Volume 04 Issue 02-2024
122
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
02
Pages:
122-129
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
A
BSTRACT
The article expresses the unique interpretations of the image of Amir Temur in the work of non-scholars
of jadid literature.
K
EYWORDS
Jadid, obraz, Ismail Gasprinsky, Fitrat, Haji Muin, saganasi of Temur, sorrow of the land.
I
NTRODUCTION
adidism movement is one of the most important
scientific sources in the study of the history of the
formation of national ideology, national idea, and
national outlook. From this point of view, it is of
great importance to study the scientific and
literary heritage of the Jadids, who were the
devotees of our independence. Jadids aimed to
bring society to a new stage of development by
reforming the state, system, and management of
the economic life in the environment of that time
and developing the nation. They created a
scientific concept that embodied the concrete
practical measures of such revolutionary changes.
They put forward ideas that aimed to enrich it
with the results of European development while
preserving the Eastern way of life that has lasted
for many centuries in a huge historical space like
Turkestan, which played a major role in the world
civilization. Also, from the beginning of the 20th
century, they were looking for ways to create a
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
IMAGE OF AMIR TEMUR IN MODERN LITERATURE
Submission Date:
February 19, 2024,
Accepted Date:
February 24, 2024,
Published Date:
February 29, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-04-02-19
M.O.Otajanova
Doctor Of Philological Sciences, Institute Of Uzbek Language, Literature And Folklore Of The Academy Of
Sciences Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan, University Of Business And Science LLC., Uzbekistan
Volume 04 Issue 02-2024
123
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
02
Pages:
122-129
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
new way of living, and they said that they should
start a struggle for self-determination in the
conditions of tyranny.
Because of the changed attitude to history,
appreciation of the artistic, scientific and spiritual
heritage of our great ancestors, study of historical
sources, our nation experienced the process of
self-realization. The role of the great master Amir
Temur in the history, prosperity and
development of our country is incomparable.
According to the sources, the owner Amir Temur
is described as having bright features, a sharp
memory,
energetic
and
determined,
straightforward, honest person.
Amir Temur was a leading leader who organized
all patriotic forces to liberate Central Asia from
the Mongols and directed them to struggle for
independence, a general who greatly contributed
to the realization of the aspirations of the land
people in this area. Amir Temur established an
independent and unified state based on the
power of his country and people in
Movarounnahr and Khorasan, which were
colonized and subjected to foreign rulers for
many years. Amir Temur also marched to other
countries for various reasons typical of his time
and contributed to the acceleration of the
development of European countries. He saved
Russia from the tyranny of the Golden Horde and
Europe from Turkish aggression. With his
policies, Amir Temur paved the way for cultural
growth and the development of the Turkish
language, leaving an indelible mark not only on
the cultural and spiritual world of Central Asia but
also on the history of the entire Muslim world and
having a great influence on its recent
development. Amir Temur established diplomatic
relations with many Eastern countries, and
especially with European countries, and opened a
wider way for various trade and cultural relations
with them.
Interest in the personality of Amir Temur began
during his life as a general, many historians began
to write down his unique activities in historical
records. Thus, the image of Amir Temur moved
from memoirs and diaries to works of art. We can
witness the reference to the image of the
entrepreneur Amir Temur in the examples of new
modern literature formed at the beginning of the
20th century. There are three main reasons for
this. First of all, nationalists oppressed by the
tyranny of the country, like Amir Temur, felt the
need for the protection of an indomitable force
and raised his image to an ideal level in their
works. Secondly, because the politics of that time
did not allow the direct integration of real life into
the content of the artistic work, the intellectual
artists masterfully used historical reality. Thirdly,
this image was necessary to awaken the spirit of
courage, bravery and patriotism typical of Uzbeks
in the heart of the nation that was left in
ignorance. "The main goal of fiction is always the
aesthetic ideal, and no matter what era, what
material the writer uses, and what methods he
uses, all his aspirations and actions are aimed at
realizing this ideal" [1,18].
Relying on the opinions of literary critic A.
