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CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSATIVE VERBS IN ENGLISH
AND KARAKALPALPAK LANGUAGES
Musaev Abish Abilkazievich, PhD., docent
Karakalpak State University
Bakhytbaeva Sarbinaz Askarbaevna, BA student
Karakalpak State University
Summary
: The article is devoted to the comparative study of transitive and intransitive verbs
in English and Karakalpak languages. It provides an overview of the scientific literature on the
grammatical meaning of transitive and intransitive verbs, and includes examples with subsequent
analysis of language data.
Keywords:
transitive and intransitive verbs, ditransitive, government, comparative aspect.
The development of typological studies in the comparative study of the English and
Karakalpak languages has become relevant in modern linguistics thanks to the research of many
specialists and the development of new methods for comprehensive data analysis.
From a comparative point of view, the analysis of transitive and intransitive verbs in terms
of their use in a comparative aspect is relevant. Many researchers note differences between
transitive and intransitive verbs in terms of their word formation using specific affixes (A.
Dauletov, M. Dauletov, M. Kudaibergenov), as well as analytical methods (A. Dauletov, M.
Dauletov, M. Kudaibergenov). In the English language, the replacement of active with passive is
studied, which fundamentally changes the grammatical meaning of the verb. Some researchers
refer to verbs that can change the categories of transitivity/intransitivity depending on the context
as ergative (T.I. Rodzina), ditransitive (grammarly.com), changing transitivity/intransitivity
depending on the context (N.S. Valgina, D.E. Rozental, M.I. Fomina), linking them to the
categories of active/passive (B.S. Azar), as well as special verbs used in different grammatical
meanings depending on the context.
A comparative study of transitive verbs in Karakalpak and English languages revealed their
main grammatical and functional properties. In Karakalpak and English, the grammatical meaning
of transitive and intransitive verbs is mainly similar, as intransitive verbs take direct objects, while
transitive verbs do not require a specific noun as an object. The word formation of these verbs in
Karakalpak and English noticeably differs in certain situations, where a transitive verb can be used
as an intransitive and vice versa. This word formation method mainly uses auxiliary affixes, and
the use of analytical verb forms is also allowed. In the English language, the shift from active to
passive changes the transitivity-intransitivity meaning of the verb at its root, and depending on the
context, specific affixes and auxiliary words help to change its grammatical meaning.
It can be argued that transitive verbs are those that govern a direct object in the genitive case
or require an object in that form, while the rest are intransitive. However, in sentences where
predicates are expressed using transitive verbs, they govern not only direct objects but are also
often accompanied by indirect objects.
In the speech - in the sentence and in the word combinations, the governing in the
accusative
case
(
in Karakalpak “tabıs sepligi”
) in the Karakalpak language by the property of governability-
ungovernability, verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive (
in Karakalpak “awıspalı hám
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awıspasız”
). Many verbs directly and indirectly in the accusative case
(What? Whom? – in
Karakalpak “kimdi? neni? ne? qaysısın? qanday?”)
govern direct object, together with them form
words:
bala jubatıw- (calm the child)
here
bala (the child)
- direct object, stands in the form of an
indirect object, as the grammatical meaning is not expressed by the suffix:
kitaptı (kitap) izlew
(look for the book), ertek aytıw (tell a tale), nama tıńlaw (listen to the melody), ata-ananı
húrmetlew (respect the parents), baǵ etiw (make a garden), miywe teriw (pick fruits), balanı
hoshametlew (reward the child).
Such verbs are called
transitive
verbs:
In Karakalpak
In English
biliw,
know,
tanıw,
be familiar with someone,
esaplaw,
consider,
ońlaw,
repair,
remont qılıw,
fix,
ashıw,
Open
tabıw,
find,
kóteriw,
raise,
tiyew,
load,
túsiriw
unload.
