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(ISSN
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OCLC
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A
BSTRACT
This article is devoted to the analysis of three categories: joy, anger and fear in the work of Roald Dahl
“Matilda”. Background: Due to the fact that they express the emotionality of the characters of the work,
being part of the style, their interpretation causes some difficulties for the translator. Methods: The
comparative and contrastive analysis methods were used in this work with the help of examples from the
novel mentioned above in English, Russian and Uzbek languages. The statistic and method of classification
are also considered as a significant in this article. Results: The classification of emotions found in the work
“Matilda” into “joy”, “anger” and “fear” allowed us to establish that an incorrect translation of the emotional
state of the characters can violate the style of the author of the original work, which can lead to a distortion
of thought. Conclusion: Emotionality plays an important role in a work of any genre, especially for children.
And their translation can cause some difficulties, since what causes joy in one culture can cause anger and
even fear in another. The translator must perform cultural and emotional adaptation without violating the
style of the author of the original work.
K
EYWORDS
Categories, translation, anger, joy, fear, expressiveness, adaptation, novel.
I
NTRODUCTION
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
COMPARISON OF TRANSLATIONS OF THE CATEGORIES OF
JOY, ANGER AND FEAR IN THE NOVEL “MATILDA”
Submission Date:
Sep 20,
2024,
Accepted Date:
Aug 25, 2024,
Published Date:
Sep 30, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-04-09-06
Aliboyeva Nigina Alisher qizi
PhD., Associate Professor, Foreign Philology Department, Termez State University, Termez, Uzbekistan
Volume 04 Issue 09-2024
37
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
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Pages:
36-46
OCLC
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1368736135
The question may arise here: why are these
categories chosen? Firstly, these emotions are
fundamental compared to others, and secondly
they are quite common in this work, especially
anger and fear. We added the emotion of joy, as it
has a positive character and this will allow us to
balance expressiveness among the above two.
We have proposed the following scheme of their
classification:
Figure 3.5.
Classification of emotions in the story “Matilda”
First of all, it should be noted that despite the
genre of the work and its purpose, most of the
examples we have considered belong to the
categories of anger and fear. This is due to the fact
that the main character is the headmistress
Trunchbull, who in the entire plot of the story
caused fear in children and was herself filled with
only malice. The same can be said about Matilda's
parents, for whom these categories were in the
first place, especially the second. Our task in this
section is to study the adequacy of translations of
words and phrases expressing these categories in
Russian and Uzbek.
In this story, the categories of joy are mainly
expressed using lexical units and adjectives such
as pleasant, glad, fascinated, happy.
Matilda’s father used the phrase “Eureka!” in a
moment of admiration for his insight, translator
A. Biryukov also used transcription: “Eureka! I
exclaimed.
–
I came up with it!”
Categories
of character emotions
The Category of
Joy
Words and phrases that
characterize the feeling of
joy
The characters’ speech in a
moment of joy
The category of anger
words and phrases that
characterize the feeling of
anger
The characters’ speech at
the moment of anger
expressions characterizing
the actions of the characters
in a moment of anger
The category of fear
words and expressions
characterizing the feeling of
fear
expressions that
characterize changes in color
and facial expressions.
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In our translation, we also used this word, since
“eureka” is an exclamation expressing joy,
satisfaction about a successful idea that came to
mind, some kind of discovery, etc.
We found out that there are very few words and
speeches expressing joy, because the characters
of the work, especially the children, lived in
constant fear of the headmistress and tolerated
her malice, but still they met. For example, while
Miss Honey was conducting her first lesson, the
children, under her good impression and desire to
show their knowledge, shouted: “I will, I will”,
which means "I will, I will", that is, "I will answer".
The only time this emotion was felt on a massive
scale was when one of the characters, Bruce
Bogtrotter, had to eat a cake of incredible size,
and the students present from all over the school
shouted to support him: "WelldoneBrucie! Good
for you, Brucie! You’vewonagoldmedal, Brucie!"
And he did, that is, he won the so-called contest
between him and Miss Trunchbull.
A. Biryukov translated it like this: "Well done,
Brucey! You've won! You won the gold medal,
Brucey!"