Davlatova, who has studied the image of
Sahibkiran in Uzbek literature, we can note that
the image of Amir Temur as an aesthetic ideal is
often written in the works of Ismail Gasprinsky,
Fitrat, Haji Muin. One of the representatives of the
Volume 04 Issue 02-2024
124
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
02
Pages:
122-129
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
Jadidism movement, Ismail Gasprinsky, has a
special affection for the Turkestan region, which
is visible in his articles and pamphlets. The fact
that he chose the pseudonym Mulla Abbas
Fransavi Tashkandi is also proof of our opinion.
Among the examples of the author's works is the
work "Mukolamai Salatin" - a fictional story,
published in the December 22, 1906 and January
22, 1907 issues of the "Tarjimon" newspaper.
Amir Temur's famous slogan "Rosti - rusti"
("Strength is justice") was chosen as an epigraph
to the story. In this work, Amir Temur examines
the actions of the khans and emirs after him, their
betrayal of the great legacy he left behind, and the
reasons for the decline of the country. It seems
that Gasprinsky was also aware of the content of
the famous work "Dahmai shohon" in Bukhara.
After all, he included in his work the citizens of
"another world", Salatin (sultans), such as Mirza
Sadiq and Sami. The author Ismail Gasprinsky
deeply respected the personality of Amir Temur
and considered him a mature ruler in the literal
sense. In the story, he brings Sahibkiran to the
center stage as the king of the Turkish sultans.
The famous sultans of Rum, such as Sultan
Abdulaziz Khan, Nasriddinshah, Ismail Pasha,
Ataliq Ghazi Yaqub Khan, and the emirs of
Bukhara gathered in front of the great ruler and
questioned them. Sahibqiran cannot believe that
the huge kingdom that stretched from "Sadri Chin
to the Sea of Marmara, from the icy Dashti
Kipchak to the hot Indian Sea" was destroyed
after him. The sultans gathered in the meeting are
powerless in front of a sharp question and a sharp
look. Amir Temur's speech in the story allows us
to visualize his image more clearly[2,86.]. This
plot itself is evidence that the author recognized
Amir Temur as the great emir of the East. "The
Truth knows my actions. Conquering the world
was not because of bloodlust, burning the
country, or ambition. Centuries ago, my nation,
my Turks and Uzbeks were being crushed by an
incompetent administration, with death and
massacres, and the orderly army was
disintegrated from region to region and region to
region." [3.]. In the quoted passage, the image of
Amir Temur is embodied as a patriotic person.
This character in the story is described as a hero
who defines the ideal of the author. Adib wants
the rulers responsible for the country's future to
learn from the exemplary life and activities of
Amir Temur.
Asking for help from the soul of Amir Temur,
asking for measures for the development of the
country, and visiting his grave are also
characteristic of the artistic heroes of Fitrat.
According to literary critic H. Boltaboev, "the
name of the great master Amir Temur is
mentioned in more than 30 scientific and
journalistic works of Fitrat"[4.81].
...Улуғ хоқоним! Турклик шарафи таланди.
Турк учун қўйдиғинг давлат битди, турк
остиға қурдиғинг ҳоқонлик ёғийгами кетди.
Туркнинг
номуси,
эътибори,
иймони,
виждони золимларнинг аёғларн остинда
қолди.
Туркнинг юрти, улоғи, ўчоғи, Турони ёт
қўлларға тушди.
Туркнинг билгиси, онги, ўйлови, зийраклиги
жаҳолат ўлжасиға кетди.
Сенинг қиличинг билан дунё эгаси бўлған
турк тинчгина бир ётоқ тополмай қолди.
Volume 04 Issue 02-2024
125
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
02
Pages:
122-129
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
Сенинг кучинг билан дунё хўжаси бўлган турк
қарлуқ темурларига* кирди.
Хоқоним!
Туркликка хиёнат қилғанлар турк бўлсалар
ҳам қонларини оқизмоқ сенинг муқаддас
одатингдир, ётма, тур!..