In this example, we are talking about transitive verbs, as they answer the questions
who?
whom? what?
and require a direct object complement or govern one. There are cases where verbs
do not combine with nouns in the genitive case, for example:
suwǵa úńiliw (look at the water)
,
because "
look
" is an
intransitive
verb. Those verbs that do not govern direct objects and do not
require them are called intransitive. They can govern words other than nouns in the genitive case,
for example:
adamǵa iseniw (believe a person), doslar menen keńesiw (consult with friends),
barıw, keliw, kiriw, qatnaw, barıp qaytıw, kelip ketiw (go, come, return, leave, go, come back)
and
others. The direction of movement is usually intransitive. They govern nouns that answer the
questions:
where to? where from?, for example:
In Karakalpak
In English
jumısqa qatnaw
go to work
úyge qaytıw
return home
mektepke barıw
go to school
awıldan keliw
come from the village
The features of transitivity-intransitivity of verbs are related to the formative affixes and
their formative meaning. In other words, intransitive verbs become transitive by adding formative
affixes
-dir, -giz, -tir,
etc., for example:
Bala kiyindi (the boy got dressed) - intransitive verb, Anası
balasın kiyindirdi. (The mother dressed the child) - transitive.
Conversely, with the addition of
formative affixes
-l-, -n-, -s-
in the Karakalpak language, transitive verbs become intransitive:
tabaq-qasıqtı juwıw (wash the dishes) -
transitive.
Juwın (wash yourself)
- intransitive [1, p. 121].
The transition and non-transition forms are also expressed through analytical forms.
Transitional and non-transitional forms of verbs in analytical form are determined by the primary
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component, i.e. the main verb. If the form of the main verb, as part of the compound, is transitive,
the compounds become transitive, and if the base of the verb is intransitive. Transitive and
intransitive verbs in terms of formal and general expression of actions, despite being identical,
differ in their lexical-semantic content [2, p. 138].
1. Transitive verbs:
express the perception of information through
action and respiratory organs:
In karakalpak
In English
kes
Cut
shap
Rub
bawla
Tie
tegisle
Level
isle
Make
qırq
Cut
qaz
Dig
express movement related to actions of
animals:
tisle
Peck
súr
Pull
tep
Pull
asa
Eat
je
Eat
shayna
Chew
express qualitative, volumetric and
measurement changes:
keńeytiw
Expand
uzaytıw
Lengthen
bóliw
Divide
siyrekletiw
Analyze
2. Intransitive verbs:
express movements indicating the state,
character, emotions of a person:
kúldi
Laughed
quwandı
Rejoiced
qayǵırdı
Experienced
jıladı
Cried
seskendi
Scared
jalıqtı
Bored
qorıqtı
Afraid
express the movement of phenomena and
species changes of a person or other object:
sarǵaydı
Yellowed
bozardı
Paled
kógerdi
Blued
qızardı
Reddened
aǵardı
Whitened
surlandı
turned gray
jasardı
Rejuvenated
uzaydı
became dull
kishireydi
Decreased
express the sounds made by animals and other
beings besides humans:
mańıradı
Mew
móńiredi
Bleat
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ırıldadı
Growl
ulıdı
Howl
kisinedi
Neigh
Valgina N.S., Rozental D.E., and Fomina M.I. note that "Usually, transitive and intransitive
verbs do not have their own special morphological features. However, some types of verb
derivation serve as indicators of transitivity and intransitivity of the verb."
They also note about the use of both transitive and intransitive depending on lexical
meaning: "In the case of intransitive verbs, the accusative case is possible without a preposition,
but exclusively with the meaning of space or time: The troops march day and night" [3]
According to Azar B.S.: "A transitive verb is a verb that is followed by an object. The object
can be a noun or a pronoun. An intransitive verb is a verb that is not followed by an object. Only
transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice. Intransitive verbs are NOT used in the passive
voice" [4, p. 280]
In English, transitive verbs require a direct object, a noun that receives the action of the verb.
In contrast, intransitive verbs do not require objects. Let's consider an example with one of the
most common transitive verbs - "
need
":
We need a healthy immune system.
Here, the transitive verb "need" is used with the direct object "
a healthy immune system.
"
The phrase "
a healthy immune system
" answers the questions "What is needed?" or "What do we
lack?" (Although technically the direct object is the noun "
system
," however, the article "a" and
the adjective "
healthy
" describe "
system
," so all three words together function as a single nominal
expression representing the entity and all its modifiers). If we remove the direct object from a
transitive verb, the sentence becomes incomplete:
We need.
This sentence is incomplete because the transitive verb lacks a direct object. In fact, transitive
verbs require a direct object. Ditransitive verbs can have both a direct and an indirect object, but
having an indirect object is not mandatory. The indirect object is the noun that receives the direct
object, while the direct object receives the action of the verb. In simpler terms, the direct object is
the object of the action, and the indirect object receives what is given to the direct object.