We have also proposed: “Barakallo, Bryus. Qoyil!
Sen oltin medal yutib olding, Bryus!”. To avoid
tautology, we applied an explication to the phrase
"You won", replacing it with the word "Qoyil",
which does not have a direct translation, but
expresses delight and admiration.
The following sayings were found almost at the
end of the work in a paragraph titled “The second
Miracle”: “I don't believe it! I simply don’t believe
it!” These are the words of Miss Honey, where she
is very surprised and shocked by what is
happening. The following option is selected in the
Russian translation: "This is incredible!
–
I don't
believe it! This just can't be happening!"
In our translation it looks like this: “Bu aqlga
sig’maydi! Men bunga ishonmayman! Bunday
bo‘lishi mumkin emas! "We have replaced the
word "incredible" with "Bu aqlga sig'maydi",
since the translator's goal is not only to translate
the text correctly, but also to adapt it in the
translated language.
In part of the story: “The third miracle“, everyone,
including the school teachers, were very happy to
get rid of Miss Trunchbull and thank Miss Honey
for this with these words: "By golly, somediv's
floored he
r at last! Congratulations, Miss Honey!”
It is translated verbatim into Russian and Uzbek,
that is, Biryukov translated it like this: "My God,
they finally laid her down! Congratulations, Miss
Honey!" "In the original it says that "Someone laid
her down," but translated into Uzbek in order to
embellish and add emotion to these sayings, we
chose this option: Ey Xudo, nahotki siz uni
qulatdingiz! Tabriklayman Miss Hani”.
The category of joy can also manifest itself in the
form of a change in the character's state, for
example: “The whole of Miss Honey's pale and
pleasant face blushed a brilliant scarlet. Then
once again she smiled. It was a much broader one
this time, a smile of pure pleasure”.In Russian, the
equivalent is given: "Miss Honey's sweet pale face
turned pink with embarrassment. Then she
smiled again, and her smile was open and
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cordial." In Uzbek: “Miss Xanining oppoq yuzi
birdaniga qizarib ketdi. Keyin u yana bir bor
jilmaydi: samimiyroq va quvonchliroq”.
The next analyzed category of emotions is anger.
It is of paramount importance to consider the
speech of the characters at the moment of anger.
The main character Matilda, from the beginning
to the end of the work, hates her father for his
actions and dishonor towards other people,
because he deceives people and sells damaged
cars for a lot of money, she expresses her
dissatisfaction and anger in this passage: "It's
dirty money", "I hate it."
"This Dirty money! I hate them!" (in Russian)
“Bu xarom pullar. Men ulardan nafratlanaman”
(our translation into Uzbek. In relation to the
adjective “dirty”, we used a lexical and semantic
substitution. Since it literally translates as “kir”,
but based on the meaning and its relation to
dishonestly earned money, it will be acceptable to
choose the word “xarom”,
in this case it will be
correctly adapted into Uzbek.
Moreover, Mr. Wormwood uses obscene language
very often, especially in relation to Matilda:
“You're just an ignorant little squirt who hasn't
the foggiest idea what you're talking about!”This
phrase is translated into Russian as follows:
"You're just a snotty girl who doesn't even
understand what they're talking about here!". Our
translation into Uzbek: “Sen o'zi nima deyotganini
o'zi tasavvur ham qilib ko'rmaydigan kaltafahm
qizsan" (generalization).
Mrs. Wormwood is also prone to reproaches and
swearing towards her daughter. This is a new
expression of the following:
“Now keep your nasty mouth shut, so we can all
watch this program in peace”
The translations into Russian and Uzbek are
identical: "Shut your disgusting mouth right now
so you can watch TV in peace."
“Xoziroq tilingni tiygin va bizga tinchkina
televizor ko’rishga ber”
In the previous paragraph, we considered words
that are semantically close to the lexeme "cry", in
the sense of "scream". In most cases, the author
used the word "bark". A. Biryukov also used the
word "growl", in the Uzbek translation we
proposed 2 variants "qopmoq" and "vovillamoq".
The use of these words is incompatible with the
situation, as it is characteristic of animals, not
humans, despite this, we chose the word
“vovillamoq”, since this translation is adequate.
