320
A common feature for synonyms
beautiful, lovely, handsome, pretty, bonny, comely, fair,
beauteous, pulchritudinous, good-looking
the quality of "giving pleasure in contemplation" stands
out. The dictionary specifically specifies the fact that the pleasure in contemplating beauty is
sensual or aesthetic. It is important to note that the opposition1) directly sensual and 2) aesthetic
as mentally mediated contemplation is the basis for the allocation of aesthetics as a special field
of knowledge.
Although the main conclusion is that the concept of "beauty" in the Russian, English and
Karakalpak languages has general concepts of beauty in its content, it should be noted that in the
perception and consciousness of speakers of the studied languages there are also specific
components filled with linguistic and cultural content. The differences in the concept between
these linguistic cultures are more deeply logical. Therefore, it is necessary to know and take them
into account in the process of intercultural communication.
REFERENCES:
1. Stepanov Yu.S.: Dictionary of Russian Culture: 3rd ed. M.: Academic project, 2004
2. Vorkachev S.G.: Linguoculturology, linguistic personality, concept:the formation of the
anthropocentric paradigm in linguistics. Moscow: Philological Sciences,2001
3. Beishanova S.A., Svich N.A.: The concept of "beauty" in Russian, Kazakh and English
languages Karaganda State Technical University, Rep. Kazakhstan, Karaganda 2014
4. Zharova, E.M. Actual problems of modern linguistics the concept of "beauty" in English and
Russian languages, 2012
5. Musaev Abish Abilkazievich., Khudaybergenova Zukhra Urazbaevna Syntactic-semantic
realization of causative structures in English and Karakalpak languages The American Journal of
Social
Science
and
Education
Innovations
Vol.05.
Issue
11.
P.
29-37.
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume05Issue11-03
6. Musaev A.A.,
Causative semantics in English and Karakalpak. Asian Journal of Research in
Social Sciences and Humanities, ISSN: 2249-7315, Vol. 12, Issue 05, May 2022. DOI:
10.5958/2249-7315.2022.00250.7
7. Musaev A.A., Emotional-expressive causative verbs in English and Karakalpak. Science and
innovation // International scientific journal. 2022, №4, ISSN: 2181-3337. – P. 678-683.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6985369
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF VERBAL PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN
ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES
Khadjieva D., Ermukhanbetova F.
Karakalpak State University
Abstract:
The article deals with the syntactic characteristics of verbal phraseological
units in English and Karakalpak languages. Si
gnificant structural-semantic peculiarities in the
formation of phraseological units are analysed with examples taken from literary texts.
Key words:
phrasal verb, syntactic, transitive, intransitive, prepositional verb.
Phraseology experts often focus on idioms and phrasal verbs. These two elements are
much used in many languages, especially in the English language. Phrasal verbs are sets of words
that function as a single verb. Phrasal verbs are composed of two elements: a verbal element and
a particle. Phrasal verbs construction presents one of the difficulties experienced by learners of
English as a foreign language. Based on this fact, it is very important to shed light on the syntactic
321
analysis of English phrasal verbs. Smith [1,178] states that phrasal verbs have two characteristics:
the syntactic characteristics and the semantic ones. According to Smith, the syntactic
characteristics indicate that the constitute elements that are used to form the phrasal verbs are
composed of verbal element plus prepositions used as adverbs. Quirk et al [2,115] argue that the
lexical verbs that are found in the combinations of phrasal verbs are the most common lexical
movement. They add that these lexical verbs are connected greatly with the physical movement or
state like: ‘come’, ‘go’, ‘keep’, ‘fall’, ‘get’, and ‘take’. Fraser [3,11] deals with the verbal elements
of the phrasal verbs from a syntactic point of view. He states that the second element of the phrasal
verb which is the particle can be connected with both the transitive and intransitive verbs. He puts
focus on these kinds of verbs and how they can be affected when they are connected with the
particles. The transitive lexical verbs turn to be intransitive verbs when they are phrasalized and
vice versa. For example:
1. After I explained the math problem, she began to catch on (= understand);
2. She began to catch on the math problem.
In the first sentence, ‘catch on’ cannot take an object, it is intransitive, whereas in the
second sentence ‘catch on’ is transitive verb since it takes an indirect object (math problem). The
term particle is used to denote the second component of the phrasal verb which can be either an
adverb or a preposition. Jowett [4,53] states that the function of the particle is of a great value to
this construction because the particle is used to change the meaning of the verb and sometimes, it
adds another meaning to the verb, therefore, these particles have the function of forming new
verbs; the meaning of the lexical verbs ‘make’ or ‘take’ is different from the meaning of the
phrasalized verbs ‘make up’ and ‘take off’. He (ibid) adds that the particles have five functions
which are:
1.
The particles make the phrasalized verbs have new meanings which differ from the
meaning of the original lexical verbs as in the lexical verbs ‘to carry’ when combined with the
particle ‘on’ to give the meaning of ‘continuity’;
2.
