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BREEDING OF PRODUCTIVE GENOTYPES OF WINTER BREAD
WHEAT WITH HIGH YIELD, GRAIN QUALITY INDICATORS
Dilmurodov Sherzod Dilmurodovich - Candidate of Agricultural Science,
Senior scientific researcher, Southern research institute of Agriculture, Karshi city,
Kashkadarya region, Uzbekistan.
Abstract: While high temperatures adversely affect grain yield, weight, and
grain number in plants, drought reduces the amount of organic matter accumulation
in plants, slows leaf growth, reduces the working leaf surface through which basic
photosynthesis takes place, and results in lower yields, no pointing, and technological
quality of grain. The selection of primary material when creating and introducing
into the production of new highly productive bread wheat varieties in the irrigated
lands of the Republic is the main factor. The need for high-yielding wheat varieties is
growing day by day when growing high-quality crops on existing sown areas. The
study investigated the relationship between the weight of 1000 grains, natural weight
and yield of 47 lines created and selected in local conditions. Based on the results of
the research results on productivity indicators, 9 lines were selected and transferred
to the next stages.
Key words: bread wheat, heat stress, full-scale grain weight, 1000-grain
weight, yield, line.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in
world agriculture. The world produces 760 million tons of grain annually. Bread
wheat occupies 17% of the total crop area [1, 3, 6].
For the cultivation of high yields and quality grain in different regions, taking
into account the soil and climatic conditions, it is important to create and place
scientifically based varieties of cereals that give a stable yield, consistent grain quality
indicators [2, 5, 7].
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In recent years, the Republic of Uzbekistan has been carrying out a number of
scientific and practical works on the creation of new varieties of cereals, especially
bread wheat [4, 9, 10]. As a result of many years of scientific research and practice,
it is known that heat, drought, disease, bed rest of wheat plants have a significant
impact on the decline in yield, non-yield characteristics and technological quality of
grain [12, 14, 21].
Wheat grains contain 11-20% protein, 63-74% starch, around 2% fat as much
fiber and ash. Important indicators that determine the quality of wheat are the presence
of protein and gluten in the grain, the amount of protein determines the scope of
application of wheat. For example, bakery has 14-15% protein, pasta needs 17-18%
protein. The greatest value has high-quality strong, valuable and durum wheat
varieties. The basis for the classification of bread wheat according to the strength of
flour (strong, medium and weak) lies in the quality of protein, gluten and gluten in
the grain [13, 15, 16].
Strong wheat includes only varieties of bread wheat with 14% protein and
28% gluten in the first group. Gluten-free bread should be able to provide high-quality
bread (large in size and crispy) not only in pure form, but also when weak wheat is
added to the bali [5, 11, 17, 22].
The soil and climatic conditions of the southern regions differ sharply from
other regions of the Republic due to their heat and drought, with a significant increase
in average air temperature in the middle of spring and low rainfall, which negatively
affects grain yield and grain quality [8, 20].
According to Juraev D. et al (2020), high temperature rises under natural
conditions slow down the accumulation of dry matter and drastically reduce grain
quality, as well as high temperatures affect the reproductive organs of the plant, not
fully fertilized during flowering. If this happens during the grain filling period, the
grain will be empty without filling, and the yield will drop sharply due to the weight
loss of 1000 grains [1, 18, 19].
In this regard, in order to select drought-resistant, disease-resistant, high-
yielding and high-quality wheat varieties and create new varieties on this basis, the
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lines brought through the International Center - ICARDA were planted in the field
field experiment.
50 varieties and lines studied under the heat stress conditions were planted in
1 row, 5 m2. Gozgan, Bunyodkor and Hisorak varieties, which are grown on large
areas of the republic, were selected as standard varieties.
Phenological monitoring was carried out during the growing season. The
results were recorded in a timely manner and early ripening lines were isolated.
Varieties and lines under the project were planted and irrigated on October 8.
All varieties and lines germinated by October 18th.
In the experiment, special attention was paid to the quality of the studied
varieties and lines. As a standard variety, it was compared to Gozgan,
Bunyodkor and Hisorak varieties. Varieties are divided into 4 groups according
to the weight of 1000 seeds: 1) very large grains - more than 50 g, 2) large - 41-
50 g, 3) medium large - 31-40 g, 4) small - less than 30 g.
According to the results of the analysis of 1000 grain weights of varieties
and lines, it was noted that 50 varieties and 24 lines studied were 1000 grains
higher than the standard varieties Gozgan and Hisorak.