Mr Wormwood barked. “I’m fed up with your
reading anyway. Go and find yourself something
useful to do.”
Translated by A.Biryukov, it looks like this: "I'm
fed up with your reading. You'd better do
something useful."
Our translation of this saying in Uzbek is as
follows:
“Kitob o’qishingdan to’yib ketdim. Bor, o’zinga
biron foydali narsa topgin”
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Despite the fact that Miss Honey is a positive
character, in the story she is also exposed to the
emotion of anger towards indifferent parents
who are more interested in a television program
than the success and future of their own
daughter:
“Mr Wormwood,” she said, “if you think some
rotten TV programme is more important than
your daughter’s future, then you ought not to be a
parent! Why don’t you switch the darn thing off
and listen to me”
Translator Biryukov suggested the following:
"Mr. Wormwood, if you think that some stupid TV
show is more important than your own
daughter's future, then you shouldn't have
become a father at all! Why don't you turn off this
damn box and listen to me?" The key phrase here
is "damn box", which is the epicenter of attention
of all family members, with the exception of
Matilda.
Our translation has a distinctive character, due to
the fact that we used the techniques of
generalization, substitution and sentence
division:
“Janob Vormvud” –
dedi ayol, jahl bilan so’zida
davom etib: “Naxotki shu ko’rsatuv qizingizning
kelajagidanham muhim bo’lsa
. Siz qanaqa otasiz
o’zi? Shu la’nati televizorni o’chirib menga ozgina
quloq soling?”
There are two sentences given in the original, but
we have divided it into three, since the first
sentence contains a corollary: "If..... then......"
Replacing the phrase "then you shouldn't have
become a father at all!" with Siz qanaqa otasiz
o'zi?”we have made it the epicenter of the
reader's attention. While the phrase "darn thing"
(the cursed box) was interpreted as "shu la'ati
televizorni", that is, "this damn TV".
Another notable factor in the character of the
Headmistress Trunchbull was the active use of
threats at a time of anger towards the students of
her school. Here is an example of the following
position: “I'd have roasted Matilda's bottom for
her so she coul
dn't sit down for a month!”
It is translated into Russian as follows:
"I would whip Matilda so hard that she could not
sit down for a whole month!"
When translating this saying into Uzbek, we chose
the following option: "Men Matildani u stulga
o'tirolmay qoladigan darajada savalagan bo'lar
edim".
Also, when expressing her anger, Miss Trunchbull
used negative comparisons, such as, for example,
the following sentence:
“You look like a rat with a tail coming out of its
head!”
Our translation into Uzbek is identical to the
original:
“Sen xuddi dumi boshidan chiqib turgan
kalamushga oxshaysan”
The next object of our analysis is expressions
characterizing the actions of the characters at the
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moment of anger. In most cases, anger manifests
itself in the form of a change in complexion,
especially the characters blush. This can be
considered by the example of the following:
Two red spots appears on the father’s cheeks. Our
translation: Otasining ikki chakasi jahldan qizarib
ketdii. (in Uzbek).
Another option for changing the complexion at
the moment of occurrence of this emotion:
“MrsWormwoodsaid, turningpink". Or “The
father's face was beginning to go dark red”, "The
father bl
ushed deeply." In our translation: “Dedi
uyalganidan qizarib Vormvud xonim" and
“Otasining yuzi qattiq jahli chiqqanidan shekilli
qizarib borardi".
During the analysis, the following actions of the
characters of the work were discovered, in
particular it was observed in dirrectrissa
Trunchbull, Mr. Wormwood, and Matilda herself:
“With frightening suddenness he now began
ripping the pages out of the book inhandfuls and
throwing them in the wastepaper basket. With
that he dropped the now empty covers of the
book into the basket and marched out of the
room, leaving the telly blaring”.
Translation by A. Biryukov "Suddenly he began to
tear pages out of the book and throw them into
the trash. And he threw the cardboard binding
into the trash
—
all that was left of her book, and
defiantly left the room, deliberately leaving the
TV unplugged."
