Chemistry

Производители жидких мыл, косметики, лекарственных средств и других продуктов в Узбекистане нуждаются в дешёвом гидроксиде калия, который можно производить из местного хлорида калия, производимого в АO “Дехканабадский калийный завод”

Для подогрева сырья в нефтеперегонной установке используются горячие технологические потоки, выходящие из ректификационной колонны - дистилляты топливных фракций и мазута [1-4]. Для подогрева углеводородного сырья на НПЗ в основном применяют трубчатые теплообменные аппараты [2;4;5;6].

Актуальной проблемой повышения устойчивости проходимости пород и технико- экономических показателей бурения, является проблема подбора составляющих используемой промывочной жидкости и технологии их применения [1, 2]. Опыт бурения скважин показывает, что только высокое качество буровых растворов и соответствие его геолого-техническим условиям, позволяет повысить скорость бурения, улучшить качества вскрытия продуктивных пластов, наиболее полно использовать технические возможности долот и забойных двигателей, увеличить срок их службы, сократить расходы на борьбу с осложнениями и снизить стоимость бурения в целом

В данной статье исследовалось влияние содержания и природы ПАВ на процесс пенообразования в полимерных растворах. В результате эксперимента было установлено, что устойчивость пены в системе полимеров соответствует содержанию ПАВ и их пенообразующим свойствам. Кроме того, кинетика разрушения пены в полимерных буровых растворах с различными ПАВ может существенно варьировать в зависимости от структуры и природы используемых ПАВ. Также было выявлено, что концентрация ПАВ в растворе и наличие соли (CaCl 2 ) существенно влияют на кинетику образования и разрушения пены. В целом, результаты исследования позволяют более эффективно управлять процессом пенообразования в полимерных растворах и использовать полученные знания для оптимизации технологических процессов в различных областях промышленности.

Спиртосодержащие (оксигенатные) топлива достаточно эксплуатируются во всем мире. Применение спиртовых смесей наряду с уменьшением вредных выбросов позволяет уменьшить расход высокооктановых добавок к бензину для улучшения их эколого-эксплуатационных характеристик и антидетонационных показателей. Существующие стандарты при производстве бензинов допускают применение кислородсодержащих компонентов и добавок. Так. в стандарте EN 228-99 наряду с другими оксигенатами допущены метанол и этанол.

В статье рассматриваются интерактивные формы и методы проведения занятий, особенности их применения, общие результаты и эффекты интерактивного обучения химии. Полагается, что практическое применение интерактивных форм обучения является одним из серьезнейших направлений подготовки студентов в высшей школе по данной специальности.

Полимеры – высокомолекулярные соединения, молекулы которых, называемые макромолекулами, состоят из большого числа одинаковых группировок, связанных между собой химическими связями.

В работе приведены физико-химические исследования оптимальных составов полистиролбетонов на основе вторичного полистирола. Ввиду необходимости получения полистиролбетонов с высокими механическими и физическими свойствами нами была поставлена задача изучить процессы их твердения.

В последние несколько лет приобрела актуальность тема возможности получения молекулярного водорода путём фотокаталитического разложения молекул воды при температуре, близкой к комнатной. Одним из предполагаемых кандидатов на роль промышленных фотокатализаторов являются коллоидные квантовые точки (КТ). Одним из наиболее эффективных фотокатализаторов являются КТ CdS, допированные несколькими процентами ионов марганца, которые изменяют энергетическую структуру полупроводника [1,2]. Однако, фотокаталитические свойства коллоидных наночастиц могут существенно зависеть от типа стабилизатора поверхности КТ.

Для того чтобы утверждать о возможности применения вторичных битумов в дорожном строительстве недостаточно определять только их физико-механические показатели, необходимо так же оценить качество и соответствие стандарту асфальтобетонов, полученных на основе таких битумов [1].

Yonuvchan qo‘shimchalar usuli bilan yengil vaznli olovbardosh g‘isht olishda koks va ko‘mir eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan qo‘shimchalardan ikkitasidir. Ularning partiya tarkibidagi hissasi 20 – 30 % gacha yеtishi mumkin. Ushbu materiallarning narxi 2-4 marta farq qiladi. Shu munosabat bilan bu komponentlar yordamida ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulot tannarxini pasaytirish imkoniyatini baholash, ularning xususiyatlarining o‘zgarishini hisobga olgan holda yengil materiallar xossalarini qiyosiy tahlil qilish maqsadga muvofiqdir. [1]

