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A
BSTRACT
This article talks about the types of systems and analytical approaches in the science of pedagogy. Opinions
of scientists in the field of scientific research on this research problem are presented.
K
EYWORDS
Types of systems, closed (closed) systems, open systems, class of systems, natural systems, artificial
systems, abstract systems, logical systems, large systems, complex systems, systems approach, systems
approach, modern systems approach, characteristics of main approaches in systematic analysis, structure
of systematic approach, types of analysis, analytical approach in designing.
I
NTRODUCTION
First of all, from the fact that we defined that the
entire existence of matter has a systematic
structure, from the multifaceted and diverse
nature of systems, their components, quantitative
and qualitative connections between them, from
the large number of structures, functions and
other attributes of systems, and finally, from their
different manifestations in space and time, it can
be noted that there are many types of systems.
Types of systems are the subject of many studies,
and the aspect of which types are being studied is
relevant. As we recognize that matter is infinite
and limitless, as we affirm that its systematic
structure is in the position of other properties
Journal
Website:
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m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
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attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
SYSTEM TYPES AND ANALYTICAL APPROACHES
Submission Date:
August 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
August 25, 2023,
Published Date:
August 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-03-08-13
Akhrorova Umida Khamidullayevna
"University Of Business And Science" Non-State Higher Educational Institution, Teacher Of The Department
Of Social And Humanitarian Sciences, Uzbekistan
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such as motion, space, and time, there are
correspondingly many types of systems. It is
necessary to consider not only material
(material) systems, but also ideal systems.
Therefore, the approach to classifying systems
into types is also different. They have different
bases according to their character:
-
depending on the integrity of the system and
the connection between its parts, it is strongly
and loosely connected;
-
mechanical, physical, chemical, biological,
social according to the forms of movement of
matter;
-
dynamic and static according to their
relationship to the laws of motion;
-
functional,
non-functional,
developing
according to the types of changes;
-
closed, open, isolated according to the nature
of exchange with the environment (exchange
of matter, energy, information);
-
simple and complex according to the level of
organization;
-
is one-valued determined according to its
internal determination and associated with
probability.
-
lower and higher according to the level of
development;
-
according to the basis of origin, natural,
artificial, mixed (for example, man-machine,
in quantum mechanics: observer, measuring
instrument, object.);
-
progressive and regressive according to the
direction of development.
So, the system and its organizational elements,
components, as we said above, represent an
infinite chain of structure. Modern science has
managed to study 9-10 systematic structures of
the world around us. If we begin this division with
elementary particles, then atoms, molecules,
macrobodies (including living organisms),
systems of macrobodies (biological and social
systems), systems of cosmic bodies, galaxies,
metagalaxies. However, in philosophy, there is a
saying that the electron, like the atom, is infinite,
nature is infinite. In this sense, the study of
elements from saws to oil (up to the whole
universe) is the subject of the future development
of science. Modern science of cosmology
encourages us to draw a general philosophical
conclusion that the number and amount of worlds
in the universe (therefore, also metagalaxies) is
infinite. As we said above, not only the material
world, but also its reflection in the human mind
has a systematic structure. Man does not have the
task of knowing all the corners of the infinite
universe, but he has the opportunity to know any
area of the external world, any problem related to
its knowledge.
Table 1:
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System types are divided according to their
characteristics as follows:
I. According to genetic characteristics;
1) Material systems:
a) Physico-chemical systems. Elements are
particles, atoms, molecules, macro bodies of the
inorganic world, planets, stars, galaxies,
metagalaxies.
b) Biological systems on Earth. DNA, RNA acids,
cells, organs of living organisms, organisms, their
associations (classes, species, etc.), flora, fauna,
the entire biosphere of the Earth.
c) Social systems. These material systems include
a person, small social groups (family, production
teams),
medium
social
systems
(small
settlements, medium and small enterprises, trade
unions, workshops of large enterprises), large
systems (large cities, factories production
networks, political parties, trade union
associations) and, finally, the largest systems
(states, unions of states, the whole society, if the
process of globalization is taken into account, the
whole of humanity).
We know that the social life of people creates
technical systems. Among them are small
(machine, machine tool, set of tools), medium
systems, large systems (a set of enterprises,
technical networks), the largest systems (the
entire working tools of human society).
2) Ideal systems:
These systems include the entire content of a
person's self-awareness of the objective world
(philosophical worldview, political and legal
consciousness, ethics, aesthetic views, national
ideology, religious consciousness, set of scientific
knowledge, etc.). Ideal systems are also
subordinated. (For example, a general outlook-a
theory of objects, a network of knowledge-
individual consciousness, etc.).
II. According to the nature of the laws:
A mix
Social and technical
Organizational and
technical
Socio-economic
Artificial
Material
Abstract
Natural
Inorganic
Biological
Ecological
The world of systems
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1) Deterministic systems.
These systems are objects, legal summaries of
objects that operate in specific directions under
certain conditions (for example, any automaton
working according to a strictly limited program).