We have chosen the following statement for
Uzbek: “U kutilmaganda g'azabga to'lib kitobdi
parchalarga yirtib, savatga tashladi. Keyin u axlat
savatga kitodan qolgan jildniham otib yubordi va
televizorni baqirgan xolda qoldirib xonadan
chiqib ketdi”.
The following sentences are taken from part of
the work “Throwing the Hammer”: “The
Trunchbull yelled, and with that she lunged
forward and grabbed hold of Amanda’s pigtails in
her right fist and lifted the girl clear off the
ground. Then she started swinging her round and
round her head, faster and faster and Amanda
was screaming blue murder and the Trunchbull
was yelling”.
It's translated into Russian as follows," The
Trunchbull screamed and, rushing forward,
grabbed Amanda's pigtails with her right hand
and lifted the girl off the ground. Then she started
spinning it over her head faster and faster."
We have applied generalization here, since
concretization is superfluous in this description:
“Tranchbul qizchaga qattiq baqira ketib yoniga
keldi va o'ng qo'li bilan qizning bitta qilib o'rilgan
sochlaridan mahkam ushlagan holda ko'tardi va
boshi uzra aylantira boshladi va biroz vatdan
so'ng bu aylantirish birdaniga tezlashib ketdi.
Ayl
antirilgani sari qattiq qo’rqib ketganidan
xuddiki joni uzilayotgan odamdek azoblanib
qichqirayotgan Amandaga qarab baqirayotgan
Tranchbulning ovozi shundoqqina eshitilib turar
edi”.
The last analyzed object of this paragraph is the
lexical ways of expressing fear.
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In Roald Dahl's novel, fear is most often expressed
through lexical units. This may be due to the fact
that the fear experienced by the characters is
expressed through the narrator. We have divided
the lexical units expressing the fear of the heroes
into two groups:
1) words and expressions characterizing the
feeling of fear;
2) words and expressions characterizing changes
in color and facial expressions.
The largest group of lexical units expressing fear
is represented by verbs. The intensity of the
emotions experienced is conveyed in the text by
adverbs (cautiously, nervously, exceedingly wary,
fearfully).
This group is divided into two subgroups
according to the forms of manifestation of fear in
the characters of the work:
- physical action (including involuntary reactions
of the human div due to fear) or intention;
- inactivity (paralysis).
Physical actions as a form of expression of fear are
manifested in episodes of The Ghost chapter, in
which Matilda decided to scare her parents:
- The mother shrieked, still quaking.
Mother screamed, still trembling.
- Xamon titroqda qichqirdi onasi
In the examples given below, the characters
perform actions intentionally:
- The husband wiped his lips nervously with his
napkin.
- The husband nervously wiped his lips with a
napkin
- Eri asabiylashib lablarini salfetga bilan artdi.
The following sentences relate to different
chapters of the novel, but their common feature is
the expression of students' fear of the
headmistress.
- I became so frightened of her I used to start
shaking when she came into the room.
- I was so afraid of her that I started shaking when
she entered the room.
-
Men undan shunchalik qo‘rqardimki, u xonaga
kirganida titrab boshlar edim.
-
“Stand over there!” the Trunchbull ordered,
pointing. The boy stood to one side. He looked
nervous. He knew very well
he wasn’t up there to
be presented with a prize. He was watching the
Headmistress with an exceedingly wary eye and
he kept edging farther and farther away from her
with little shuffles of his feet, rather as a rat might
edge away from a terrier that is watching it from
across the room.
- Get up there! Thrusting her whip, Trunchbull
ordered as he climbed onto the stage.
The boy obeyed. It was obvious that he was
nervous: He was well aware that he had not been
called to present the prize at all. He looked warily
at the headmistress and slowly backed away with
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small steps, like a rat retreating at the sight of a
bristling terrier. An expression of gloomy
foreboding appeared on his round, gray-faced
face. (Translated by A.Biryukov)
-
O‘sha yerda tur! –
buyurdi Tranchbul.
Bola saxnaning bir tarafida toxtadi, u
asabiylashganday ko’rinar edi, chunki uni
mukofot bilan tag’dirlanmasligini bilar edi. U
direktorga qo’rquv bilan qarardi va undan mayda
qadam tashlab uzoqlashishga xarakat qilar edi.