The aim of the research is to composition and production of technological production of composite lubricating oils for reducers based on local raw materials.
The subject of the research work: The composition of the compaction gear oils includes tar, dewaxed oil, grease, additive CD-7.
The scientific novelty of the research work is the following:
when determining the stability of the oxidation-reduction property of the oil and its components on the basis of gear lubricating oils, the maximum mass loss rate is determined;
a comparative analysis of reducer lubricating oils and their components have been studied by the thermal relationships between resins and asphaltenes;
the use of sodium soaps in the oxidation of CD-7 in the lubricating oils of the compressor components in the form of sodium soap indicates the thermostability of the excess of the supervision and the resistance to thermal decomposition;
the heat-resistant ability of the composition is based on the main effects of tar as well as oxidation and counter-attack of the additive CD-7 in its composition;
the structure and technology of extracting gear lubricating oils from new contents with high performance properties based on local raw materials have been created.

Subject of the inquiry: An old irrigated typical sierozem soil, an irrigated meadow alluvial soil, cotton crop, labeled and non-labeled nitrogen fertilizer, manure, furrow irrigation, drip irrigation, polyethylene film, mulch.
Aim of the inquiry: Regulation of transformation processes of soil and fertilizer nitrogen in accordance with requirements of cotton plant in the belt of irrigated sierozem soils.
Method of inquiry: Field, lyzimeter and pot experiments with cotton were conducted in accordance with “Methods of field experimentation with irrigated cotton” (Uzbekistan Cotton Growing Research Institute, 1973, 1981). Chemical analyses of soil and plant samples were performed according to "Methods of agrochemical analyses of soil and plants" (Uzbekistan Cotton Growing Research Institute, 1963, 1977). Relative growth rate of cotton stem and dry mass accumulation were determined as suggested by D. 13. South (1991). Relative growth rate of nitrogen productivity was calculated according to P. Poorter (1989). Data were subjected to analysis of variance using PROC GLM procedures in SAS (SAS Institute, 2003).
The results achieved and their novelty: The qualitative data on soil nitrate content as well as the N-total concentrations in cotton leaves allowed for the differentiation and thus improvement of the nitrogen fertilizer application norms and timing for cotton growth.
Fertilizer nitrogen recovery in cotton was determined by l?N methods both for cotton grown with a mulch of polyethylene film and combined with various timings of nitrogen application, different nitrogen quantities and under different irrigation modes including drip and furrow irrigation.
The impact of nitrogen quantities applied during planting on the germination of cotton seeds and stand establishment was researched. The content and dynamic of all soil mineral nitrogen forms were investigated. In addition, estimated was the quantitative ratio of available soil NPK throughout the cotton vegetation period, the relative growth rate of nitrogen productivity, cotton growth and development, and cotton yield depending of the nitrogen application timing while cotton was grown w ith the use of polyethylene film.
Mineralization and immobilization processes of nitrogen in the soil and the fertilizer nitrogen l5N balance was investigated under various ratios of manure carbon and with different brands of fertilizer nitrogen. Results showed that the optimal C:N ratio was obtained with the combination of cow-dung carbon + nitrogen of mineral fertilizer + manure applied, which was reflected in an improved availability of plants nutrients content in the soil, which in turn increased cotton yield and the quality of the cotton lint.
The transformation of mineral forms of soil nitrogen, NPK uptake and dry mass accumulation by plants, as well as cotton yield quantities and quality were investigated subject to various nitrogen rates and application timing combined with different irrigation technologies, irrigation methods and modes.
Practical value: Based on the results following implications options could be elaborated:
- A method for a refined use of nitrogen fertilizers application both in terms of quantities and timing on cotton which is based on the nitrate content in the soil (for automorphyc soils only) and on the nitrogen concentration in plant leaves which is applicable for all soil types;
- nitrogen fertilizer application methods for various irrigation technologies used in cotton production (alternate irrigation during whole vegetation);
- efficient method of a combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and manure on cotton, which lowered the use of nitrogen fertilizer rate by 30% and concurrently increased the scope of usage for organic fertilizer;
- nitrogen fertilizer application timing on cotton when cotton is grown with the use of polyethylene film.
Degree of embed and economic efficiency: The results of the investigations formed the scientific basis for the development of “Practical recommendations in agriculture: soil, water, fertilizer” (in Russian, MAWR, Tashkent, 1996. - 108 p.), “Recommendations on production of high and qualitative cotton yield in Tashkent Province” (in Uzbek, UzSPCA, Tashkent, 1996. - 16 p.), Recommendations on the use of mineral and organic fertilizer in cotton growing” (in Uzbek, UzSPCA, Tashkent, 2003. - 24 p.). Practical recommendations as presented in this thesis were included in various provinces of the country but on a total area of 80,000 hectares. Hence this would lead to a net profit varying from 48,826 to 215,981 sums ha'1 caused by the recommendations
Sphere of usage: Farmers units specialized in cotton production in the belt of the irrigated sierozem soils.

