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1. Мухин А.М. Синтаксемный анализ и проблема уровней языка. –Ленинград: Наука,
1980.–304 с.
2.
Мухин
А.М.
Функционалный
синтаксис.
Функциональная
лексикология.
Функциональная морфология. С. Петербург: СПБ, 2007. –198 с.
3. Гайнутдинова Л.К. Предложные сочетания со значением социативности в современном
английском языке: Дисс….канд. филол.наук. –Пятигорск, 1985. –156 с.
WAYS OF CLASSIFYING IDIOMATIC COMPOUND NOUNS
Khadjieva D., PhD docent
Avezbayeva Yu., MA student, Karakalpak State University, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Annotation:
Linguistics' investigation of idiomatic compound nouns is a fascinating field
that sheds light on the complex interplay among language, culture, and cognition. The structure
and meaning of idiomatic compound nouns in the English and Karakalpak languages are
examined in this scholarly article. We seek to provide light on the distinctive qualities and
underlying mechanisms that control the genesis and interpretation of idiomatic compounds in
these two languages through a comparative study. We find fascinating similarities and differences
between English and Karakalpak that highlight their linguistic diversity and cultural subtleties by
looking at the structural patterns and semantic relationships within idiomatic compounds.
Key words:
idiomatic compound nouns, structural classification, semantic and grammatical
classification, combination of words.
Generally, compound nouns are very common in the English language and often come up in
both spoken and written English. We use them to refer to a single concept made up of two or more
words. Idiomatic compound nouns are a part of compound nouns that have a figurative or idiomatic
meaning, which often goes beyond the literal interpretations of individual components. These
compounds are characterized by a unique combination of words that, when used together, convey
a specific figurative sense or cultural connotation. The meaning of idiomatic compound nouns is
not always immediately deducible from the meanings of the component words, making them
interesting and sometimes challenging linguistic phenomena.
Wisniewski stated that compounding is the process of putting words together to build a new
one that does not denote two things, but one and that is pronounced as one unit [7: 2007]. It consists
of combining words having their own lexical meaning to produce a new unit that functions as a
single word that can be used in a certain situation. Cabtree and Power mentioned that
“compounding is a process which forms new words not from bound affixed but from two
independent words” [4: 1985]. The words, which are the parts of the compound, can be free
morphemes, words derived by affixation, or even words formed by compounding themselves.
According to E. Bolanle compounding is the most frequently used way of making new lexemes.
It consists of the combination of two words, in which one word modifies the meaning of the other,
the head. Its defining property is that it consists of combination of lexemes into larger words [2:
2017]. We have explored different sources and had learnt that idiomatic compound nouns as the
subpart of compound nouns had their own structure, definition and sphere of use.
54
Idiomatic compound nouns in English often have unique structural and semantic features
that can be difficult to understand. They are made up of two or more words that are closely related
in meaning or function. They are often used in everyday conversations, and can affect how the
words are used in different contexts. In the following examples of idiomatic compound nouns "ice
cream man," "rule breaker" and "heartbreak" the both parts are nouns. Given examples show that
we firstly define the structure of the idiomatic compound nouns.
Classifying idiomatic compound nouns can be complex due to the diverse ways in which
these compounds are formed and the range of meanings they can convey. However, we can attempt
a classification based on certain criteria. Keep in mind that this classification is not exhaustive,
and idiomatic compounds can often overlap between categories. Basic classification of idiomatic
compound nouns were classified according to the structural, semantic and grammatical.
According to the word building and word formation of Karakalpak language, we have
researched and analyzed the structural and semantic fields of the language.
Structural Classification:
a) Closed Compounds. Words are joined together without spaces or hyphens which in the
following examples: breakfast - break + fast, bedroom – bed + room, sunflower – sun + flower,
notebook – note + book, sunset – sun + set, butterfly – butter + fly, keyboard – key + board, these
words include two nouns.
We examined the structural aspects of idiomatic compound nouns in English and Karakalpak
languages and the closed compounds in Karakalpak language
jàrǵànàt (bat), qolǵàp (glove),
gúdibuzàr,
Xojeli (xoja + eli name of a town), búgin (today), isbilermen (businessman).
