339
Practical Implications: The findings of this study have practical implications for language
education and planning in Karakalpak-speaking communities. Incorporating sports-related
vocabulary, including borrowed terms from English, into language curricula can enhance language
proficiency and cultural literacy among speakers, especially youth who are often avid consumers
of global sports media. Furthermore, initiatives to create bilingual sports resources and materials
in Karakalpak can promote the use of the language in sports-related domains and foster a sense of
pride and ownership among speakers. [3.82]
In conclusion, the borrowings of English sports terms in the Karakalpak language represent
a fascinating case study of language contact and adaptation in a multicultural context. Through a
multidimensional analysis of phonological, semantic, and morphological aspects of borrowed
terms, this research contributes to our understanding of language dynamics and cultural exchange.
The findings underscore the resilience and adaptability of minority languages like Karakalpak in
the face of globalization, while also highlighting the importance of proactive language planning
and revitalization efforts to ensure their continued vitality and relevance in contemporary society.
REFERENCES:
1.
Aikhenvald, A. Y. (2009). Linguistic diversity: Oxford University Press.
2.
Johnson, D. (2008). A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics. John Wiley & Sons.
3.
Matras, Y. (2009). Language contact: Cambridge University Press.
CAUSATIVE VERBS IN ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES
Musaev Abish Abilkazievich, PhD.,
Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh
Abstract.
The article deals with the typological research on causative category in English
and Karakalpak languages and represents causative semantics of both languages. Comparative
analysis is done using the examples that were taken from literary text. Moreover, causative
expression is distinguished by the fact that each language has its own means of expression,
syntactic structures, lexical and grammatical forms.
Key words:
causative semantics, causative structure, syntactic, lexical, morphological
Causatives semantically close in many languages, but structurally different. The causative
semantic differentiation in Karakalpak language depends on certain morphological forms as in
other Turkic languages. Mostly causative verbs are formed morphologically by adding affixes
-t,
-tır, -tir, -dır, -dir, -ır, -ir, -qız, -kiz, -ǵız, -giz, -qar, -ker
in Karakalpak languages (P.Kurbanazarov
1984). Besides affixes, causative meaning is represented analytically using some auxiliary verbs.
Although sufficient investigations have been done in both English and Karakalpak languages on
the category of causality, a comparative-typological analysis of the semantic occurrence of this
category still remains important.
Changes in event structure in canonical causative structures are directly related to syntactic
content. Therefore, in typological research there is a problem of identifying the main linguistic
units that form the basis of a particular category and comparing it with this basis in another
language. Typological works on the linguistic expression and semantic occurrence of the causative
category (Nedyalkov 1969; Plungyan 2002: Shibatani 1976: Dixon 2000) contain comments on
340
the linguistic units that make up this category, as well as on the basis of this category. The
interdependence of two or more actions, situations, events, expressed in the framework of
causative structures, makes it possible to distinguish between direct and indirect semantic types.
In both cases, there is a difference as a result of the physical or other influence of the causer or the
causative argument on each other. In the action of the direct type of causality, the effect on the
object, takes place on the basis of the desire, purpose of the causative subject. In this case, the
movement occurs within the temporal reality and space. Indirect causative semantics is not built
on the will of the causative subject. For example:
(In English)
The moster
made
the labourer
slaughter
the sheep.
(In Karakalpak)
Бирақ, оның менен ойнас болыўға мени сол ҳаялдың өзи
мәжбүр
қылды
. (Бекимбетов А. Тууысқанлар 1978: 71)
Translation:
But, the lady herself
made
me
be
her lover. (Bekimbetov A. Relatives 1978:
71)
The examples given above form causative structure in both languages. Causative structure
made the labourer slaughter
consists of causative verb, causator, causatee. In Karakalpak analytic
form
мени… мәжбүр қылды
compose the causative structure. The causatives differ from the
structures in terms of event structure, situation structure, syntactic point of view. In the given
example, it consists of a causative (coercive) event and the actions of the causative, i.e., two sub-
situations are formed. In this case, exposure to causality or movement observation is considered
to depend on the behavior of the affected subject. It should be noted that in causative structures,
the interdependence of two events is not always the same, the occurrence of the other under the
influence of one, so in causal structures it is important to take into account the pragmatic content
in determining the semantic differentiation of small events and actions. Hence, the occurrence of
causative content in an event is more important than the presence or absence of grammatical factors
in these structures. The causative expression in a particular inner reality is associated with a
meaning that represents a clear lexical unit. In particular,
make, force, get, have
in English form
directly emphasized causative realities. For example:
(In English)
a) M: Clara, the coloured maid, found the door locked at ten the next day, and
they forced it open (O` Henry; 20); b) Joe and what made you ever upset (O`Henry 25);
(In Karakalpak)
c) — Жеңгеңниң көзи көрмей қалды, — деди Қаржаўбай аға мени
қасына
отырғызып
атырып
. (Муратбай Нызанов. 119); d) Алдындағы бир топар
баспақтың шетке шыққанына жуўырыўы менен ети қызған мәҳәлде, тоңғанын умытып,
қойнындағы нанының шетинен
сындырып
, аўзына салып гүйсейди (
Т.Кайпбергенов
17 ).