Uning do‘mboqqina yuzi, qo‘rquvdan bo‘zarib
ketdi. In the Turkic language, the word is "bo'z",
"gray".
In the following sentences, fear is expressed by
verbs and adjectives that characterize the shades
of feeling and its intensity:
- Normally Miss Honey was terrified of the
Headmistress.
-
They’re all scared to death of her.
- Matilda froze in horror.
The characteristics of fear in the above
expressions and words have different shades:
from
anxiety,
nervousness,
uncertainty,
hesitation to overwhelming horror (terrified,
scared to death). The imagery of the expression
scared to death shows the extreme degree of
fright of the hero. It describes the condition of the
students and Miss Honey. All these characters
throughout the novel experience fear in the
presence of the headmistress. Children are afraid
of punishment and severity, amounting to cruelty,
and Miss Honey's fear is due to the family history
that connects her and Miss Trunchbull (the head
of Miss Honey's Story).
In the following situations (the episode on the
playground in front of the school), the characters
are paralyzed by fear, so they do nothing:
- The girl wearing the pigtails, Amanda Thripp,
stood quite still, watching the advancing giant,
and the expression on her face was one that you
might find on the face of a person who is certain
that the Day of Judgement had come for her at last.
Paralysed with fright, managed to stutter, “My m
-
m-mummy likes them. She p-p-plaits them for me
every morning”.
The pigtailed girl, Amanda Tripp, stood frozen
and looked at the inexorably approaching
headmistress with the kind of expression that
probably happens to a person who finds himself
alone in an open field with an angry bull rushing
straight at him. From horror, Amanda could not
move from her place, as if she had been glued, her
eyes were wide open with fear, she was trembling
like an aspen leaf and seemed to be sure that her
death hour had come. Out of fear, Amanda began
to stutter and barely uttered in a trembling voice:
"M-m-they are n-n-equal to mom. She s-s-braids
them for me every morning."
This is a variant of Biryukov's translator, in which
he preferred implication, in order to embellish
what is happening and add emotionality to what
is happening.
Explication and generalization were used in our
translation
into Uzbek. “Maktabga sochlarini bir
tekis qilib o‘rdirib kelgan Amanda Tripp
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ko‘rinishidan sokin va xotirjam bir holatda turgan
bo‘lsa –
da, ichichidan xuddiki Qiyomat
boshlangandek qattiq qo’rquv hadikda edi. Yutilib
yutilib,
sekingina
titroqli
bir
ovozda
“O‘o‘o‘o‘o‘rilgaaaaaan
sochlaaaaar
onaammmmgaaaa yoqadi, u har kuuuuuni
sochlariiiiimni shunday o‘o‘o‘o‘rib qo‘o‘o‘o‘yib
darsga yuboradiiiii” deya oldi xolos”.
Next, let's look at the lexical expressions that
characterize the change in color or facial
expression of a character at the moment of fear.
If, when an emotion of anger arose, the
complexion of the characters in most cases
changed to red, then due to fear, it was mainly
paleness. Most often, an important characteristic
of fright is a change in complexion, for example,
the paleness of his skin. A significant role is
played by the description of the facial expression,
which reflects the condition of the hero.
The expressions below illustrate the reaction of a
boy named Bruce Bogtrotter, who ate a piece of
cake and is now exposed to condemnation in front
of all the students. Miss Trunchbull chastises
Bruce and tries to get a confession from him, but
the reaction of the boy, who denies his
misconduct, betrays him: fear of the headmistress
manifests itself on his face, which first turns gray,
and then white with fear:
- Face had turned grey with fearful apprehension.
An expression of gloomy foreboding appeared on
his round, gray-faced face.
-
Uning do’mboqqina yuzi, qo’rquvdan bo’zarib
ketdi.
- The boy exclaimed, turning from grey to white.
The boy exclaimed, and his face turned from gray
to white.
-
Hayqirdi bola va uning bo‘zargan yuzi oqarib
In the chapter The Ghost, the main plot action of
which is the prank of Matilda, who decided to
teach her parents a lesson, many expressions
describe the parents' fear of the threat. The girl
hid the talking parrot in the chimney and told
them that a ghost had appeared in the room. The
following expressions illustrate the reaction of
Matilda's parents:
- His face had turned grey.