Some particles do not change the meaning of the lexical verb, yet, they add new
meaning to the lexical verbs when they are combined with them to form the phrasal verbs as in
‘speak’ and ‘speak out’. The particle here adds the meaning of ‘loudly’ to the original verb;
3.
Some particles add sense of completion to the meaning lexical verb as in ‘carry out’
and ‘gather up’;
4.
Some particles help to form collocations. These particles function as adverbs. The
collocation consists of both the verb and the particle (adverb). The particle retains the meaning of
both elements as in ‘go out’;
5.
Some other particles function as prepositions but they are more attached to the verb.
These prepositions differ from the pure prepositions in that the complement which follows them
can be omitted and easily understood from the context, as in: She left the baby upstairs and went
down (stairs).
Some English phrasal verbs are transitive such as ‘get over’, ‘hand in’ , and ‘ pick out’;
others are intransitive such as ‘get up’ , ‘break down’, and ‘look out’; while some others are both
transitive and intransitive such as ‘call up’, ‘give up’, and ‘hang up’. According to Stageberg
[5,225], “The transitive verb-adverbial composite has an object and is symbolized by (VAC +O)”.
Examples of such phrasal verbs are ‘fill in’, ‘look for’, and ‘throw away’. Sometimes, the subject
of a phrasal verb is a pronoun (it, them, me, you, him, her, and us). In such cases the pronouns go
322
before (on, off, in, out, up, down.) as stated by Murphy [6,262]. In order to show where the pronoun
is placed, consider the following examples:
1. They gave me a form and told me to fill it in (not ‘fill in it’).
Murphy (ibid) refers to the use of a phrasal verb-preposition by saying that “the object
always comes after the preposition”. Here are two examples:
1. You are walking too fast, I can’t keep with you.
2. Jack has cut down on smoking. He smokes five cigarettes a day now.
Intransitive phrasal verbs, on the other hand, have “Three characteristics which tend to be
common to intransitive VAC; and which can be used as VAC tests” as stated by Stageberg [5,224].
The first characteristic is that the meaning of a certain phrasal verb as a unit is different from that
of individual meaning of the two parts added together. This can be shown by the following two
examples:
1. She turned up late as usual (arrived);
2. The plan took of fat ten o’clock (left the ground).
The second characteristic is that the adverbial particle in an intransitive VAC is not
moveable as one cannot say: She turned late as usual up. Or: The plane took at ten o’clock off.
The third characteristic is that the verb and the adverbial particle are inseparable. Stageberg states
that “a modifier separating those results in a strange or non-English locution”. Here are two
examples:
1. He turned suddenly up at seven o’clock;
2. We took immediately off for Memphis.
Gardener and Davies [7,11-15] make a comparison between phrasal verbs and
prepositional verbs. They mention the differences between phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs
in the following points:
1. All prepositional verbs must take a direct object but phrasal verbs do not have to.;
2. Most phrasal verbs allow the particle to be separated from the verb so that both ‘figure
out something’ and figure something out’ are possible. But whenever the direct object of phrasal
verb is a pronoun, there is preference for the separated forms ‘I cannot figure it out’. In contrast,
prepositional verbs do not allow the preposition to be separated from the verb;
3. Phrasal verbs have their own intonation pattern; the particle is always stressed, e.g: He
woke up;
4. The most frequent phrasal verbs consist of a small number of highly frequent verbs
like ‘take’, ‘get’, and ‘put’ combined with a small number of particles. Whereas prepositional
verbs consist of a wide range of verbs combined with a wide range of prepositions (See the table
1).
Table 1. Different meanings of some phrasal verbs in English and Karakalpak languages
1. to come across – tosattan dus keliw/ushiratiw; (to find by chance);
I was lucky I came across this vase in a second-band ship – Men bul vazag’a kemede
tosattan dus kelip qalg’anima baxitli edim;
2. to be down – salisi suwg’a ketiw/keypiyati tu’skin boliw; (to feel depressed);
He’s been down ever since his dog died – Ol ozinin’ iyti o’lgennen berli salisi suwg’a
ketip ju’r;
3. to see through – ko’riw/seziw/aldanip qalmaw; (not be deceived);
323
The others were fooled but I could see through all his charm – Basqalar bug’an isendi,
biraq men onin’ qaqpanina tu’spedim;
4. to be in - jetip keliw/jaqinlasiw; (to arrive );
Competition entries must be in by the end of the week – Tan’law haqqinda mag’liwmatlar
ha’ptenin’\ aqirina shekem jetip keledi;
5. to be in – ba’nt boliw/shug’illaniw; (to be involved in something );
I don’t know much about it as I wasn’t in on the planning – Men bul haqqinda ko’p na’rse
bilmeymen, sebebi da’stu’rlew menen shug’illanbadim;
6. to be off – tamam boliw/mu’ddeti o’tiw; (to have gone bad);
Smell this cream, I think it’s off – Mina kremdi iyiskep ko’r tamam bolg’an;
7. to be up to – qa’telesiw/bu’ldiriw; (to be doing something wrong);
You’re looking guilty, what have you been up with – Sen ayipli ko’rinesen’, neni bu’ldirip
aldin’?;
8. to call for – talap etiw; (to require);
This situation calls for urgent action – Bul jag’day tez ha’reket etiwdi talap etedi;
9. to call in – juwapkershilikke shaqiriw; (to ask for something to be returned because of
a problem);
The manufactures called in those cars to check the brakes – Islep shig’ariwshilardi
mashinalardin’ buzilg’an jerlerin tekseriwge shaqirdi;
10. to call on – ja’rdemge shaqiriw; (to appeal to);
I call on you all for your help – Men sizlerdin’ barlig’in’izdi ko’mekke shaqiraman.