Translation:
c) - Your sister’s-in-law become blind,+ - said Karjaubay brother
letting
me
sit
nearby him. (Nizanov M. 119) d) He forget being cold running after the herd of cattle in front
of him which going aside and taking the bread from the pocket he
broke
a piece and chewed it
putting into mouth. (Kaipbergenov T. 17)
In these examples, (a) the causative meaning is the result of a causative wish, while in (b)
the causative meaning is directed to the subject. The causator, on the other hand, participated as
an abstract subject or reality. The causative meaning (c) is implicit, directed to a person, while in
(d) causative directed to destruction.
Indirect causality can be observed in structures related to permission semantics. For
example, the structures in which the English verbs
let, allow
are involved.
M: Shall I tell you why?
I let lust come between me and my wits (G.Lynne, 25); b) Bella never, ever allowed herself to be
341
with a man (G.Lynne, 38)
. In these causative structures, the semantics of causality is weakened,
which is explained by the fact that the causative subject did not prevent reality or allowed this
phenomenon to occur. The negative form of the stressed verbs retains information as evidence that
causation is allowed in the structures (example b).
Indirect causality can be observed in the qualitative changes in the object, which are carried
out under the influence of abstract natural forces in the Karakalpak language. In this case, the
lexical meaning of the verb, the presence of grammatical forms plays an important role. Compare:
a) Сөйтип оларды ийесиз қалған жекке жайларға, алыстағы үнгирлерге бөлеклеп
айырып жат
қар
ды. (Бекимбетов А., «Туўысқанлар» 1978, 117);
b) Қыз бир нәрселерди жаздыда, қағазды бүклеп, оның қолына тут
қыз
ды ҳәм тарс еткизип
әйнекшесин жапты. (Абдирахманов О., Бир мухаббат тарийхы, 1974, 34).
Translation:
a) Then he
made
them
lie down
in the houses that were without host and in the caves.
b) A girl wrote something, and folding the paper
made
him
hold
it, and closed the window bumping
it.
In the given examples (a) the transitive use of the verb “жатқарды” formed a weak, indirect
observation semantics, while in the example (b) the accusative relative form of this verb gave a
direct observational meaning. Apparently, the semantics of causality can also be changed using
grammatical pointers in a verb example. In English, this is the relationship between subject and
object, as well as in individual structures of individual verb lexemes, while in Karakalpak it is
much more difficult to define. This is because the Karakalpak language has separate morphological
suffixes that form a causative meaning. These morphological suffixes are known by the name of
the compulsory voice of the verb. However, not all compulsory voice category also have the ability
to express causative meaning.
Comparing only certain structures in the formation of causative meaning does not give the
desired result. This is because causative structures in different languages differ not only
syntactically but also morphologically or lexically.
REFERENCES:
1. Курбанназаров П., Категория каузативности и межуровневые способы её выражения.
Автореф. дисс…канд.филол.наук. – Ташкент, 1984. – 22 с.
2. Nedyalkov, I. V. Recessive-accessive polysemy of verbal suffixes. –
Languages of the world
1:
1991. –P 4–31.
3. Nedjalkov, V. P. & Sil'nickij, G. G. Tipologija kauzativnyx konstrukcij. – A. A. Xolodovich
(ed.),
Tipologija kauzativnyx konstrukcij. Morfologicheskij kauzativ
. Leningrad: Nauka. 1969. –P
5–19.
4. Shibatani, Masayoshi. The grammar of causative constructons: a conspectus. – Masayoshi
Shibatani (ed.),
The grammar of causative constructions.
New York: Academic Press. 1976: 1–
40.
5. Khudaybergenova Z., Grammatical features of the lexemes “White” and “Black” in English and
Karakalpak languages. Innovations in Technology and Science Education 2 (15), 2023. P. - 53-60.
https://zenodo.org/records/10074869
6. Khudaybergenova Z., Modality in Karakalpak language. Science and Education in
Karakalpakstan 4 (4/1), 2022. P. 179-183.