The student asked the teacher a question.
In this case, the verb "
asked
" is ditransitive. The direct object here is "
a
question
", as it
represents what the student asked. The indirect object is the teacher, as they are the one receiving
the question (direct object). The most confusing aspect of transitive verbs is not so much the choice
of verb itself, but rather the correct placement of objects in the sentence.
If a transitive verb does not have an indirect object, the direct object usually follows
immediately after the verb.
[subject] + [transitive verb] + [direct object]
I
brought
my laptop to my grandma’s house.
If a transitive verb has an indirect object, the indirect object is placed immediately after the
verb and before the direct object.
[subject] + [transitive verb] + [indirect object] + [direct object]
She
gave
her girlfriend a little smile.
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Confusion between transitive and intransitive verbs in both written and spoken English can
lead to incomplete sentences, causing unclear communication.
In the Karakalpak language, the example is as follows:
"Maldı tapqanǵa baqtır, ottı
shapqanǵa jaqtır,"
which translates to "
Let the one who earned it by their work tend the livestock,
let the one who cut it light the fire
."
Sentences constructed based on transitive verbs include: "balanı kitap oqıtıwǵa úyretiu"
(teach a child to read a book), "jaslardı jaramsız qılwalardan saqlaw" (protect the youth from
harmful behavior). Such grammatical phenomena are common in language. Thus, transitive verbs,
together with the governing nouns that answer the questions " kimdi? neni?" (who? what?), are
words that answer such complex questions
In Karakalpak
In English
"
neni-kimge"
to whom/what
otındı-tapqanǵa
wood to the one who cut it
kimdi-nege
whom-what
balanı kitap oqıwǵa
child-read a book
However, transitive verbs do not exhibit such qualities. In the Karakalpak language, the
example reads: "Let the one who earned it by their work tend the livestock, let the one who cut it
light the fire."
Phrases formed based on transitive verbs are like: "teach a child to read a book," "protect the
youth from harmful behavior." Such grammatical features are frequently encountered in the
language. Therefore, transitive verbs, along with the nouns that govern them, answering the
questions "who? what? whom? what?" - "to whom" (кимди-negе) - "wood to the one who cut it,"
"whom-what" (кимди-negе) - "child-read a book," are words and phrases that respond to such
complex questions. However, transitive verbs do not manifest these features [1, p. 121].
Some verbs can be used either in the intransitive form or in the transitive form.
In Karakalpak
In English
Joldan ót (awıspasız)
cross the road (intransitive verb)
joldı kesip ót (awıspalı)
cross the road (transitive)
Bala ele jas, mektepte oqıydı
The boy is still young, he is studying in school
Ol qalada júrdi
He walked through the city
Ol shaxmat oyınında attı júrdi
He moved the knight in a game of chess
Júrdi (walked)
- the verb in the first sentence is intransitive, in the second - transitive.
Intransitive verbs, without governing nouns, can only express the actions of the subject, and such
cases are very common in the language. For example:
Qonaqlar keldi (Guests came). Toy
baslanajaq bolıp atır (The wedding is about to start). Awqat tartıldı. (Food was served).
Verbs in the Karakalpak language which do not require direct objects are called intransitive.
These include verbs like "kel" (come), "ket" (go), "tur" (stand), "otır" (sit), "kir" (enter), "shıq"
(exit), and others. When using these verbs in the genitive case, they govern words in the form of
other cases; for example: "aǵam menen apam jumısqa ketedi, úyge keshte gewgimlep keledi" (dad
and mom go to work, come back home in the twilight), "zalda tım-tırıslıq ornadı" (silence settled
in the room), "ol ornınan órre turdı" (he immediately stood up from his place).
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The use of verbs with transitivity in intransitive meanings possesses two specific features.
Firstly, verbs in their base form express the degree of transitivity/intransitivity. For example:
In
Karakalpak
In English
In
karakalpak
In English
Al
Take
oqı
read
Qoy
Put
jaz
write
Ayt
Tell
sora
ask
Toqı
Tie
qaz
dig
Secondly, the transitivity/intransitivity of verbs is also expressed through additional suffixes.
Adding such suffixes to the base form changes the verb from transitive to intransitive and vice
versa. This phenomenon is manifested through the following forms of conjugation.