In the examples above, we have analyzed and found that there are some differences
between English and Karakalpak phrasal verbs; however, we conclude that both languages have
main significant structural-semantic peculiarities in the formation of phraseological units. Now we
will look and analyze some verbal phrases in Karakalpak language by comparing meanings in
English based on the material of Karakalpak writer T. QAyipbergenov’s work “Mamanbiy
a’psanasi”. In this case, we can see different important aspects of verbal phrases according to their
structures and functional meanings as in the followings:
1. “… Bul ga’p a’welgi sibirlilardin’ u’stine mala basip jiberdi…” (to interrupt);
2. “… Murnin’izdin’ tesigi to’menge qaramasin…” (to be upset or embarrassed);
3. “… A’ne ko’zim ilip tur…” (to go to bed or to be sleepy);
4. “… da’rt tilge ursa-so’z, ko’zge ursa jas bolip shig’atug’inin esitkenmen…” (to have
difficulty or suffer from something);
5. “Bul sapari awizbirshilik qashti…” (to be no longer friends);
6. “O’zi biraz o’jetlew ha’m oysiz bolg’ani menen ga’pine qulaq asiw enepat…” (to obey
or listen);
7. “Onin’ aytiwinsha … tartista payin jiberip ko’rmegen, jetimlerdi ko’beytip alg’an
uriw…” (not to give up);
8. “… Jandos biydin’ bul sumlig’in basqa qon’iratlar bildime, joq pa, ol tuwrali o’z
qulaqlarina tiymedi…” (not to be informed);
9. “… Polat jasawildi jiberdi, o’zleri esikte qaldi…” (to be outside or not to come in);
10. “… U’lken esikten na’ma’limnin’ tumsig’i ko’rinse ayip boladi, - dedi xan.” (to
appear or to come);
324
Thus, we have analyzed that phrasal verbs can be used according to its peculiarities both
in written and spoken language, however, here we should take into consideration that it differs
from the various situations. And, in that case, there are many problems that should be discussed
and studied between English and Karakalpak languages, and, in future we shall try to work on
phraseological research in the fields of pragmatic language comprehension and research on
interpretation of the intention.
REFERENCES:
1.
Smith L.P. Words and Idioms: Studies in the English Language 5th ed., London: Longman
Co. 1984.p.178;
2.
Quirk R. Greenboun S., Leech G. and Svartvich J. A Comprehensive Grammar of English
Language. London: Longman Group Ltd. 1985.p.115;
3.
Fraser B. The Verb-Particle Combination in English. 1974.p.12;
4.
Jowett W. On Phrasal Verbs. English Language Teaching Journal, Vol.5, No.6. 1964.p.52-7;
5.
Stageberg N.C. An Introductory to English Grammar. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.,USA.
1965. p. 225;
6.
Murphy R. English Grammar in Use.Cambridge University Press. 2002.p.262;
7.
Gardner D and Davis, M. Pointing out Frequent Phrasal Verbs: A Corpse-based Analysis.
TESOL Quarterly. 2007. p.11-15;
EXPLORING SIMILAR PROVERBS BETWEEN THE KARAKALPAK AND ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
Kudaybergenova Sapiura Scientific Advisor,
KSU, faculty of foreign languages, Karakalpakstan
Kidirbaeva Gúljamal 3-nd year student,
KSU, faculty of foreign languages, Karakalpakstan
Abstract:
Proverbs are an essential part of languages, offering insights into cultural beliefs
and values. This study examines the similarities in proverbs between the Karakalpak language
and English language, shedding light on shared cultural wisdom. Through an analysis of
commonly used proverbs, this research aims to highlight the universal themes and concepts
embodied in these linguistic expressions. The findings provide a cross-cultural understanding of
common wisdom shared between the Karakalpak and English-speaking communities.
Keywords:
Proverbs, Karakalpak language, English language, cross-cultural, cultural
wisdom
Introduction
The exploration of similar proverbs between the Karakalpak language and English language
unveils a fascinating journey into the cultural and linguistic parallels that bind these two distinct
linguistic realms. Proverbs, as concise expressions of wisdom and shared experiences, serve as
cultural touchstones that reflect the values and ethos of a society. This comparative study aims to
uncover commonalities, shedding light on universal themes transcending linguistic boundaries. By
delving into the proverbial richness of both languages, we gain a nuanced understanding of the
shared human experiences that connect diverse cultures. Sprinkling your words with proverbs can
add flavor and flair, but it's crucial to understand their true meaning before wielding them. Don't