7. Бекимбетов А., «Туўысқанлар» «Қарақалпақстан» баспасы, Нөкис, 1978, 117-бет
8. O. Henry, The Four Million, eBook, www.gutenberg.net, p 20.
9. Нызанов М., «Таңламалы шығармалары, VIII, Роман, гүрриңлер, драббллер» Нөкис,
«Билим» 2018, 119 б.
342
10. Абдирахманов О., Бир мухаббат тарийхы, Қарақалпақстан баспасы, Нөкис 1974, 34-бет
11. Кайпбергенов Т., шығармалары 5 томлық, 4-том, «Қарақалпақ қызы» романы,
Қарақалпақстан баспасы, Нөкис, 1980, 325-бет
12. 7. Khudaybergenova Zukhra, Sarsenbaeva Ariwkhan THE VERBALIZATION OF THE
NOTION “TIME” WITH THE HELP OF IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS AND QUOTATIONS
IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal
Vol. 10, Issue 11, November 2020 Индия p. 711-714. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-
7137.2020.01521.9
XALILA DÁWLETNAZAROV SHIǴARMALARINDA RUS TILINEN HÁM RUS TILI
ARQALI BASQA TILLERDEN AWISQAN SÓZLER
Orazımbetova R.
QMU, 10.00.03 – Qaraqalpaq tili qánigeligi tayanısh doktarantı
Xalila Dáwletnazarov shıǵarmalarında arab, parsı, parsı-tájik, monǵol tillerinen awısqan
ózlestirme sózler menen qatar rus tili arqalı ózlestirme sózler de kóplep ushırasadı. Shayırdıń
shıǵarmalarında rus tili hám rus tiline basqa tillerden kirgen adam isimleri de ózlestirme sózler
túrinde qollanıladı. Bul uluwma Xalila Dáwletnazarov shıǵarmalarında ǵana emes, al qaraqalpaq
tilinde de rus tilinen hám rus tili arqalı basqa tillerden ózlesken adam atlarınıń menshikli adam
atların hár tárepleme izertlegen tilshi ilimpaz O.Sayımbetov basqa tillik adam atlarınıń (rus tili
hám rus tili arqalı basqa tillerden ózlesken menshikli adam atlarınıń) ózlesiwin úsh dáwirge bólip
qaraydı: 1) 1917-jıldan – 40-jıllarǵa deyin; 2) 1940-1960 –jıllar; 3) 1960-jıllardan 1980-jıllarǵa
shekem. [13, 28-29]
Shayır X.Dáwletnazarov shıǵarmalarında joqarıda atap kórsetilgenindey menshikli adam
atlarınıń qaraqalpaq tiline ózlesiwinde usı dáwirlerge de tiykarlanadı, sonıń menen birge
shıǵarmanıń mazmunına, itibar qaratılǵan tematikaǵa da qaratıladı.
Qurıp
soda zavod
úskenelerin,
Muqıyatlap qaǵıp shúrip-shegelerin,
Juwıp aqlıq-shawlıq kishkenelerdiń,
Jórgegi pashshayı kibi ashılsın (“Ashılsın” 165-bet)
Mısaldaǵı soda, zavod sózleri rus tilinen siyasiy-jámiyetlik baylanıslar sebepli kirgen
neologizmler bolsa da, búgingi kúni qollanılıw mánisi ádewir keńeydi. Usı qosıq qatarında jup sóz
túrindegi shúrip-shege sózleriniń dáslepki komponenti shúrip sózi, tiykarınan shrup rus tillik sóz
bolıp, awızeki sóylew stili túrinde berilip, qosıqtıń ele de kórkemligin, tásirsheńlik kúshin
joqarılatıwda qollanılǵanlıǵın kóriwimizge boladı.
Xalila Dáwletnazarov shıǵarmalarında rus tili arqalı basqa tillerden kirgen sózler portret
jasawda, sózdiń obrazlılıǵın kúsheytiwde hám mazmunın ashıp beriwde jumsalǵan. Mısalı:
Állen waqta kelgen
ekspreske
,
Kóp qatarlı ol da ilesti eplep,
Kimi qalǵıp, kimi urnıqqan gápke,
Birewi sóylese, birewi jónlep (“Biytanıs adam haqqında qosıq” 28-bet)
Bul anglichan tilinen kirgen ekspress sóziniń tiykarǵı mánisi “kúsheytilgen” degendi
[14,159] bildirip, bul toqtawsız tez júretuǵın poezd, paroxod, avtobusqa da aytıladı. Qosıq
qatarında tez júretuǵın avtobus mánisinde qollanılǵan. Rossiya menen tariyxıy baylanıslar,