This type of systems usually includes various
technical devices working according to a given
plan (material systems) and a set of rules and
instructions aimed at solving a certain category of
problems (ideal systems). It must be said that the
number of deterministic systems is very small
compared to the number of probabilistic systems
that modern science has revealed.
2) Probabilistic systems.
A set of systems whose elements (components)
can interact in a certain number of options. An
influence on a deterministic system produces a
definite reaction, and on a probabilistic system
such an influence produces at least two or more
reactions. All physico-chemical systems, social
systems (many ideal systems, except technical
systems) in non-living nature are probabilistic
systems.
We will dwell in detail on another type of division,
which will be very necessary in the future course
of our topic of systems. This division is based on
the nature of their interactions with the
environment.
III. According to the nature of interactions with
the environment.
1) Berk (closed) systems - have strictly defined
boundaries. Its action does not depend on the
surrounding
system
and
the
external
environment.
An open system interacts with the external
environment. Such a system cannot support itself.
It depends on energy, information, and materials
coming from outside. An open system will be able
to adapt to changes in the external environment
in order to continue its operation.
2) Open systems - this concept arises from the fact
that there is a development in the form of mutual
connection and interconnection, which exists in
the whole world at all levels. In this sense, it is
possible to talk about the effect of external
conditions on the system and the external
conditions of the system. In external conditions,
there are primary connections and secondary
connections. First-order connections have a
significant impact on the system, others less so.
However, these statements are also conditional,
we will see this in the future. At the time when
dialectical-materialist philosophy claimed to be
the only correct methodology explaining all the
processes in the world, we hesitated to "protect"
it with a sphere of protection from the views of
any philosophical trends developed in the West.
Now we see that it is possible to do this artificially
for a certain period of time, but only for a certain
period and in a certain place.
We note that systems are divided into small,
medium, large and very large systems. Large and
the largest systems are systems with a multi-level
(level) structure, internal adjustment and self-
movement, development. Such systems are called
"human-sized systems" in modern science, that is,
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systems in which a person is an element of these
systems. It should be noted that the division of
systems into such types, the limits of their
separation are relative, changeable and
interchangeable.
As it can be seen from the above ideas, the
material world exists in the form of a multi-level
construction (manual) formed by the structural
levels of matter. Their mutual relations are
subject to the following rules:
1) all structural levels of matter are genetically
(i.e., by origin) interrelated, each "above" level
arises and exists only on the basis of the "below"
structural level. (i.e. atoms from elementary
particles, molecules from atoms, macrobodies
from molecules and so on up to metagalaxies);
2) higher levels of matter cannot be reduced to
relatively lower levels, because, as explained
above, at each new level, the (systematic,
integrative) properties of the material object that
did not exist at the previous level, which formed
the new one, appeared. (a water molecule has
properties that are drastically different from the
properties of its constituent oxygen and hydrogen
atoms);
3) the fact that material systems belong to a
certain class (level) is determined by its structure,
i.e., by the method of interconnection and
interaction of system elements, so there are laws
of influence at each structural level. (the law of
interaction of quarks that make up hadrons is
completely different from the interaction of
hadrons; the laws of interaction of the
organization system are different from the
interaction of cells). In principle, the
characteristics of higher-order systems cannot be
explained by the laws of lower-order system
interaction. (the characteristics of human atoms
are not explained by the laws of interaction of
atoms);
4) however, the existence of different types of
material systems at different structural levels
does not destroy the fact of their commonality
(such systems are common in terms of their
origin or belonging to a single material world). So,
in general, it does not prevent the search for
single, universal laws of the structure and
functioning of all systems.
In addition, based on the system-structural
similarity, the certain dimensionality of all
material objects, for example, the discovery of the
laws of the micro world is large-scale. It allows a
better understanding of the structures of the
universe, and the same can be said, on the
contrary; This is actually happening in modern
science. In this case, the closer the structural
levels are, the more similar the systems are
interconnected. (eg biological and social
systems).
It is known that in modern science, the concept of
the organization of matter in the form of
structural levels, the organization of the material
world, arose as a result of the long-term evolution
of the current system-structural structure of the
universe. In this process, all structural levels of
matter that are known today appeared one after
the other. Thus, the current structure of the
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material world is the result of movement and
development.
We know that modern science is based on the
structure and structural modeling of the material
world.
Table 2.
Classification of systems
Criteria
Systems
According to the connection with the
external environment
open, closed, mixed
According to the structure
simple, complex, big
According to the nature of tasks
special, multitasking (universal)
According to the nature of development stable, developing
According to the level of organization
well organized, not well organized (diffuse)
According to the complexity of behavior automatic, solving, self-organizing, predictive,
shape-shifting
According to the relationship between
elements
deterministic, stochastic
According to the management structure centralized, decentralized
By appointment (purpose)
Manufacturer, manager, service provider
System types include:
Material systems are real-time objects. Material
systems are divided into natural and artificial
systems.
To natural systems:
•
The structure of the human nervous
system, the blood circulation system in the
div;
•
In natural phenomena - weather system,
water circulation system, year and
seasons;
•
Growth, flowering, fruiting, etc. of the
world of plants;
•
It is divided into astrocosmic and
planetary, physical and chemical types.
