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DESIGN OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS: CHARACTERISTICS, STANDARDS AND
REQUIREMENTS OF PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
Rahmonov Shavkat Sherkuziyevich
Andijan State Technical Institute teacher, Andijan, Uzbekistan
E-mail: akhmadjon00@mail.ru
Abstract:
This article examines the main principles of project development features, standards
and requirements in the design of public buildings. Challenges facing architects in project
development are also discussed, including the demands of sustainability, accessibility and social
responsibility.
Keywords:
architecture, public buildings, spatial planning, user experience, sustainable
development, social responsibility.
Enter
Business centers, shopping and entertainment areas, educational institutions of various sizes,
sports complexes - all this requires dual attention from project developers and builders, because a
large flow of people passes through these places, which increases the risk of fire and other
emergency situations. In this article, we will talk about the architectural design of residential and
public buildings and structures.
What is included in this concept?
Most social needs are fulfilled in groups of people. For this, you need a room adapted to the
event program. Designers pay attention to two main indicators - compliance with technical
regulations and at the same time - comfort and needs of people and architectural safety,
practicality of placing building parts, installation of all engineering systems, etc.
The first rule determines the achievement of a functional goal, for example, an educational
institution must be divided into zones, which in turn are divided into offices. The second shows
technical needs, for example, the installation of fire alarms and exits, compliance with sanitary
and hygienic requirements for lighting.
Sample ready-made projects of residential and public buildings and structures differ depending
on the construction category. There are structures for temporary accommodation and there are
structures for living, for example, hotels and motels, sanatoriums. The availability of sleeping
places, the number and location of bathrooms, as well as other "benefits" that are difficult to
imagine staying in one place for a long time will depend on this.
Categories of buildings
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All objects are divided into:
Education and training institutions: schools, kindergartens, universities, technical schools, as
well as places of additional education - children's art schools, etc. The layout of such spaces is
strictly divided into offices for educational processes, and the rest for faculty and business needs.
Scientific centers. They are distinguished by the availability of laboratories, test rooms for
experiments, as well as meeting and conference rooms for holding meetings.
Healthcare institutions. These are not only hospitals, polyclinics and polyclinics, but also all
types of sanatoriums and medical recreation complexes. If inpatient treatment is carried out,
then there must be a bed for patients or residents. Also, in addition to doctors and receptions,
great attention is paid to the area around the building. A design feature of public buildings for
healthcare purposes is the presence of free access (for an ambulance), as well as green spaces, a
park area with gazebos - this is a place for a walk and for the recovery of patients. Sometimes in
cities this condition is not met.
Sports facilities. They are divided into internal and external parts. The first are more complex
structures with areas for spectators, areas for athletes, including showers, dressing rooms and a
medical room. The second is outdoors. Their design is quite simple.
Cultural institutions. These are theaters, museums and other recreation centers. The design and
construction of public buildings for cultural purposes is primarily regulated by the customer's
specifications. If the performances will take place here, then the acoustic system, as well as the
enfilade arrangement of the audience and the lighting system should be calculated. Screen
placement and sound quality are important for movie theaters. Exhibition centers emphasize
large areas with simple geometry and enhanced security systems to prevent theft.
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Catering establishments. For restaurants, cafes and kitchens, it is necessary to clearly divide
into two zones: guest and assistant. In the first, the main focus is on the interior and the
arrangement of the seats. The second is more complicated, where it is necessary to divide it into
an administrative part, buildings for employees, as well as kitchen workshops - cold, hot, pastry,
etc. The entire project must comply with the sanitary and hygienic standards of public catering.
Shopping areas: shopping centers, markets, small private shops.
Transport interchange facilities: railway stations, airports. These are the most difficult objects
to secure. Due to the increased risk of terrorist attacks, maximum requirements are placed on
them. These are also high-traffic areas, so it's important to provide non-intersecting lines for
human flows - entry, exit and movement. Also, separate rooms should be reserved for service
personnel. This group also includes metro stations.
Communal buildings. This service is at different levels - from a public toilet with established
standards of regulation of utility networks to large ceremonial halls of the registry office.
Multi-functional objects are separated. They can combine different zones. The complex may
consist of a retail space, a dining area, a sports center and entertainment facilities such as
cinemas. The rules for the design of large-scale public buildings provide only for an individual
project. In fact, standard solutions are not used, because each individual center has different
components.
Normative documents regulating the activities of designers (Designers).
The main document containing construction rules is the Urban Development Code of the
Republic of Uzbekistan. Its updated edition was released in 2018. It regulates the activities of
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designers, builders, as well as the responsibility of employees for the work performed.
This document is substantially consistent with the Land Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In
addition to safety standards and general regulations, attention should also be paid to the overall
appearance of the city, so all projects must be coordinated with local authorities.