Subjects of the inquiry: a toaster, the evaporator, solvent, cotton oil-cake, connected gossiple, mould mushroom and carotinsintezing yeast.
The purpose of work: Consists on creation scientifically-proved effectual biotechnologies of processing cotton oil-cake, allowing produce a valuable forage not containing toxic gossiple and enriched by fiber, soluble carbohydrates, carotinolds, lipids, possessing good comprehensibility.
Method of inquiry: for the analysis and the estimation of quality cotton oil-cake physical and chemical, microbiological, biochemical and mathematical methods of research are used.
The results achieved and their novelty: it is revealed and proved at joint cultivating of micromisyt and carotinsintezing yeast it is deep detoxate of gossiple on cotton oil-cake. The basic optimum parametres of technology cultivating investigated microorganisms (temperature t =28-30°C, pussycatslotnost of environment pH~7, duration detoxing and are defined т = 96-120 hours) essentially new technology of upgrading cotton oil-cake. The way of detoxing gossiple in cotton oil-cake is confirmed by patent РУз JAP 03544.
Practical value: the developed new technology of upgrading cotton oil-cake existing technologies on technological and economic efficiency. Provides animal industries and poultry farming by a high-quality and food safe forage.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: the offered technology of upgrading cotton oil-cake of gossiple is approved by biological transformation in Open Society is skilled-working conditions «Kogon-oil extract», where positive results have been received. The basic scientific positions and results are introduced in educational process TCHTI and used at reading of courses «Technology of fats» and «Microbiology and bases of biotechnology». Expected economic benefit of introduction of offered technology makes 65,8 mln. sum at productivity of factory 24840 ton processed of cotton oil-cake in a year.
Sphere of usage: Oil-fat industry.

Subjects of research: user clay like adsorbents, mineral oil, paraffin, and suffice active agents (SAA), gaining one basis of fatty acids of cotton slapstick.
Purpose of work: upgrade technology of deriving of mineral oil and paraffin’s from used adsorbents though combined using of developed SAA and sentrabejno annarats.
Methods of research: analysis of physical and chemical index’s of used clay lice adsorbents, mineral oil, and paraffin’s has been worked out upgrade methods of physical, chemical, spectral, and chromatograms phi cal investigation with used EVM and mathematic methods of cultivating experimental facts.
The results obtained and their novelty: there has been elicited feature of composing and property of used clay like adsorbents in Forgone OOP and also basis of production processes of deriving from mineral oil, and paraffin’s in com dined using of worked out SAA and sentrabejno annarats.
There has been worked out relative mathematic models and optimal technological regimes for process of deli vine mineral oil and paraffin’s from used adsorbents with using of worked out SAA and sentrabejno annarats, which receive vend contraption and surf their positive results in experienced industrial trials in condition of Forgone OPP.
Practical value: the results of investigation allowed research founded possibility of gaining water soluble SAA from withdrawals of oil-fat industries and their appliance in devil vying of mineral oil and paraffin from used clay like adsorbents.
Degree of embed and economic affectivity: pending economical effect of inculcating of working, combined technologies to deriving of mineral oil and paraffin’s with using of recommended SAA and sentrabejno annarats enterprise will be more than 77.0 mln. sums in a year.
Field of application: A trial of recommended technologies is deriving of mineral oil and paraffin’s from used adsorbents with using of recommended SAA, and sentrabejno annarats. In Forgone OPP showed that possibility of intensification of this process’s and economy of energy, materials, reagents and others.
Adaptation of condition of Forgone OPP has been worked out technological regulation in deriving of mineral oil and paraffin’s from used adsorbents with jointly using of recommended and sentrabejno annarats.

O'zbekistonda ta'lim-tarbiya sohasini isloh qilishning asosiy omillaridan biri "shaxs manfaati va ta’lim ustuvorligi"dir. Bu omil davlatimizning ijtimoiy siyosatini belgilab berganligi tufayli ta'limningyangi modeli yaratildi.