1. Suffixes that convert intransitive verbs into transitive ones include -dır- (-tır-, -tir-), -
ǵız-, -giz- (-qız-, -qiz-), -t-, -ır-, -ir-.
kúl-dir
make laugh
túsin-dir
Explain
kel-tir
call in
ót-kiz
Send
júr-giz
Lead
uyqı-lat
put to sleep
jasar-t
Rejuvenate
quwan-t
Entertain
2. Suffixes that create passive voice forms like -ın-/-in-, -n- and indefinite (passive) voice
forms such as -ıl-/-il-, -l- alter the meaning of verbs from transitive to intransitive [2, p. 138]:
kiy-in-di
got dressed
tara-n-dı
Combed
juwı-n-dı
washed oneself
beze-n-di
Groomed
oqı-l-dı
was read
jazı-l-dı
was written
English sentences may be incomplete if transitive and intransitive verbs arecomplicate by
the users both in written and oral forms, which in turn may result into unclear communications.
The term "transitive" in English may seem complicated, but identifying transitive verbs is
not actually difficult. Transitive verbs express an action and are followed by an object, which can
be a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase impacted by the action of the verb in a given sentence. Some
people find the circularity of this definition problematic, so it may be easier to understand what a
direct object is by considering what it is not.
According to T.Fiktorius, a direct object is a noun phrase that does not function as a subject
complement, meaning it does not describe the subject. For example, "
Sumanto looks tired
" is a
linking sentence with a nominal subject complement, while "
Sukamto sells cars
" is a transitive
sentence with a direct object [4, p. 65].
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The comparative analysis of data reveals that in Karakalpak, transitive verbs typically shift
to intransitive forms through specific suffix additions, whereas in English, their meaning changes
based on context and by transitioning between active and passive voices. The key determinant in
the realm of transitivity/intransitivity is the verbs' capacity to accept a direct object.
Thus, the analysis of data in a comparative aspect showed that in the Karakalpak language,
the transitive verbs mainly change into intransitive ones using specific suffixes, while in the
English language, they change their meaning depending on the context and by switching from
active to passive. The main factor in the transitivity/intransitivity category is the ability of verbs
to take a direct object.
REFERENCES:
1. Насыров Д.С., Бердимуратов Е.Б., Даулетов А.Д., Бекбергенов А.Б. Ҳәзирги қарақалпак
тили. Морфология. «Қарақалпақстан» баспасы, 1981 ж., 264 б.
2. Dáwletov A., Dáwletov M., Qudaybergenov M. Házirgi qaraqalpaq ádebiy tili. Nókis «Bilim»,
2010 j. 251 б.
3. Валгина Н.С. Розенталь Д.Э. Фомина М.И. Современный русский язык: Учебник / Под
редакцией Н.С. Валгиной. - 6-е изд., перераб. и доп. Москва: Логос, 2002/
URL:https://uchebnik.biz/book/226-sovremennyj-russkij-yazyk/201--185-glagoly-perexodnye-i-
neperexodnye. date of acces: 08.02.2024
4. Understanding and Using English Grammar, Fifth Edition, Teacher’s Guide, Hall M., Azar B.S.,
Hagen S.A., 2017, 492 p.
5. Khudaybergenova Z., Grammatical features of the lexemes “White” and “Black” in English and
Karakalpak languages. Innovations in Technology and Science Education 2 (15), 2023. P. - 53-60.
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Karakalpakstan 4 (4/1), 2022. P. 179-183.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN LINGUISTICS
Najimova Gulyaim Batirjanovna,
Karakalpak state university
Abstarct:
This article analyzes the terminology and concepts of scientific sources
describing non-verbal and kinesics. Since linguistics is not only about verbal interaction, it is also
important to study non-verbal communication, including gestures, facial expressions, posture, eye
contact and touch. Non-verbal communication is extremely important in the analysis of cultural
differences.
Key words:
Eye contact, facial expressions, interaction, posture, linguistic aspect, kinesic units
Facial expressions also make it clear how you feel about the interlocutor. It also supports
the function of expressing an emotional state and conveying its opposite.
In addition, facial expressions are presented as feedback to the spoken word: whether the
verbal part was understood, whether the other agrees or reacts rather negatively (or surprised).
Thus, the horizontal folds of the forehead indicate increased attention when thinking. Vertical
forehead wrinkles indicate that all attention is directed to something (someone).
To interpret facial expressions, there are various scientific opinions:
- for example, such emotional and mimic manifestations as joy, surprise, interest, grief,