To artificial systems:
•
Economic system;
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•
Education system;
•
Health care system;
•
Military system;
•
Cultural system;
•
Political system;
•
Spiritual system.
Abstract systems are representations of material
images or models with the help of thinking, which
are divided into descriptive (logical) and
symbolic (mathematical) systems. In other
words, it is a product of human thinking. They
consist of knowledge, theories and hypotheses.
Logical systems are deductive or inductive
representations of material systems.
1. Deductive method - a method of studying
specific cases of general cases.
2. The inductive method is a method aimed at
studying the laws, laws and rules of private
contradictions of general characteristics.
Mathematical systems:
Statistical mathematical systems or models - they
can be viewed as a statement of the mathematical
apparatus of the state of material systems
(equation of state).
Dynamic mathematical systems or models - they
can be considered as a mathematical
representation of processes in material (or
abstract) systems.
Large systems (CT) are systems that cannot be
observed simultaneously by a single observer in
time or space. In such cases, the system is looked
at in successive parts (subsystems) and gradually
rises to a higher level. For example, separate
whole different layers of the universe
(atmosphere, biosphere, stratosphere).
Complex systems (MT) are those systems that
cannot be created by adding some parts of the
system.
Approaches in systematic analysis:
•
Systematic
•
Structural-functional
•
Constructive
•
Collective
•
Problematic
•
Status
•
Innovative
•
Normative
•
Targeted
•
Activity-related
•
Morphological
•
Programmatic
1. Systematic feature:
-
both the system and individual elements are
defined by the features of their structure;
-
there is a connection between the internal and
external functions of the system;
-
the system interacts with the external
environment and has a corresponding
internal environment;
-
the system reflects the developing integrity.
2. Structural and functional features:
-
determination of system structures;
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-
determining the relationship between
system structure and functions;
-
creation of system functions.
3. Constructive feature:
-
realistic analysis of the problem.
-
analysis of all possible options for solving the
problem.
-
system structure, problem solving activity.
4.Composite feature:
-
review of all aspects, features, functions of the
system, its relationship with the environment.
-
consider them as a whole.
-
determining the level of importance.
5.Problem feature:
-
distinguishing conflicts and problems
between some aspects of the development-
determining object, determining the type,
evaluating it.
-
development of problem solving methods.
6. Status feature:
-
separation of the problematic complex based
on the situation;
-
distinguishing the main features of the
situation;
-
to determine the causes of the situation and its
consequences;
-
assessment of the situation and its
forecasting;
-
development of an activity program in this
case.
7.Innovative feature:
-
definition of update problems;
-
creation of new models to solve the problem;
-
-introduction of news;
-
management of innovation, its acquisition and
implementation.
8. Normative feature:
-
-constantization of the system problem;
-
setting system standards;
-
change the system according to the norm.
9.Target feature:
-
determination of system goals;
-
reconstruction of the goal in simple
components;
-
justification of goals;
-
creating a family tree of goals;
-
-expert assessment of all branches, goals tree.
10. Functionality:
-
identifying problems;
-
defining the object of activity;
-
-formation of activity goals and tasks;
-
identification of the subject of activity;
-
formation of activity models;
-
implementation of the activity.
11. Morphological feature:
-
maximally
accurate
determination
of
problems;
-
find the largest number within all possible
options for solving the problem;
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-
implementation of the system by mixing the
main structural elements and symbols;
-
application of morphological modeling
methods,
systematic
area
coverage,
morphological box, generalization, etc.
12. Programmatic feature:
-
identifying the problem;
-
formation of goals;
-
creating a program to achieve the goal.
In this sense, the term "system" should be
understood not only as a set of interconnected
components of the system (a control object) and
its levels of interdependence. Perhaps it is
appropriate to take into account the degree of
external relations included in it. This, in turn,
requires determining the way to implement a
systematic analysis, that is, the approach.
A systematic approach is a methodology based on
the study of an object as a whole, a "way" that
provides scientific understanding. In science, the
systematic approach has been developed by
representatives of various scientific fields. A
systematic approach is a set of interrelated
aspects that can serve as a methodology for
analysis. For example, the systematic approach
methodology consists of the following criteria:
- systematic - characteristic (elemental), what is
the system composed of? serves to find an answer
to the question;
- systemic-structural, serves to determine the
internal structure of the system, provision of its
contents;
- systemic-functional, serves to distinguish the
system and what tasks it creates;
- systemic-communicative, serves to determine
the nature of horizontal and vertical relationships
of the system with other systems;
- systemic-integrative, serves to determine the
system maintenance mechanism, maintenance
factors and improvement;
- systematic - historical, "how was the system
formed?", "what stages did it go through during
development?", "what is the perspective of the
system?" serves to answer the questions.
As you can see, the systematic approach is a
complex that serves to define the way to
implement a systematic analysis.
The systematic approach directs researchers to
the study of the unity of the object, the
multifaceted nature of relations and their unified
theoretical image.
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