The aim of the research is to study isotherms and full thermodynamic behaviours of gases and vapours on zeolite type of HZSM-5.
The scientific novelty of the research work is the following:
there have been presented the precision data of isotherms and complete thermodynamic behaviours (A/7, AF and AS) adsorption of n-heptane, carbon dioxide, benzene, orthos-, meta- and pair-xylene in HZSM-5 zeolite, as well as accordance of two- and t trinomial equations on theory of volume filling of micro pores (VOM) by stepped behaviour has been proved;
there has been established the stepped behaviour of adsorption heat of n-heptane, carbon dioxide, benzene, orthos-, meta- and pair-xylene with mutual adsorptive correlation of high stages of H’ heat in the zeolites;
there has found the dependency of zeolites’ structure upon adsorptive properties of n- heptane, carbon dioxide, benzene, orthos-meta- and pair- xylene on HZSM-5 zeolites, that is accurate numbers of hydrogen cations and their localization;
there has been proved screen arrangement of hydrogen cations in the crystalline structure of HZSM-5. In the process adsorption during the formation of various ion-molecular complexes migration of hydrogen cations on sides and the main canals of the zeolites structures is shown, as well. It is observed that filling hydrogen cations by sides canals due to their minimum sizes.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Development of science and intensification of all branches of national economy and also introduction of new technogenic processes of production have resulted in antropogenic influence of industrial activity of man on the environment and ecological equilibrium According to the data of regional evaluation of stable toxical compounds in the countries of the European Counsel the highest concentrations of Pb, Cd and Hg in the environment have been noted in the Ukraine (Pb-31,02; Cd-54, Hg-36 ton/year).Release of heavy metals to the environment for Russia equaled Pb-50%; Cd-66%; Hg-37% and in some others countries: Pb-10%,Cd-21%,Hg-58%,.Short analysis of the situation interms of these tree toxical metals has shown the level of antropogenic throwings of heavy toxical metals(HTM).The biggest part of HTM finding with throwings released to the atmosphere thrown out on soil and in waters of the country being the-surce the release and then they accumulate in neighbouring countries .
At presente time in the Republic of Uzbekistan the level of manufacture is rapidly growing and this results in the increase of the concervation of HTM compared with global scale of some natural processes. The most dangerous for the health of population are the non-essencial elements (Hg, Cd, Pb, As) . For this reason the monitoring of pollutions of objects of environment especialy HTM has acquired special importance and actuality. Qualitative and quantitative determination of ions of HTM has acquired important and necessary demands and has pulled out before analysts and ecologists the task of elaboration of express sensitive and selective methods of determination of microquantities of these elements which are dangerous toxicants, cancerogens and mutagens.
In this regard in the process protection of objects of the environment it is important and necessary to determinetion precise concentrations of HTM by different physical, chemical and physico-chemicals methods. For the practical realization of this problem at chemical analysis it is necessary to improve perfection existing methods analysis and elaborationof new modern methods ecotoxicants monitoring (espessially HTM). In the aspect of realization of theoretical prerequisites and practical confirmation of analytical determination of ecotoxicants concentrations it is necessary to elaborate some new hybrid methods with immobilization of different complexe-forming reagents on polymeric bearers and matrixes differing by high meteological and operation parameters.
Existing actual problems can be solved by introducing to the analytical practices of the methods of HTM determination of some new selective and specific organic reagents.The most perspective way of their solution is the purposeful synthesis and immobilization of new organic reagents with some definite analytical characteristics with following forecast of their properties with the aim of the optimal solving of the given tasks.
Elaboration of methods and approaches of prognosis as method of further development of sorbtion-spectroscopical method of analysis is an actual problem .In this range of theoretical and applied analytical chemistry there are considerable achivments bonding with investigations of home and forcing investigators ,but row of questions of problematical character has demanded of deep investigation and knowledges of new approaches and methods of their decision.
It is known that theory of action of OR is characterized as “system of ideas” allow ing to construct of some analytical system to find optimal by nature reagent and medium in which analytical reaction will carried out .In decision of some taskes of development of theory of OR action the fallowing stages neussarg to take into acconnl:”esplantion of observe processes and phenoments:prediction and direction works by synthesis of reagents with given properties .’’Thus the elaborated methodology and predication of properties of immobilized analytical reagents can be consider as definite seintific contribution in development of theory of action of IMOR for their using in analytical chemistry and ecology.
Purpose of research is elaboration of express, high-sensitive sorbtion-spectroscopical methods and test-systems of HTM determination with using of IMOR. Elaboration on the base of these methods some general approach to prognosis of properties and construction of specifical analytical grouos in organic reagents immobilized on different types of bearers synthesis of new organic reagents with given up properties on the base of our theretical prognosisesand introduction of them in practice of analysis of different analytical and ecological laboratories.
To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved: -optimization of immobilization conditions of organic reagents with preservation of their analytical properties; determination of mechanism of coloured reactious of complex-formation of immobilized organic reagents with ions of HTM;
-determination of connection between structure of OR and their analytical characteristics; prognosis of some perspective ways of their modification and directed synthesis of new specifical reagents on the base of nitronaphtols;
-analytical groups (EAG): (6-methyl-pyridil-2-azo-aminophenol; l-(5-methyl -2-pyridilfzo )-5-diethglaminophenol ;l-(4-antipyridilazo) -2-napthol sulphoacid; 1-(2-pyridilazo)-2-oxynaphtalin-6-sulphoacid sodlium; 3-hydroxy-4-nitrozo-2-naphtoic acid;2-hydroxiy -3-nitrozo naphtaldehyde and others);
-determination of influence of different factors and parameters on value of the analytical signal ;wing of elaborated methods in analysis of different by nature model binary ,triple and more complex mixtabiological objects industrial materials
-comparison of obtained results with results obtained by existing methods of determination of the investisated metals in solution.
Scientific novelty of disscrtational research consists in the following:
-Immobilization of different by nature reagents for prognosis and prediction of optimal construction of some OR based on quantum-chemical value of changing of analytical characteristics in dependence on structure of the functional and analytical-active groups has been theoretically based and practically has been realized;
-Chemico-analytical properties of OR immobilized on bearers on the base of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polypropylene (PP) for apriory prediction of structure of different OR and elaboration on their base an optical chemical sensors on the base PAN and PP-matrixes having some necessary analytical parameters;
Conclusion
1. Litrature date about using fiber sorbents and ion-exchanging on their base for determination of HTM cations at analysis objects of environment have been summarized. Advantages of using of fiber sorbents in comparison with their using as granule and powder have been shown. Necessarily of search of new immobilized reagents for determination metals in different objects was ground.
2. New scientific trend in analytical chemistry based on the sorbtion-spectroscopical determination of HTM in different objects of enviroment with using immobilized on fiber material organical reagents of different nature with aim of improvment of metrological parameters, exploitational and analytical parameters was developed.
3. Pysico-chemical and analytical properties of immobilized reagents on the base of reagents Arsenaza and threephenylmethan row and also synthesized on the department of organical chemistry NUUz sorbited on the fiber “Nitron” were systematically investigated. Optimal conditions of immobilization of new reagents on some polymeric bearers with preservation of theirspecifical analytical properties were determined.
4. 1R- spectroskopical investigation of immobilized reagents of fiber sorbents and their complexes with cations of HTM was carriedout. It was proved that in complex-formation of HTM ions with immobilized reagents the same functional analytical groups participated as in case of native solutions.
5. Results of investigations of interaction of reagents group Arsenazo and theephenylmethanic raw and also reagents synthesized on the derailment of inorganical and analytical chemistry of chemical faculty ofNUUz immobilized on marix on the base of PAN and PP-fibers with ions of HTM have shown that their immobilization was carried out owing to ionic changing and also formation of strong intermolecular hydrogenous bonds with bearers.
6. Using of calculating quant- chemical methods such as EMN, MNDO, RMZ and AM-1 has allowed in apriori to predict the structures of different rengents having some necessary analytical parameters (sensibility, contrastion of reactions and conditions of their carring out).
7. On the base on comparison optimal conditions of immobilization, sorbtion, degree of extraction of metals ions, coefficients of distribution, sorbtion capasity of fiber sorbents, data about sensibility of the analytical action occording to ions Cd, Hg, Cu and Fe in presence of accompanying elements, possibilities of quantitative desorption by small volumes of mineral acids and accessibility of initialcompounds it is shown an perspective of practical using of synthesized reagents and fiber sorbents. Immobilized reagents quantitativly have extracted ions of metals during 20-30 min at temperature 20-25°C in pH diapazone 3-7 (R=90-99%).
8. Coplex of methods of solidphase - spectroshopical and visually-testing determination of HTM in natural objects and samples of sewage and also new effective method of sorbtion - spectroskopical determination of Co,Cu, Cu, Ni, Fe and Hg in drinking and natural waters with using of immobilized organical reagent has been elaborated . This sorbtion - spectroskopical method has allowed to determine abovementioned metals in drinking and natural waters on the level n x 10-6 - n x 10'3 % and also to decrease the limitof their determination . Rightness of elaborated methods was proved by method “introduced - determined” at analysis of some real abjects and also by comparison with data obtained by atom -absorbtion method.
9. Elaborated methods were aprobated at analysis of real objects and were introduced in practics of laboratories by investigation of surface waters NYSMY; SES (sanepidemic station) of Tashkent region and Bekabad; department of radiopreparates of INP (Institute of nucleur physies) and others. Some obtained experimental data have been introduced in educational process at reading of lectures , carring out seminars and labaratory works with bachelors and masters by courses : “Analysis of environment objects”; “Optical methods of analysis “ ; “Physical methods of analysis “ ; “ Metrology statistics and computer in analytical chemistry” on the departments ofNUUz ; SamSU; Term.SV Tash.Pharm.1.