In the poem "Sadness of the Country (Temur is
ahead)" of the poet, the image of Sahibgiron is
interpreted as "the owner of a high and great
priesthood" and the owner of a "heart like the
waves of the sea". If in Gasprinsky's work Amir
Temur demands an explanation of the reason for
ignorance from the successor rulers, the lyrical
hero of Fitrat appears in front of Sahibqiran with
a "crushed head", "squeezed conscience", "burnt
blood", "burnt soul" through self-exposure.
Gasprinsky looks for the reason for the tyranny
that befell the Turks through Amir Temur's
speech, while Fitrat calls on his compatriots to
"return the old honor and glory of Turan".
In the dramas "Oguzkhan" and "Temur's epic"
written by Fitrat in 1918, he appealed to the
spirits of one of the ancient Turkish khans,
Oguzkhan and Amir Temur.
According to art critic Sirojiddin Ahmad and
literary critic Boybota Dostkoraev, the
newspaper
"Ishtirokyun"
published
on
September 4, 1919, the message "Navoi night".
According to this report, written by "Ishchi"
(Ghozi Yunus), on August 16 of the same year, a
party dedicated to Alisher Navoi was held in the
theater building known as "Rohat Bogcha" in
Tashkent. Ghulam Zafari's one-act dramas
"Bahar", Fitrat's "Oguz Khan" and "Temur
Sagana" were shown on the night. According to
the press reports of those years, these works have
been exhibited before. There is soul in the
thoughts that they were written in 1918, after the
events of February. Analytical information about
Fitrat's drama "The Tale of Temur" was given for
the first time in Hamid Olimjon's article "Creative
Way of Fitrat" (1936). This article was written at
the request of that time to expose the "counter-
revolutionary" nature of the works of "old"
writers like Fitrat. Therefore, the author
approached Fitrat's libertarian works from the
point of view of vulgar sociology. Nevertheless,
the value of this article is that it provides a small
snapshot of this work that has not survived to us.
Until recently, whoever thought about this work,
it came from that single passage given in the
multi-volume works of Hamid Olimjon. However,
this article, published in the 4-5 issues of the
"Soviet Literature" magazine in 1936, was
abridged in the subsequent editions of Hamid
Olimjon's works, even in the "Collection of Perfect
Works". According to the information given in the
original version of this article, the young man who
came to visit Sahibgiron Sagana turns to the spirit
of Amir Temur and says the following words:
“Хоқоним,
эзилиб
таланган,
таланиб
йиқилган, йиқилиб яраланган турк элининг
бир боласи сендан кўмак истарга келди.
Боғлари
бузилган,
гуллари
сўлган,
булбуллари учирилган Туроннинг бир
қоровули сенга арз этарга келди.
Хоқоним, Туроннинг Қофқози ёнди, озарлиси
битирилди, туркмани алданди, татари
таланди, ўзбеги емирилди, қирғизи очликдан
ўлди, кўтар бошингни, Хоқоним!..”
Literary scientist, academician N. Karimov's book
"Landscapes of 20th Century Literature," in the
Volume 04 Issue 02-2024
126
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
02
Pages:
122-129
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
article "Abdulrauf Fitrat" published in one of the
1952 issues of "Milliy Turkestan" magazine, M.H.
Erturk writes that the pseudonymous author gave
the following information: , shows a blue forest in
the scene and it is cut. At that time Temur came
and asked: "Who is cutting these forests?" Who is
chasing the birds from the nursery? What
happened to the inheritance of our ancestors?" -
he called out. In this way, Fitrat wants to convey
to the people the need to protect the heritage left
by the ancestors." The author of the article refers
to the homeland as "heritage". Fitrat considered it
a sacred duty of every nation to protect and
preserve the heritage of the fatherland. With the
above words, Erturk draws attention to the fact
that this idea is advanced in this work. But in this
article of his, the picture of "Temur Sagana"
known to us through Hamid Olimjon is somewhat
distorted [4.391]. Sattar Jabbor, a student who
went to Goethe's country to study in 1922, was
well aware of modern Uzbek literature and the
works of some of its representatives. In 1931, at
the suggestion of a Turkish student named Hodi
Tokai, he finished writing the book "On the Road
to Salvation". This book, dedicated to the work of
representatives of "New Uzbek literature" from
Miri to Botu, was published in Istanbul in 2000
under the name "On the Road to Salvation". In this
book, an unknown monologue of Amir Temur
from the drama "The Tale of Temur" is published,
and below, this monologue, along with an
introduction by Sattar Jabbar, is brought to the
attention of Uzbek readers for the first time:
"Fitrat's
passion
for
Turkishness
and
independent (independent) Turkestan in his
heart is collected in his two beautiful theater
works, "Temur Saganasi" and "Oguzkhan".