By
analyzing the morphological and syntactic properties of idiomatic compounds, we identified the
language-specific structural patterns in both English and Karakalpak languages have similarities
and differences. [7: 54]
b) Hyphenated compounds are words in which two or more words are joined together by a
hyphen. Here are some examples of hyphenated compounds: well-being - well + being, high-tech,
co-worker, self-esteem, mother-in-law, free-for-all, state-of-the-art, do-it-yourself, check-in. In
hyphenated compounds, the hyphen is used to connect the words and indicate that they are linked
in meaning. These compounds are often used to create adjectives or compound nouns. Hyphenated
idiomatic compound words in Karakalpak: qàwın-qámek, úyir-úyir kózbe-kóz, júzbe-júz, kempir-
ǵàrrı, qoy-eshkiler, málimleme-resurs ılaq-qozılar tàyàw-eskek àw-duzàq úrp-ádetlik nàqıl-
màqàllàr.
c) Open compounds are words that are written as separate words. Unlike closed compounds,
which are written as a single word, and hyphenated compounds, which are connected by a hyphen,
open compounds keep the individual words separate: ice cream, post office, swimming pool, high
school, coffee table, science fiction, living room. Open idiomatic compound words in Karakalpak:
til bilimi, pàxtà zúrááti, màl shàrwàshılıq;
Semantic Classification:
Metaphorical compounds is not a standard linguistic category, nevertheless it refers to
compound words or phrases that convey metaphorical meanings. Metaphor is a figure of speech
where a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable,
suggesting a resemblance that goes beyond the literal interpretation of the individual words:
- silver lining - refers to a hopeful or positive aspect in a difficult situation,
55
- time capsule - represents something that captures and preserves the essence of a particular
time period,
- web of lies - describes a complex and interconnected network of deceit,
- jigsaw puzzle - metaphorically used to represent a situation or problem that requires various
pieces to come together for a complete understanding or solution.
Grammatical Classification:
Noun + Noun Compounds that consists of two nouns: bookstore (book + store), rainbow
(rain + bow), firefly (fire + fly). Examples in Karakalpak:
pıshıq murnı bàtpàytuǵın, qus tirnaǵı
qaqpaytuǵın, tis tırnaqlap jıyǵanı
;
Verb + Noun Compounds that compounds combine a verb and a noun breakfast (break +
fast), swimming pool (swimming + pool), lunchbox (lunch + box), download (down + load),
feedback (feed + back). Examples in Karakalpak: qulàq sàlıp, kózdi àshıpjumǵànshà, qolı tiymedi,
kóz ushındà, kóz juwırtıp, kóz sàldı, qulàq túrdi, iyt ólgen jerde;
Adjective + Noun Compounds which involves an adjective and a noun blackboard (black +
board), blueberry (blue + berry), greenhouse (green + house), softball (soft + ball), whiteboard
(white + board). Examples in Karakalpak: qara kún, keń tàràwlı, aq kewil, àwzınıń sàrısı ketpegen,
jàmàn kózi menen qàràw, kókke jeter.
Compound Nouns with Pronouns that involve pronouns. The compound nouns with
pronouns are not as common as those with adjectives or verbs, but there are some instances where
pronouns are part of compound nouns as somediv, someone, something, everything, everydiv,
anydiv, anything, nodiv, and others. In these examples, the compound nouns combine the
indefinite pronouns with a noun to form a complete term. Keep in mind that compound nouns with
pronouns are less common and may not be as standardized as other types of compound nouns. The
context and usage can also influence the formation of such compounds. Examples in Karakalpak:
heshkim, heshnárse, heshjer;
Compound Nouns with Numerals combine a numeral with a noun to create a term that
typically represents a specific quantity or numerical value - twofold, three-pointer, foursome, five-
year plan, six-pack and seventh heaven. Examples in Karakalpak: jetinshi aspan, jeti ata, eki ushlı,
úsh basil.
In conclusion, our findings from the comparative study of idiomatic compound nouns in the
English and Karakalpak languages was summarized in this scientific article. The study underlines
the significance of considering cultural and cognitive factors when analyzing these idiomatic
constructions and draws attention to their unique structural and semantic characteristics.
Understanding idiomatic compound nouns better helps us understand language, culture, and
cognition, which promotes appreciation and understanding across linguistic and cultural
boundaries.
REFERENCES:
1. Arnold I.V. The English word, -1986. – 384 p.
2. Arokoyo, Bolanle Elizabeth,
Unlocking Morphology.
Ilorin: Chridamel Books,
2017.
3.
Atajonova A. Modern Uzbek Literary Language (A Methodical Handbook for Academic
Lyceum Students) - Tashkent: Bayoz, 2017. 178 pages.
4. Cabtree, Monica and Joyce Power. 1985. An Introduction to Language. 4th Edition. Chicago:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.
56
5. Қыдырбаев А., Ҳәзирги қарақалпақ тилинде атлық сөзлер, Нөкис, 1961.
6. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. – London, 2006.
7. Ҳәзирги қарақалпақ тили морфология. ‹‹Қарaқалпақстан баспасы›› Нөкис -1981.
8. Wisniewski, Kamil. 2007. Word Formation Processes: How New Words Develop in the English
language. New York: Blackwell.
9. https://www.yourdictionary.com/articles/examples-compound-words-types
LINGUISTIC OPPOSITION AS A PHILOSOPHICAL CATEGORY
Khaitova Gulhayo Tovasharovna
Trainee teacher of Termiz State Pedagogical Institute
Annotation
:
In this article, the category of opposition has been studied since ancient times
and it is considered the main idea of dialectics, which is considered the main part of philosophy.
In particular, different interpretations of this phenomenon have been given based on the scientific
views of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Protagoras, and Democritus.
Key words: Dialectic opposition, contradiction, antonymy, Hegel’s theory, relative
opposites, absolute opposites.
Many important questions related to the study of opposition appeared in the works of ancient
philosophers. Thus, Socrates noted that during the conversation and argument, contradictions in
the judgments of the interlocutors were revealed. In the clash of opposing opinions, it was
discovered that the truth is not so simple, but it is achievable. It is important to note that even then
the relative nature of the opposites themselves was realized. We read from Democritus: “If you do
not desire much, then even a little will seem like a lot to you. For the desire for little equates
poverty with wealth
.
There are several quotes from Plato's works that are crucial to comprehending
opposition and the nature of antonymy. According to Plato, opposites are mutually permeable, and
the mutual transition of one opposition to another is linked to the change in the quality of objects
distinguished by them. The philosopher connects the idea of two opposing members to the
existence of a middle or intermediate member.
“Isn’t there something intermediate between any
two opposites? For example, between a large thing and a smaller one, growth and decrease are
possible...” [5: 31].
This judgment is important and will be further reflected in the characteristics
of the opposite of antonyms that meet the logical criterion (i.e., having a middle term). Plato
illustrates the fundamental idea of antonymy—a symmetrical opposition of words—with the
discussion between Socrates and Protagoras. It takes place. – Apart from terrible, is there another
opposite? - No. "Doesn't this imply that there are only one and never multiple opposites for
everything?" [5: 217].
The dialectic of opposition is a difficult topic that was discussed by ancient philosophers. It
later found its fullest expression in the philosophical systems of Hegel and Karl Marx. Hegel
defined opposition as "the unity of identity and difference" [2: P.46]. There are many
inconsistencies in the world. Nothing in life stays the same; everything changes. The objects of
reality and phenomena cannot be the same. It is replaced during development by a notable
difference, which then intensifies and typically turns into the reverse [1: P. 332].
57
According to Hegel, the dialectical connection of opposing sides characterizes opposition as
a logical category. As a result, both positive and negative exist in relation to one another and are
fundamentally defined by it. According to Hegel [2: P.48], "Each of them is itself and its other...
Each of them is positive and negative in itself." It is important to remember Hegel's theory that
difference—which has developed into opposition—is relative, meaning that the subject's
evaluation of specific phenomena, attributes, or features is linked to the perception of those same
things as contrary. Debt, for instance, and property are not two distinct categories of property. It
is positive for the creditor and negative for the debtor. Hegel discusses here some significant issues
that will be pertinent to the definition of lexical antonymy: the relative and absolute nature of the
opposite, the evaluation of quality, and the characteristic that underlies the opposition of two
entities.
The philosophical definition of the opposition underlying linguistic antonymy is given in the
works of the classics of materialist philosophy. Opposition between two essences and opposition
inside one essence are the two categories of opposition that K. Marx distinguished. "North and
south are two different ways of defining the same essence, two ways of differentiating the essence
at its most advanced stage of development... The pole and the non-pole, the human race and the
non-human race, would be the real, authentic extremes. "The opposite that underlies antonymy is
the difference within the same essence (quality, property, relationship, movement, state, etc.),
extreme opposing manifestations of such an essence, their polar definitions: light - heavy (weight),
near - far (distance from something), rise - fall (vertical movement), health - disease (activity, div
conditions: normal and disturbed), and under," according to L.A. Novikov's analysis of this
example. [3: P.244].
Each opposition, according to K. Marx, inherently contains its own opposite; opposites are
mutually permeable. Because they are dialectically related, opposites mutually refuse one another
in addition to considering one another. As a result, antonyms serve as indicators of a unity
"bifurcated" into opposites, distinguishing a single essence while also pointing out the unbreakable
bond between opposites and the limit of any quality's manifestation. For instance, the terms hot
and cold denote the limits of a qualitative evaluation of temperature; they simultaneously
conjugate interpenetrating elements of the whole and mutually cancel polarities.
