarum is also
found on the leaves of temperate plants under favorable conditions, and its allergenic proteins
can cause life-threatening asthma attacks and upper respiratory symptoms [13].
Alternaria spores are present in the air of some cities throughout the year, with peak
concentrations in spring, summer and autumn. A number of meteorological factors, including
air temperature and barometric pressure, correlate with Alternaria spore concentrations [13].
Alternaria is a major allergen causing illness in children; in temperate climates, Alternaria
spores are detected from May to November, with highest concentrations in summer and autumn.
Spore dispersal occurs during dry periods of high wind speed and low humidity, at midday
when the sun is directly overhead. Despite the spores' large size, they can fly long distances; in
areas with cereals and wild grasses, Alternaria spores can be dispersed in 1 cubic metre of air
on dry, windy days. Up to 7,500 spores per cubic metre of outdoor air and up to 280 spores per
cubic metre of indoor air have been detected [13, 15].
2.
Fungi are widespread and widely used in the food industry, livestock farming, poultry
farming, flour milling, cheese making, brewing, wine production, agriculture, gardening and
pharmaceuticals for the production of yeast and enzyme preparations. Patients with allergic
diseases often develop increased sensitivity to fungi, which can manifest itself as suffocation or
attacks of malaise after being in damp rooms, basements, vegetable and fruit storage facilities,
archives, swimming pools and metro stations [7].
3. In patients
with respiratory diseases, frequent illnesses and a history of mycotic
infections (candidiasis,
sputum
and nasal smear culture, detection of fungi in stool analysis,
onychomycosis , dermatophytosis , etc.), the condition may worsen, especially in the autumn-
spring months (the period of fungal spore formation). When collecting anamnesis from patients,
it is usually necessary to pay attention to a history of frequent colds, rhinosinusitis, obstructive
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 07,2025
Journal:
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bronchitis. Patients living on the first floor or in humid conditions are more often diagnosed
with "asthmatic bronchitis" or "bronchitis with an asthmatic component" in their outpatient
cards. In most patients, bronchial asthma develops after the clinical manifestation of recurrent
obstructive bronchitis [7, 10].
4.
Stress of various origins leads to a significant decrease in immunity, as a result of
which the negative impact of pathogenic microorganisms, including fungi, increases.
5.
Violation of food storage rules, violation of hygienic rules and conditions during their
transportation creates an environment for the development of various pathogenic fungi in
products, including Candida (more often in dairy products), Rhizopus (black mold on bread,
vegetables and fruits, especially onions), Alternaria alternata (in the form of black dots on
potatoes, tomatoes), Botrytis cinerea (gray mold on grapes, cabbage, lettuce, tomatoes),
Aspergillus (black spots on tea bags, black pepper, coffee, fruits, confectionery). In children
with atopic dermatitis and hypersensitivity to fungi, symptoms appear after consuming
contaminated dairy products, vegetables and fruits, moldy cheeses, fermented bakery products
and home-canned food, and in adults - after consuming vegetables, jam, beer, champagne, wine,
kvass, kefir (i.e. fermented milk products), yeast bread and sourdough products. Most often,
allergic reactions are caused by fungi of the genera Candida, Alternaria and Aspergillus [13].
These allergen panels can now be used to diagnose and effectively treat children,
pregnant women, nursing mothers and people of all ages.
CONCLUSION
Today, the possibilities for determining sensitivity to fungi have expanded, which
required new approaches to developing preventive, diagnostic and treatment programs for
doctors in various fields of medicine. An individual approach to each patient and a complete
collection of anamnesis allow us to prevent the development of severe complications of the
disease.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 07,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 609
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http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/agns/pdf/CTAPhytase
from_Aspergillus_Niger_Final.pdf (04/13/2016)