Although both works are out of print, they are
excellent operettas that have been staged all over
Turkestan. Here is an excerpt from The Saga of
Timur:
Ювош эс, тонг ели, тўхта, бу ерларни
кўрарсенми?
Бу тошнинг остида кимдир ётиб қолган,
билурсенми?
Бутун очунни титратган буюк хоннинг туғу
тошин
Зиёрат этмайин, юз суртмайин илдам
ўтарсенми?
Бу сип
-
сийдам қора тош остида бор ўйла бир
хонким,
Ёритганди
қоронғуларда
қолган
турк
дунёсин.
Оғир тупроқлар ичра ён босиб тинган бу
арслондирким,
Турарди ериндан
-
да эшитган чоғда “урҳо”син.
Бу хоқоннинг қиличлар синдириб тузган улуғ
мулки —
Эсизлар,
оҳлар,
мунглар,
ёзишларким
бузилмишдир.
Бугун қонлар тўкиб, жонлар сочиб кўрган
чечак боғи
Фиғонлар,
қайғулар
ва
ҳасратларким,
бузилмишдир.
The available information about the text of the
drama "The Saga of Temur" is as follows. We see
that all this information is limited to the first part
of the work, i.e. the "patriotic" young man and the
"high-natured" old man came to Sahibgiron
saghana, lamented and asked for salvation, and
Amir Temur broke through the saghana and
called on the people to rise up and fight for
Volume 04 Issue 02-2024
127
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
02
Pages:
122-129
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
independence. Maybe the work consisted only of
this event? Perhaps, the performance of Amir
Temur: "I command you, get up!" Fix our country!
Let my posterity(s) live in peace! If you don't do
this, the country will become a great graveyard!"
ended with the words, and the idea of the play is
vividly embodied in these words?
In this performance, Oktam (Qayyum Ramazan)
played the role of the young man, and Mannon
Uyghur played the role of Amir Temur with great
skill. According to "Ishtirokyun" newspaper, the
Uyghur Amir masterfully performed the actions
of Temur when he came out of the grave.
According to Zaki Walidi's recollection, Sattar
Jabbor, who was present at that unforgettable
performance, told him: "Chigatoy Gurungi,
established in Tashkent after the revolution,
greatly helped the development of the Uzbek
theater movement." One of the leaders of this
group, the poet Fitrat... wrote great and powerful
poems. "The tears of the audience who saw
"Indian revolutionaries" and "The Saga of Timur"
were constantly flowing."
Fitrat brought the image of Sahibgiron to modern
Uzbek literature as a banner of salvation for the
first time with his work "Temur Saganasi" written
in the fiery days of 1918.
In the work "Temur's epic" the mental state of the
lyrical hero in front of Temur's saga is expressed,
just like in the play "Yurt qaygusi". Amir Temur's
name is written in a poetic piece with extremely
high, beautiful lines. Based on the demands of the
social conditions, Sahibqiran mainly freed the
country from the invaders, emphasis was placed
on his patriotism. In the quoted passage, it is
emphasized that the qualities of nationalism and
justice in Sahibqiran's nature were a light for the
Turkish world, which was in darkness. The next
verses of the poetic passage are extremely close
to the thoughts of Ismail Gasprinsky. That is the
decline of the great kingdom, the trampling of the
gardens, etc. Through the image of Amir Temur,
the independent dream of not only Fitrat, but also
all moderns is clearly expressed as an aesthetic
ideal:
Ёрил, эй турк бахтини эсга солган тош, ёрил
илдам,
Ёрилким, кўкрагинг ичра ётиб қолган хон
уйғонсин!