The sample weight of 1000 grains in Gozgan variety was 41.5 g, in
Hisorak variety - 39.6 g. In the selected lines, 1000 grains were found to weigh
45.1–53.2 g. In particular, it was found that there are 5 very large grain weights
- more than 50 g, 1000 large - 41-50 g - 40, the average large - 31-40 g - 5 lines.
No small lines of less than 30 g belonging to 4 groups were observed (Table 1).
Table 1
Yield and grain quality indicators of selected varieties and lines (Karshi,
2019)
№
Name
1000
kernel
weight
, g
Test
weight,
g/l
Protein,
%
Gluten,
%
IDK
Grain
yield,
c/ha
1
Gozgon
(check)
41,5
772,4
15,6
29,5
81,6
73,6
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2
Bunyodkor
(check)
54,3
803,5
17,3
29,8
83,4
48
3
Hisorak
(check)
39,6
770,4
14,2
27,3
95,6
70,4
4
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-27
45,1
802,8
17,5
30,1
77,2
55,6
7
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-54
47,3
816
17,5
29,6
84,3
59,6
10
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-66
53,2
806,7
16,7
28,1
102,6
59,2
15
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-135
46,4
811,8
16,3
28,5
86,3
53,2
16
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-136
45,1
824,7
17,3
28,1
87,3
52,4
18
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-148
46,7
823,9
15,7
28,6
93,4
55,6
26
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-277
53,2
778,5
17,7
29,9
83,1
69,6
27
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-278
48,2
810,1
18,4
29,5
91,9
60,8
29
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-296
49,1
817,4
16,3
29,6
80,6
60,8
30
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-297
48,1
818,4
16,8
26,3
92,6
58,8
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31
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-298
47,4
814,3
15,2
28,3
93,8
58
32
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-299
47,4
796,6
13,9
27,4
101,3
46,4
34
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-313
50,2
824,8
14,8
28,6
90,7
59,6
37
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-102
47,1
775,2
13,8
26,8
103,5
55,2
38
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-111
47,5
806,4
14,2
27,1
96,3
54,4
47
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-306
47,6
795,2
17,1
28,3
94,7
62
48
Gal19-19th-
FWW-
AWYT-308
47,8
780
16,3
28,3
84,5
50,4
When analyzing the grain nature of varieties and lines, in the mass of
grain in one liter, the standard was 772.4 g / l in Gozgan, 770.4 g / l in Hisorak
and 803.5 g / l in Bunyodkor, 806.4 g The number of lines with a grain size of /
l to 824.8 g / l was 14.
According to the results of the analysis, the grain protein content of
varieties and lines was 15.6% in the Gozgan variety, 17.3% in the Bunyodkor
variety and 14.2% in the Hisorak variety.
Lines with high protein content in grain were identified in relation to
Bunyodkor navigation.
In particular, 17.5% on the Gal19-19th-FWW-AWYT-54 and Gal19-
19th-FWW-AWYT-27 lines, 17.7% on the Gal19-19th-FWW-AWYT-277 lines,
and Gal19-19th-FWW-AWYT- 278 lines were found to contain 18.4% protein.
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The amount of gluten in the grain was found to be in the range of 25.7-
30.6% in varieties and lines.
In the standard Gozgan variety, the gluten was 29.5%, in the Bunyodkor
variety - 29.8% and in the Hisorak variety - 27.3%, while the highest rate was
30.1% in the Gal19-19th-FWW-AWYT-27 range.
According to the results of the analysis of grain yield of varieties and
lines studied under the project, varieties and lines were compared with standard
varieties and selection work was carried out. In the process of selecting the
systems, the productivity indicator was taken as the main factor and other
valuable economic characteristics and features were also evaluated. In add ition,
the resistance of cultivars and lines to yellow rust in field conditions was
observed. Observations showed no lesions with yellow rust disease in 27 lines.
Between plant height and yield r = 0.3, with the last link r = 0.13, with grain
nature r = 0.08, with grain protein r = 0.5 and with grain gluten r = 0.6 positive
a correlation was found. 16 lines with higher yields than the standard Bunyodkor
variety (48 c / ha) were selected.
In conclusion, 19 varieties and lines studied in Sel from 19th FWW-
AWYT GALLAOROL1 were selected for early ripening, 16 for yield, 1000
grain weight, high grain nature, high grain quality indicators compared to
standard varieties. Taking into account all the indicators, 9 lines were
transferred to the next selection stage.
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