Subjects of the inquiry: State diagrams of Mg3(PO4)2 - Са5(РО4)зҒ, Mg3(PO4)2-CaAbSi2Os and Mg3(PO4)2-Ca5(PO4)3F-CaAbSi2Os systems; glass and glass-ceramics of Mg3(PO4)2—Ca5(PO4)3F, Mg3(PO4)2—CaAl2Si2Os and Mg3(PO4)2-Ca5(PO4)3F-CaAbSi2Os systems; biocompatibility of glass-ceramics; bioglass-ccramic coatings of mctal-ccramics, bioglass-ccramic bone implants, allcast bioglass-ccramic denture, glaze of prosthetic dentistry articles.
Aim of the inquiry: Aim of research was to accomplish scientific approach to selection of compositions of bioglass-ccramics for orthopedic and prosthetic dentistry and technological basis of synthesis of biocompatiblc glass-crystal materials.
Method of inquiry: Hard-phase synthesis, static method of determination of phase equilibriums, crystal-optical analysis, X-ray-phase analysis, electronmicroscope analysis, electron-probe microanalysis, differential-thermal analysis.
The results achieved and their novelty: Phase equilibriums in Mg3(PO4)2-Саз(РО4)зҒ, Mg3(PO4)2—CaAl2Si2O8 and Mg3(PO4)2—Са5(РС>4)зҒ—CaAbSi2Os systems were researched for the first time. Areas of glass formation and crystallization ability of glasses in researched systems were determined. Interconnection between composition-structurc-propcrty of glasses and glass-ceramics was investigated, which allowed to determine concentration borders of optimal compositions of glass-ceramic materials, theoretically explain and experimentally prove capability to directly control properties and structure of glass-ceramics. Glass-crystal materials on the basis of Mg3(PO4)2-Ca5(PO4)3F, Mg3(PO4)2-CaAbSi2Ox and Mg3(PO4)2-Ca5(PO4)3F-CaAbSi2Os systems were researched on compatibility with living organism. Conditions for synthesis of bioglass-ccramics for prosthetic surgery and dentistry were developed. Structural-controllcd synthesis of bioglass-ccramic coating for mctal-ceramics was developed. Glazes for prosthetic dentistry articles were developed.
Practical value: Regularities of adjustment of phase transitions in Mg3(PO4)2-Ca5(PO4)3F, Mg3(PO4)2-CaAl2Si2O8 and Mg3(PO4)2-Ca5(PO4)3F-CaAl2Si2O8 systems were determined, which allowed to develop compositions for obtaining bio-glass-ceramic articles for prosthetic surgery and dentistry. Technology for obtaining bioglass-ccramic articles for orthopedic surgery of dense and porous structure was developed. Compositions and technology of obtaining bioglass-ccramic dentures - all-cast and metal-ceramic articled with quality compatible with foreign analogues - were developed for the first time in Uzbekistan.
Degree of embed and economical effectivity: Results of clinical test of patients, under observation from 1 to 10 years allow to recommend bioglass-ccramics on the basis of Mg3(PO4)2-Ca5(PO4)3F, Mg3(PO4)-CaAl2Si2O8 and Mg3(PO4)2-Cas(PO4)3F-CaA12Si2Oi{ systems for usage in jaw-face surgery departments of medical facilities in Uzbekistan and organization of industrial production of bioglass-ccramics for orthopedic surgery. Technical conditions for “Biositall” bio-compatiblc glass-crystal material were developed. Clinical tests of bioglass-ccramic dentures - all-cast and metal-ceramic articles were started in the premises of prosthetic dentistry department of 1st Tashkent State Medical Institute. It is necessary to continue clinical tests of bioglass-ccramics for prosthetic dentistry in order to determine long-term results, which allow recommend organization of industrial production. Obtained results may serve as commercial product for usage in treatment and service centers of prosthetic surgery and dentistry.
Sphere of usage: Medicine.