Таланган, ёндирилган юртини
-
Туронини
кўрсин!
Эзилган, яраланган бойқиш элга йўлни
кўрсатсин!
Fitrat expresses his aesthetic ideal with such
beautiful verses and wishes for the return of the
great glory of the Turk, who remained in the
pages of history.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Haji Muin,
who had a special position in the history of Uzbek
literature and culture as a journalist, poet,
dramatist, and translator, wrote in his articles
published in "Sadoyi Turkistan", "Samarkand"
newspapers, and "Oyna" magazine that the
nation's progress is based on knowledge, and the
perspective of a nation with knowledge Munavvar
writes about his dignified and respectable
appearance, the education of young people and
girls, the cause and remedy of indecency, family
education, the language issue, the country's grief,
and the state of the press.
Haji Muin's song "Sorrow of the Country
(Turkistan fig'on)" is accompanied by the cry of
Volume 04 Issue 02-2024
128
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
02
Pages:
122-129
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
Turkestan and the sufferings of Amir Temur. In
the play, Haji Muin expressed his inner pain and
dream-ideal through the speech MOTHER LAND.
While narrating the events that happened to
Turkestan, he weeps remembering the
prosperous days in the distant past. Amir Temur
recognizes the period of his rule as the most
unforgettable years of his life: "I will never forget
the life and happiness I saw during the time of the
world-loving Temur, who was one of my
sons"[6.]. Literary scholar A. Baghirov rightly
stated, "During the difficult times, anxious and
exciting days of the nation, fiction feels a deep
need to remind the war pages of the history of
that nation, the heroic lessons of the past." In this
way, literature fulfills the task of raising the spirit
of the people who have suffered a serious tragedy
and giving them spiritual encouragement in
connection with their human and patriotic duty"
[1.18].
Similarly,
the
changes,
ignorance
and
backwardness that took place in the social and
political life of Turkestan in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries did not leave the intellectuals
indifferent. The image of the entrepreneur Amir
Temur was boldly introduced into fiction because
of the desire to cure these ills, the desire to be
freed from the tyranny of tyranny - to wake up the
nation from "sleepiness and heedlessness" in this
way. The authors lamented the decline of the
country. They dreamed of original children like
Temur who could eliminate the trade that fell on
the head of the nation. For this, the historical
period, image, method and artistic means were
correctly chosen and the most appropriate way.
In the conditions where the former Soviet
ideology prevailed, Temur's activities were
negatively treated, and he was always
condemned in the literature of that time.
However, despite the ideological barriers and
prohibitions, some scientific works expressed
some correct opinions about Temur. In this
regard, the publication of academician I.M.
Mominov's treatise "The Place and Role of Amir
Temur in the History of Central Asia" in 1968 was
an important event in Uzbekistan. The treatise
was the first attempt at a scholarly work written
against one-sided views on the personality of
Timur. But this attempt was condemned by the
higher authorities and press bodies in Moscow,
and the author of the work suffered a lot. To get
information about this, it is necessary to study
other sources.
R
EFERENCES
1.
Бағиров А. Бадиий идеал ва тарихий
ҳақиқат // Ўзбек тили ва адабиёти.
1997 йил 2
-
сон. 18
-
бет.
2.
Давлатова А. Жабрдийда ёзувчилар
адабий
мероси
мустақиллик
хизматида. Тошкент –
“Фан” нашриёти,
2013 йил, 86
-
б.
3.
“Муколамаи салотин”.
"Таржимон"
газетаси. 1907 йил 22 январь.
4.
Болтабоев Ҳ. Фитрат ва жадидчилик.
Тошент:
Ўзбекистон
миллий
кутубхонаси, 2007. 81
-
бет.
5.
Каримов
Н.
XX
аср
адабиёти
манзаралари. Тошкент: Ўзбекистон,
2008. 391-
бет
Volume 04 Issue 02-2024
129
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
02
Pages:
122-129
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
6.
Ҳожи
Муин. Юрт қайғуси // "Ҳуррият"
газетаси. 1917 йил 10 ноябрь.