His face turned gray.
- Uning yuzi kul rang tus oldi.
-
“…” the father said, greyer than ever now.
"..." said the father, who was now grayer than
ever.
..” yuzidan rangi qochib dedi ota har qachongidan
ham kulrang tusga kirib.
-
“…” cried the mother, turning white.
"..." the mother screamed, turning pale.
-
“...” deb qichqirdi ona qo‘rquvdan oqarib.
In most of the cases listed above, the adjectives
white and grey are used.
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Phonetic ways of expressing fear
Phonetic ways of expression in the novel are
represented by the technique of onomatopoeia:
repeated letters convey stuttering caused by fear
in writing. The following sentences illustrate this
phenomenon:
-
“My m
-m-mummy thinks I look lovely, Miss T-T-
Trunchbull,”
Amanda stuttered, shaking like a
blancmange.
-
Paralysed with fright, managed to stutter, “My
m-m-mummy likes them. She p-p-plaits them for
me every morning.”
In this episode, imitation of stuttering is an
important speech characteristic of the heroine's
emotional state
–
fear of Miss Trunchbull.
Syntactic means of expressing fear
In the following sentence, there is a syntactic
means of expressing fear, which the heroine
suggests to the students and others:
- A formidable figure she was too, in her belted
smock and green breeches.
Here there is a violation of the traditional word
order in a sentence or phrase, a component that
has changed its place in a sentence or phrase
acquires a special meaning in the inverted text.
Inversion is a stylistic means that in works of
fiction helps to make the text more expressive and
to focus the reader's attention on interesting or
necessary details in characterization of
characters.
Stylistic means of expressing fear
The novel also presents stylistic means of
expressing fear: hyperbole, grotesque and
epithets.
The hyperbole, reaching the grotesque, is very
vividly represented by the description of the
headmistress herself, Miss Trunchbull:
- Miss Trunchbull, the Headmistress, was
something else altogether. She was a gigantic holy
terror, a fierce tyrannical monster who frightened
the life out of the pupils and teachers alike. There
was an aura of menace about her even at a
distance, and when she came up close you could
almost feel the dangerous heat radiating from her
as from a red-hot rod of metal.
The description also abounds with epithets that
characterize and reinforce expressions of fear. In
the next sentence describing Miss Trunchbull,
there is also an epithet with a superlative
adjective, which elevates the trait inherent in the
heroine to an extreme degree:
- She was above all a most formidable female.
In the following passage, one can observe
hyperbole in how the heroine's facial expression
is described, what emotions she felt when she saw
Miss Trunchbull approaching her. Fear is
described as a strong, overwhelming feeling, like
a "doomsday" that is near:
- The girl wearing the pigtails, Amanda Thripp,
stood quite still, watching the advancing giant,
and the expression on her face was one that you
Volume 04 Issue 09-2024
46
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
09
Pages:
36-46
OCLC
–
1368736135
might find on the face of a person who is certain
that the Day of Judgement had come for her at last.
C
ONCLUSIONS
To summarize, the following can be highlighted in
this paragraph: emotionality plays an important
role in a work of any genre, especially for
children. And their translation can cause some
difficulties, since what causes joy in one culture
can cause anger and even fear in another. The
translator must perform cultural and emotional
adaptation without violating the style of the
author of the original work.
R
EFERENCES
1.
О.П. Ермакова, Гипербола и смежные с ней
явления, Флинта, –
72 (2021)
2.
К. Горбачевич Словарь эпитетов русского
языка, Норинт, –
224 (2004)
3.
R. Dahl, Matilda,
–
232 (1988)
4.
А.Бирюков, Матильда (перевод),
- 110
(2005)
5.
A. Shavick R.Dahl: the champion storyteller. -
Oxford: Oxford University Press, - 32 (1997)
6.
https://rustutors.ru/litved/littermin/1401-
grotesk-primery.html
7.
https://russkiiyazyk.ru/leksika/inversiya.ht
ml
8.
https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ushakov/10
95546
б.