The aim of the research work is development of complcxacting cotton protectant seed and crop technology based on asetic acid, waste of asetic acid production - highly volatile fraction, copper monohydratc asetate and monocthanolamine.
The scientific novelty of the dissertational research consisits in the following:
it was obtained copper monohydratc acetate possessing fungicide activity based on cuprous oxide, copper carbonic acid, asetic acid and waste of asetic production - HVF;
there were created the diagrams of “property-composition” solubility based on complex aqua system with presence mono-, di- and triethanolamine, monocthanol ammonium salts of formic and asetic acids;
it was proved that formation of six novel compounds: NH2C2H2OH • (CH3COO)2Cu- H2O; NH(C2H4OH)2 • (CH3COO)2Cu H2O;
N(C2H4OH)3 (CH3COO)2Cu H2O; HCOOH NH2C2H4OH• (CH3COO)2Cu H2O; CH3COOH NH2C2H4OH (CH3COO)2Cu H2O; 2CH3COOH NH2C2H4OH (СН3СОО)3Си H2O, which were confirmed by modem physicochemical techniques;
there were developed the technology of three novel kind of protectant seed possessing stimulating activity, fungicide of gummosis and cotton root decay when using asetic acid, copper monohydratc acetate, highly volatile fraction and monocthanolamine.