Any category,
according to K. Marx, begins development from identity, moving into difference and further, into
opposition and contradiction. Thus, opposition acts as one of the categories of development of
contradiction. It is the philosophical justification opposites reveals the internally complex nature
of antonymic relationships, when words that are opposite in meaning, mutually exclusive,
constitute qualities, attributes, and properties of one essence. “The internal connection of the
parties, the connection of opposites, old and new in the process of development, is essential.
E. N. Miller notes that the opposites of meaning are directly dependent upon the opposites
of objective reality, citing F. Engels' "Dialectics of Nature" as support: "In speech, those relations
of opposites that objectively exist in the real world find expression" [4: 14]. Many antonymy
researchers, however, have a different perspective. Novikov (3: P.56) holds that the reason why
items and their properties are considered "opposite" is not because of their intrinsic qualities, but
rather because of how they are understood, valued, and integrated into the linguistic system
through groups of words that share the same meaning. E.N. Miller draws conclusions about the
presence of relative and absolute opposites by analysis of several examples, which are consistent
with the distinctions philosophy makes between outward and internal opposites. The creator of
58
this concept uses antonyms, which are absolute opposites that signify opposing phenomena that
occur in the objective reality of the material world, such as freezing and thawing, stretching and
acceleration, and questioning and answering. They also refer to opposing phenomena and social
processes, such as meeting and parting, indignation and admiration, and so on.
Because of this, the philosophical side of opposition research enables the identification of
its causes, which are "embedded in the very nature of human thinking," as well as the
demonstration of the existence of opposites in all phenomena, objects, and elements of the
objective universe. Contradictory principles can be absolute or relative in nature, and can both
deny and continue each other at the same time.
REFERENCES:
1. Вальяно, М. В. Философия [Текст] : учебник / М.В. Вальяно. – М. : Изд-во “Дело и
сервис”, 2003. – 606 с.
2. Гегель, Г.В.Ф. Наука логики [Текст] : в 3 т. / Г.В.Ф. Гегель. – Т. 2 : Учение о сущности –
М.: Мысль, 1971. – 378 с.
3.Новиков, Л. А. Семантика русского языка [Текст] : учеб. пособие для филол.
специальностей ун-тов / Л.А. Новиков. – М.: Высшая шк., 1982. – 272 с.
4.Миллер, Е.Н. Природа лексической и фразеологической антонимии [Текст] / Е.Н. Миллер.
– Изд-во Саратовского ун-та, 1990. – 211 с.
5. Платон Сочинения в трех томах [Текст] / Платон. – Т.2. – М.: Мысль, 1970.
6.
Xaitova, G. . (2024). INGLIZ VA O`ZBEK TILLARIDA “YAQIN-UZOQ”
OPPOZITSIYASINING LINGVOKULTURALOGIK TADQIQI.
Наука и технология в
современном мире
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(1), 15–17. извлечено от
https://in-academy.uz/index.php/zdift/article/
7.
Хаитова, Г. (2024). ОППОЗИЦИИ “БЛИЗКО – ДАЛЕКО” В ЛИНГВИСТИКЕ (на
английском и узбекском языках).
Ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг долзарб муаммолари
/ Актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук / Actual Problems of Humanities and
Social Sciences.
,
3
https://doi.org/10.47390/SPR1342V3SI9Y2023N33
8. Tovasharovna, K. G. (2023). The Origin of the Phonetical Opposition Theory in
Linguistics.
American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-
2769)
,
1
(10), 624–626. Retrieved from
https://grnjournal.us/index.php/STEM/article/view/2210
UNDERSTANDING ANIMAL NAMES FORMED WITH AFFIXES
Khidirova Makhfuza Amirkulovna
Senior teacher at Denau Institute of Entrepreneurship and pedagogy
Annotation:
This article examines the utilization of prefixes and suffixes in creating new words
within the context of animal names in the English language. It explores how the addition of these
affixes to base animal terms can result in the formation of novel words that convey modified
meanings or highlight specific characteristics. The article emphasizes the importance of affixation
in expanding and enriching animal vocabulary, contributing to a better understanding and
communication of the diverse animal kingdom.
Keywords:
Animal names, prefixes, suffixes, derivation, morphology, affixation, English
language, vocabulary, modified meanings, characteristics.