Direct document containing design standards for residential and public buildings and structures
SNNK 1.01.01-09, SHNK 1.01.06-23. It is based on the State Law "Technical Regulation on the
Safety of Buildings and Structures" and includes requirements for the protection of life and
property of citizens, as well as the environment.
The code of regulations outlines standards for usable space based on ceiling height, availability
of stairs and passenger and freight elevators, distance between various facilities and doorways,
and the type of facility and number of public visitors expected.
It also provides recommendations for the installation of utility networks - ventilation shafts,
heating devices, lighting, water supply and drainage, etc.
Architectural project of the public building
When creating the project, you need to divide the entire area into two perimeters:
As the core of planning, any high-rise buildings are based on the central forming room, which is
also known as built according to this principle. In the center can be the main flight of stairs or an
elevator shaft - this is necessary for the skeleton, because it supports other elements - non-load-
bearing walls. If a non-high-rise building is planned, the core can be in the form of a main room.
For example, a lobby or large hall for theater or other performances. The task of such placement
is to form a structure. Secondary areas - administrative, communal and economic - branch off
from it.
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Structural nodes. The rest of the halls, rooms and corridors should be connected to the unified
structures. This goal should be ensured by the same flow of people from the outside and the
entry of service personnel from the inside.
According to these two zoning rules, we can imagine the remaining zones that should be located
in the building. The most convenient way to do this is in ZWSOFT software. ZWCAD software
is designed to create a very complex project. With its help, you can draw the master plan and
individual units, create sections and prepare construction documents. This is helped by special
add-ons - VetCAD++ and SPDS GraphiCS modules, which include State-GOST standards for
drawing. Regulations are quickly updated with each change in legislation.
Any purpose building should have the following set:
The door. There can be one or more - it depends on the volume of transportation. Their
location should correspond to the presence of a pedestrian crossing on the road, and if a park
area or other area is allocated during construction, then access roads and paths for pedestrians
should be equipped. If the doors are automatic, then they must be mechanical - in case of
emergency, they must always be open. If stairs are available, ramps should be provided for
disabled persons and women in wheelchairs. If not, a button should be provided to ask staff for
help.
Checkpoint. Some facilities must have a checkpoint. These are airports, hospitals, stadiums and
educational institutions. They should be equipped with electronic or mechanical turnstiles,
cameras and a guard post.
Closet. Locker rooms. Sometimes, in order not to create traffic, it is installed not at the
entrance, but in additional rooms, for example, in the basement.
Lobby. Its size is calculated based on the number of visitors.
Emergency entrances and exits - every stairwell should have an evacuation plan. The number of
emergency access teams is also determined by the number of people expected.
In addition, this functional unit may include: vestibule, porch, hall.
Stairs and elevators in public buildings - based on project recommendations.
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The technological solution should always include main, auxiliary and emergency stairs. The first
is for visitors, the second is for employees, and the third is for both groups in case of emergency.
They can be two or three flights, depending on the purpose and size of the human flow. The
width of the stairs is calculated as follows:
The number of people over 100 people - 1.35 m.
Auxiliary structures for employees - 1.2 m.
For small spaces with no more than 5 people at a time - 0.9 m.
The intermediate platform is not less than one meter.
The entire flight of stairs should be the same, that is, each step should be similar to the previous
and subsequent steps. There will be no more than 16 stairs in one span.
Ceiling height
For buildings with living rooms, such as sanatoriums and tourist centers, it is important to make
the ceiling at least three meters above the floor. For hospitals and clinics with a large number of
visitors, an additional allowance is given - at least 3.3 m. For sports complexes, an individual
standard is developed depending on the type of sport that requires the use of a large area.
In a number of utility rooms, ceilings can be made lower, but they are not allowed to be less
than 1.9 meters.
Often, the object is reconstructed, and then offices and shops are established in the former
residential buildings. This is an exception when the existing standards are allowed to be used.
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But they are suitable only for small and private centers. Administrative institutions may be
established only in accordance with the above Code of Regulations.
CONCLUSION
Public buildings play a major role in the development of the city, their construction accounts for
half of the total costs for the development of the residential area. All these buildings are
designed for various life processes: public services, education and training, entertainment, etc.
A specific functional feature of all public buildings is the short-term (a few hours) concentrated
presence of a large number of people in them.
The mass of functional processes requires the proper organization of the movement of people
inside the building, ensuring the safety of people in the building and the possibility of their quick
evacuation in emergency situations.
The volume planning solution of a public building should, first of all, meet the requirements of
the functional process for which it is intended.
The idea of the appropriateness of the building and its comfort changes significantly over
time, and therefore the ability to quickly adapt to new requirements is one of the most important
functional qualities.
The last decade has seen an increase in the level of industrialization in construction, the number
of civil buildings designed according to standard series using standardized solutions and projects
is increasing.
In the design of public buildings, it is recommended to take into account the location of the
Republic of Uzbekistan, the structure of the earth, and the actual construction and design rules,
taking into account earthquake resistance.
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Urban Development Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan
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