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IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENDOMETRIUM IN
WOMEN WITH IMPAIRED FERTILITY
Zhumaeva D.R.
Asian International University
The main morphological criterion of chronic endometritis is the presence of
inflammatory infiltrates consisting mainly of lymphoid elements and plasma cells with
focal or diffuse location in the stroma and glands. Immunological research allows to
evaluate the phenotypic composition of endometrial cells, identify the number of
cytotoxic cells that limit embryo implantation and contribute to reproductive
dysfunction, and determine the need for complex therapy.
Key words : endometrium, chronic endometritis, immunomorphology,
reproductive disorders.
Inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs are the most common cause of
women's health problems. Chronic endometritis occupies a special place in the
structure. Many researchers note an increase in the frequency of pathological changes
in the endometrium in the population of women of reproductive age. The frequency
of chronic endometritis varies widely from 0.2 to 66.3%, but on average is 14%. The
main contingent of patients with chronic endometritis are women of reproductive age
25-35 years. Data on the frequency of chronic endometritis among gynecological
patients are variable (from 2.5 to 85%), primarily due to certain difficulties in
diagnosis, clinical and morphological verification [15,18].
The mechanism of pregnancy termination in these patients is associated with
the changes that occur in the endometrium as a result of disruption of secretory
transformation processes caused by insufficient production or inadequate response of
the target organ to progesterone. In the endometrium, there is underdevelopment of
glands, stroma, vessels, insufficient accumulation of glycogen, proteins, growth
factors, excessive amount of proinflammatory cytokines, which leads to inadequate
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development of the ovum, and as a result, miscarriage occurs [16,20]. A significant
role in the development of chronic endometritis belongs to disorders of local and
general immunity, manifesting inflammatory complications after childbirth and
abortions. Long-term stimulation of immunocompetent endometrial cells by an
infectious agent leads to decompensation of the regulatory mechanisms of local
homeostasis, which maintains the persistence of the infectious process. Chronic
activation of cellular and humoral proinflammatory reactions is accompanied by
increased production of cytokines and other biologically active substances, causing
microcirculation disorders, exudation and deposition of fibrin in the endometrial
stroma, which forms connective tissue fibrinous adhesions in the stroma and/or
intrauterine synechiae of varying degrees of severity [4,19].
There are many risk factors for the development of chronic endometritis,
including one of the significant ones being various types of intrauterine
manipulations. Medical abortions, curettage of the uterine cavity walls, endometrial
biopsy, hysteroscopy , hysterosalpingography , hydrosonography , insemination, in
vitro fertilization contribute to the development of chronic endometritis in 95% of
cases [ 6,7]. The clinical picture of chronic endometritis is usually not very specific
and largely reflects the depth and duration of pathomorphological changes in the
uterine mucosa. A number of authors have noted that the main symptom of chronic
endometritis (in 93% of cases) is perimenstrual bleeding. Among the clinical
symptoms, a special place is occupied by infertility (mainly secondary), unsuccessful
IVF attempts and miscarriage [11,13]. Diagnosis of chronic endometritis is based on
the analysis of clinical symptoms, anamnesis data, echographic picture and
morphological examination of the endometrium [5,10,12].
The “gold standard” for diagnosing chronic endometritis is a morphological
examination of the endometrium, which should be a mandatory part of the
examination algorithm for patients with reproductive dysfunction [ 5,15,16].
Diagnostic curettage or biopsy of the uterine mucosa is performed in the
middle and late phases of proliferation, on days 7-11 of the menstrual cycle. Generally
accepted morphological criteria for the diagnosis of chronic endometritis: - The
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presence of inflammatory infiltrates consisting mainly of lymphoid elements and
plasma cells with a focal nature of the arrangement - around glands and vessels. The
diffuse nature of the arrangement of lymphoid elements is also not excluded.
Infiltrates are located mainly in the functional layer, but their basal arrangement is
also very typical.
– Formation of lymphoid follicles in the functional layer of the endometrium.
– Focal fibrosis of the stroma, which occurs during a long-term chronic
inflammatory process in the endometrium and sometimes affects large areas.
– Sclerotic changes in the spiral arteries with the formation of tangles of spiral
arteries.
– Dystrophic changes in the endometrial glands. Changes in the glandular and
stromal components do not correspond to the days of the menstrual cycle.