The ability to obtain valuable raw materials such as kaolin, metakaolin, quartz sand and obtain a number of materials necessary for the national economy by introducing the technology ofenrichment of mineral raw materials available in our republic, which meets the requirements of the time, was successfully tested in laboratory and semi-production conditions.

Topicality and necessity of the thesis. Today in the world of fast-paced semiconductor micro - and optoelectronics one of the promising directions is the study of the properties of impurities that create a variety of defective centers in semiconductors. In this respect, research aimed at studying the influence of refractory impurities on the electrophysical properties of silicon structures and the development of measures to improve the thermal stability and radiation resistance parameters of silicon MIS-structures are one of the main tasks.
Studying the interaction between impurity particles and structural defects in the semiconductor, the influence of heterogeneity of structure of a MIS-structure on the redistribution of impurities opens up the possibility of increasing the stability of the operating parameters of the circuits based on MIS-structures are the basic elements of modem electronics. In this respect, the task of scientific research, including in the following areas: the study of electrophysical properties of semiconductors alloyed with refractory elements and identification of deep levels generated by these impurities; the study of the influence of atoms of refractory elements in the processes of thermal and radiation defect formation in silicon; studies of the interaction atmostpheric elements with uncontrolled technological impurities; study of influence of atoms of refractory elements on the parameters of the various silicon structures. Research carried out in this direction indicate the relevance of the topic of this thesis.
The aim of research work is to comprehensive study with the help of capacitance spectroscopy electrophysical properties of Si doped with impurities in some refractory elements, in particular, atoms Zr, Ti and Hf, their interactions with other electrically active and neutral impurities in silicon, influence of impurities on properties of silicon structures.
Scientific novelty of research consist in the following: it is shown that the efficiency of the education levels of Zr, Ti, Hf in Si depends on technological regimes (temperature and duration of diffusion, and the speed postdiffusion cooling the samples);
discovered that silicon, doped with impurities of refractory elements in the grown, deep levels are not observed, but subsequent high-temperature treatment in the temperature range 1000-И 250°C leads to the activation of atoms of Zr, Ti, Hf, and the formation of deep levels.
it is established that the introduction of diffusion of impurities refractory elementov leads to a decrease in the efficiency of formation of thermal and radiation defects and stabilization of parameters of silicon;
for the first time found that the presence of rare earth impurities (lanthanum or holmium) in the lattice of Si increases the effectiveness of education deep levels, connected with additionally introduced by the hafnium, titanium or zirconium;
it is established that the presence of impurities Zr, Ti and Hf in the amount of the substrate silicon MIS structures, leads to a shift of the HF C-V curves toward negative displacements in comparison with control samples, which indicates an increase in the density of surface States of MIS structures and the formation of positive charge at the interface Si-SiCK