Morphometric analysis provides a quantitative assessment of the
endometrium. In tubal- peritoneal infertility and miscarriage caused by chronic
endometritis, there is a discrepancy between the histological picture of the
endometrium and the day of the menstrual cycle. The absence of decidua-like
metamorphosis and weak development of muscular and capillary vessels in the luteal
phase [2,21].
The totality of morphological changes in the endometrium affects the
receptivity of the endometrium and limits the possibility of embryo implantation,
affecting the overall effectiveness of infertility treatment using assisted reproduction
methods and miscarriage [9]. The endometrium contains a large number of
immunocompetent cells, the phenotypic composition of which is important for the
immunological balance between the embryo and the endometrium. Immune reactions
occurring in the endometrium participate in the implementation of the protective
function when infectious agents penetrate the uterine cavity, as well as in the full
implantation and development of the embryo [17]. Endometrial epithelial cells are
capable of independent secretion of cytokines, chemokines and cell adhesion
molecules. Their functional activity largely depends on the state of the endometrial
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stromal cells. The results of several studies show that stromal cells indirectly provide
the effect of estrogens on endometrial epithelial cells [9,23].
Today, the method of identifying specific antigens of plasma cells and
endometrial lymphocyte subpopulations using immunohistochemical research is
widely used [17].
immunocytes are represented by an association of macrophages, NK cells,
neutrophils, leukocytes and immunoglobulin-producing cells. When detecting The
following lymphocyte subpopulations are distinguished: CD3+ – T-lymphocytes,
CD4+ – T-helpers, CD8+ – T-suppressors, CD14+ – monocytes/macrophages,
CD16+ – natural killer cells (NK), CD45 – leukocytes, CD56+ – NK, BGL, CD95+
– Fas antigen, apoptosis marker, CD138 – plasma cells, excluding mature B-
lymphocytes [16].
The most numerous population of lymphocytes present in the endometrium
are large granular lymphocytes (LGL), which many authors consider to be decidual
NK cells (CD56+). In the proliferative phase of the cycle, their share is about 8% of
all endometrial cells, in the secretory phase – 60%, and in the early stages of
pregnancy – more than 70% [2,19].
It has been established that under the influence of ovarian hormones, not only
does the number of NK cells in the endometrium increase, but their activation with
the expression of chemokines occurs [8]. In the uterine mucosa, macrophages can
reach 10% of the total number of leukocytes [15].
This indicates a significant role of macrophages in the processes of
implementing the immune response. It is also interesting that after implantation,
macrophages leave the chorion invasion zone and are practically absent from the
decidual tissue, being detected only in the periplacental blood flow [9].
The functional activity of endometrial macrophages is largely subject to
hormonal influences. The ability of estrogens to induce macrophage activity has been
established. In addition, macrophages do not have nuclear receptors for progesterone,
and their sensitivity to the influence of progesterone is due to cross-linking of
progesterone with glucocorticoid receptors [23].
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The population of NK cells (CD56+), T lymphocytes (CD3+) and
macrophages (CD14+) of the endometrium are the main sources of cytokines, due to
which the dominance of the Th-2 type of immune response is maintained during
pregnancy. The detection of NK cells in large quantities around the invasive
cytotrophoblast allowed us to talk about their participation in the isolation of
embryonic antigens from the mother's immune system, limiting the expansion of
trophoblast in the uterine tissue and the reorganization of spiral arteries during
pregnancy [8,20].
It has been proven that NK cells can enhance the inflammatory response
through macrophages and generation of cytokines that activate cytotoxic T
lymphocytes. The ability of NK cells of the endometrium to produce a number of
biologically active molecules has also been established: γ-IFN, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-10,
TGF-β1. With insufficiency of the NK link of the endometrium, an increase in
episodes of viral infections and herpes infection in particular is noted [16,17].
Changes in the number of NK cells in the endometrium against the background of
bacterial -viral infection and inflammation lead to an imbalance of secreted cytokines
and the prevalence of the Th-1 type of immune response, which causes a limitation of
trophoblast invasion and termination of pregnancy [10,11].
The works of domestic and foreign authors have shown that chronic
endometritis is characterized by a complex of immunomorphological changes. In the
proliferative phase on the 7-11th day of the cycle, a reliable increase in the number of
monocytes/macrophages (CD14+) and NK cells (CD56+) was detected in the
endometrium. A slight increase in the total number of T lymphocytes (CD3+) is noted.
The levels of T helpers (CD4+) and T suppressors (CD8+), as well as their ratio, do
not differ from the indicators in healthy women. An increase in the number of NK
cells (CD56+) and macrophages (CD14+) in the endometrium of women with
reproductive pathology characterizes the intensity of the inflammatory process in the
tissue and is an unfavorable factor that prevents normal adhesion and implantation of
the blastocyst, as well as further development of the trophoblast . The number of
CD95+ cells (apoptosis markers) significantly exceeds the similar indicator in healthy
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women, and indicates a high level of programmed cell death against the background
of chronic inflammation in the endometrium [2,19]. Chlamydial -associated
endometritis is characterized by a high content of B-lymphocytes in the endometrial
stroma, which diffusely infiltrate the endometrial stroma, and in 11% of cases form
focal dense lymphoid clusters of the lymphoid follicle type. Incomplete secretory
transformation of the glands, lag and development of fibrosis of the endometrial
stroma are noted [22].
Conclusions.
Thus , the destructive effect of immunocompetent cells on
endometrial tissues leads to the formation of chronic autoimmune endometritis. The
result of a long pathogenetic chain is a violation of implantation in IVF and embryo
transfer programs and miscarriage. pregnancy. Given the complexity of the structure
and the ability to cyclic transformation, these changes are especially pronounced and
difficult to correct in the endometrium. At the same time, the receptivity of the
endometrium consists of many factors, each of which requires assessment.
Pathogenetically based therapy of chronic endometritis in women with reproductive
dysfunction allows restoring the structure and functional activity of the endometrium,
restoring the phenotypic composition of immunocompetent cells and leveling out the
factors that prevent the onset and normal development of pregnancy.
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AYOL
JINSIY
A'ZOLARINING
YALLIG'LANISH
KASALLIKLARI,
ВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ ЖЕНСКИХ ПОЛОВЫХ ОРГАНОВ,
KURKUVIR, КУРКУВИР АННОТАЦИЯ: Ayol jinsiy a’zolarining yallig’lanish
kasalliklari-yuqumli kasalliklar guruhiga mansub bo’lib, ginekologik kasalliklar
tarkibiga kiradi va 60-65% ayollarda uchraydi. Maqsad. Kimyoviy modda bilan
keltirib chiqaradigan eksperimental vaginit modelida yangi “Kurkuvir” vaginal
shamchalarining yallig’lanishga qarshi va reparativ faolligini aniqlashni baholash.
Tadqiqot materiallari. Og’irligi 2800-3000 g bo’lgan quyonlarda eksperimental
tadqiqotlar o’tkazildi, quyidagi tadqiqotlar baholandi: qinning ph-metriyasi, qin
shilliq qavatining jarohat maydonini ball orqali baholash, zamonaviy tezkor test
Femoflor-16 yordamida qin mikrobiotsinozini baholash., sitologik va morfologik
tadqiqotlar o’tkazildi. Natijalar. Kurkuvir yordamida vaginitni eksperimental
davolashning farmakoterapiyasi qinda 2, 34 marta, bachadon bo’yni-2, 23 marta va
uretrada-1, 91 marta sezilarli darajada kamayganligini ko’rsatdi. Xulosa. Vaginit va
servisitlarni davolash uchun yangi Kurkuvir vaginal shamchalar tavsiya etiladi.
Воспалительные заболевания женских половых органов-группа инфекционных
заболеваний, которые составляют 60-65% у женщин в структуре гинекологии.
Цель. Оценка определения противовоспалительной и репаративной
активности новых вагинальных суппозиториев «Куркувир» на модели
MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
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экспериментального вагинита, вызванного химическим агентом. Материалы и
методы. Экспериментальные исследования проведены на кроликах самках
массой 2800-3000 г. Оценивались следующие показатели: ph-метрия
влагалища, полуколичественная оценка площади поражения слизистой
оболочки влагалища в баллах, оценка микробиоциноза с помощью современного
экспресс-теста Фемофлор-16, цитологические и морфологические данные.
Результаты. Фармакотерапия экспериментального лечения вагинита с
помощью Куркувир показал достоверное снижение
, (1).
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