The aim of research work is investigation of processes of formation by the Solgel technology of sensor elements based on thin films of composition SiO2/TiO2, and also elaboration of selective semiconductor gas sensors for determination of NH3 concentrations with using of nanomaterials obtained by Sol-gel process.
The object of the research work. Oxides of metals (Ti, Zn, Fe etc.), the exhaust gases of the enterprises producing mineral fertilizers, ammonia and standard gas mixtures were objects of this investigation.
Scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
the scientifically novelty of investigation is conceding in following for the first time by using sol-gel technology on the basis of TiO2 and Fe2O3 synthesis of selective GSM for determination of NH3 in mixtures of gases was carried out.
it is shown that modification by oxides of Fe gas-sensitive nanocomposites on the baze of SiO2-TiO2 has leaded to decreasing of temperature sensitivity and increasing of selectivity PPP by NH3.
with the application of selected catalysts and optimal parameters the high sensitivity of determination of NH3 in the presence of H2, CO and CH4 has been ensured.
selectivity of semiconductor determination of NH3 based on the use of gassensitive materials containing catalysts possessed by inadequate activity to the components of the gas mixture has been provided;
the influence of various factors on the metrological, operational and other parameters of PPS-NH3 on the base of 5% Fe2O3-95% TiO2 was determined.
Implementation of the research results.
The results of scientific research works by elaboration of highly effective sensors on ammonia were used in University of Vienna Institut fur Physikalische Chemie in the research project "Composite materials for chemical sensing" (certificate of the University of Vienna from 21 December 2016). The results of investigation were at elaborated used of chemical sensors; study the dynamic, al calibration characteristics of the sensors on NH3, and development of chemical and physico-chemical methods of determination of toxic gases.
PPS obtained in the result of elaboration of selective gas sensitive material have been used in a research grant, F-7-06 "Investigation of the theoretical bases of using of nitrogen - and phosphorus-containing compounds as inhibitors of burning of inflammable materials" (SSU 2012-2.16). With using of the elaborated sensors the influence of nitrogen - and phosphorus-containing antiperences on the kinetics and the mechanism of slowing the combustion process and also density of the textile materials on the rate of flame distribution (certificate FTK-0313/703 of Committee by coordination of development of science and technology dated 14 February 2017).
The structure and volume of the thesis.
The thesis consists from introduction, five chapters, conclusion, bibliography and applications. The volume of the dissertation is 120 pages.

Subject of the inquiry: phosphorites of Central Kyzilkum: ordinary phosphorite flour, dust type fraction, washed dried concentrate, mineralized mass, washed burned concentrate.
Aim of the inquiry: development of effective and economical technology processing of preception unary phosphate fertilizers on the basis decomposition unconccntratcd phosphorites of Central Kyzilkum by phosphoric gypsum pulp, also nitrogenous phosphatic fertilizers by method interaction phosphorites of Kyzilkum with partially ammonited wet process phosphoric acid.
Methods of inquiry: chemical and X-ray graphical analysis, IR-spcctroscopical analysis.
The results achieved and their novelty: for the first time the opportunity of reception concentrated unary phosphate and nitrogenous phosphatic fertilizers by method interaction phosphorites of Kyzilkum with phosphoric gypsum pulp and partially ammonited wet process phosphoric acid arc shown. The rheological properties (density, viscosity) of calcium sulfate phosphatic pulp arc investigated and chemical composition of water insolubility part of calcium phosphate pulp is determined. Agrochemical and physical-chemical properties of received unary phosphate and complex nitrogenous phosphatic fertilizers arc valued.
Practical value: results of holdcd search of scientific basis for creation of technology of reception new types of unary and complex nitrogenous phosphatic fertilizers arc carried. The developed technology allows to involve in manufacture concentrated phosphorus-containcd fertilizers not only the enriched concentrates of phosphorites Central Kyzilkum, but not enriched ordinary phosphorite flour, dust type fractions, also mineralized mass.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: on the integrated laboratory installation and open join-stock companies of “Ammophos-Maxam” are fulfilled the basic technological parameters of process of reception of unary phosphate fertilizers. The technology of reception nitrogenous phosphatic fertilizers on the integrated laboratory installation with determination of the basic technological parameters of process is approbated. Agrochemical tests on cotton have shown the advantage of the developed fertilizers.
The directed out technical and economic calculations show that the cost price of 1 ton of 100 % sums of P2O5 in unary fertilizer will make accordingly cheaper 399385 sum in comparison with the cost price of suprephos. The cost price of 1 ton of 100 % sums of P2O5 in nitrogenous phosphatic fertilizer under cost in 192604 sum.
Sphere of usage: plants of State joint-stock company “O zkimyosanoat”, agriculture.