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MANSHUR AND VASIQA IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS FOR STUDING
ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE ASHTARKHANIES DYNASTY
Jumaniyoz Sangirov
Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan,
Doctoral student of the Institute of History
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12605138
Among them, the most significant are the documents written in the
territory under the rule of the Ashtarkhanies, which include manshur, and
vasiqa, vaqfnoma, letters written mainly in Turkish and Persian languages
.
Among the documents, the most important type and the most important in
clarifying the state administration are the manshurs
1
. The reviewed manuscripts
are kept at the Institute of Oriental Studies. Among them, the collection of
documents stored under the name "Maktubot, munshoat va manshurot" under
serial number 289 is the largest, and it contains manshurs written in Persian,
written in Persian, and issued to officials and servants in the central and
regional administration, belonging to the era of Imamkulikhan, Ubaydullahkhan
and mainly Abulfaizkhan. Also, the manshurs issued by Subkhonkulikhan have
been preserved in their original form
2
.
In these manuscripts, it can be seen that there are duties and powers of a
number of positions and titles that are not mentioned in the works. For example,
Mirza Badi Divan also mentions the role of the alam mansab: "The narration
accepted by the mufties on any issue becomes a decision (fatva) after it is sealed
by the alam and has the right to be executed
3
. In the manshur written about the
appointment of Khoja Shah Mufties to the position of alam of Bukhara region,
information can be found that the post of alam was also given to the
governorship of Somjin district of Bukhara region
4
. Or, Mirzo Badi devan and
other researchers of the later period who relied on his information limit
themselves to emphasizing that the task of the tugbegi was to lead the flag
bearers
5
. In the manshur related to this position, it is noted that he was also
given the governorship of the Komot district of Bukhara
6
. If Mirzo Badi writes
7
1
Manshur is an appointment document.
2
Manshur on the appointment of Nizamiddin Khoja Yusuf as shakhulislam of Samarkand region and as sheikh and
mutavalli of Khoja Ahror's tomb by Subkhonkulikhan (1636). SH AQF. 76th collection of documents, document 528;
Manshur on the appointment of Farkhod Chuhraaqa as governor of Kufin region by Subkhonkulikhan (1688).
SH AQF. Documents. 64th assembly. Document 180.
3
Mirakshah Munshi, Mulla Zahid Munshi. Letter, munshoat and manshurot. A manshur written about the appointment
of Khoja Shah mufti to the post of Bukhara region scholar. SH AQF. Manuscript number 289. Pages 110a 110b
4
Letter, munshoat and manshurot. A manshur written about the appointment of Khoja Shah mufti to the post of
Bukhara region scholar. Pages 110a – 110b.
5
History of Balkh. C. 175
6
Letter, munshoat and manshurot. A manshur written about the appointment to the position of Tugbegi. Page 159a
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that the duty of the chief mehtar (mehtari kalon) was to collect 1/4 of the ushur
(dahyak) from the Muslims, half of the ushur from the non-Muslims, and the
ushur of the military in cash, grain and other found things, he was assigned to
this post. in the appointment letter, it is noted that the holder of this position
also performed the sarkor (supervision) of "darulzarbi money exchange"
8
. The
position of shaykhulislam in the central and regional administration controlled
9
the determination of the prices of regional stone scales, daily food crops (in
particular, grain, etc.) necessary for the population, judges, scholars, and
scientists in the region. , teachers and other people should refer to him in all
issues of the Sharia, and it is noted that Shaykhulislam supervised
10
the activities
of judges, heads of market control, imams, and muezzins.
Also, the notebooks, which must be kept by the officials who worked in the
office, and the issues that must be recorded in them, are clearly indicated. For
example, katta devon (devoni kalon) “oliy daftarxona (daftarxonayi oliy –
ﺎﺨﺭﺗﻔﺪ
ﻪﻨ
ﻰﻠﺎﻋ
)”
11
,
mushrif
“in’om daftari (daftari in’om –
ﺮﺗﻔﺪ
)”
12
,
devoni daftari tanobona
“tonobona daftari (daftari tonobona –
ﻪﻨﺎﺒﺎﻨﻄﺭﺗﻔﺪ
)”
13
,
avorij devoni
“kirim daftari
(daftari ovorij –
ﺝﺮﺍﻮﺍ ﺭﺗﻔﺪ
)” va
tavjih devoni
“chiqim daftari (daftari tavjih –
ﺭﺗﻔﺪ
ﻪﻳﺟﻭﺘ
)”
14
,
poygirnavis
esa “oliy barotlar daftari (daftari baravoti oliy –
ﺭﺗﻔﺪ ﺖﺍﻭﺭﺒ
ﻰﻠﺎﻋ
)” daftarini
15
controls can be clarified. In the manshur written by
Subkhonkulikhan about his appointment to the governorship of the region,
judges, muftis, pilgrims, sayyids, dignitaries, kakhudos he should recognize and
obey the orders of the judges of that region, and he should fight for the
prosperity of the region and the welfare of the people, he should secretly hand
over taxes and grain to the central government in cash, and he should obey any
7
Letter, munshoat and manshurot. Manshur written about the appointment of Ubaidullah to the post of mehtari kalon.
Pages 174a – 175a; A manshur written about the appointment of Mehtari Kalon. Pages 175a – 176a; Machma'-ul-
arqam. Bargai. 156.
8
Letter, munshoat and manshurot. A manshur written about the appointment of Mulla Ibadullah to the position of
mehtari kalon. Pages 175a – 176a.
9
Letter, munshoat and manshurot. A manshur written about the appointment of Mir Mohammad Sadiq Khoja to the
sheikhulism of Kesh region. Pages 122a – 122b.
10
Manshur on the appointment of Nizamiddin Khoja Yusuf as shakhulislam of Samarkand province and as sheikh and
mutavalli of Khoja Ahror's grave by Subhonquli Khan (1636). AQF. Documents. 76th assembly. Document 528.
11
Letter, munshoat and manshurot. A manshur written about the appointment of Haji Talib to the position of head of
the Bukhara region. Pages 164b – 165b.
12
Letter, munshoat and manshurot. A manshur written about the appointment of Mulla Shadi Divan to the office of the
governor of Bukhara region. Pages 165b – 166a; Letter, munshoat and manshurot. Manshur was written about the
appointment of Mirzo Ghani to the post of governor of Bukhara region. Pages 166b – 167a; Machma'-ul-arqam. Bargai.
154..
13
Letter, munshoat and manshurot. Manshur written about the appointment of the governor of Bukhara region to the
position of Tonobona. Page 170b.
14
Letter, munshoat and manshurot. Mirzo Haidar is a manshur written about the appointment of the bookkeeper to the
office of tavjih and avorij. Pages 173b – 174a..
15
Letter, munshoat and manshurot. A manshur written about the appointment of Mirzo Arif to the highest post of the
poygirnavisi baravati daftar. Pages 171a – 171b.
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summons issued by the central government. It is emphasized that the answer
should be ``I’am all ears'' and it allows to further clarify the duties and powers of
the governor.
16
There is a lot of information about state administration in vasiqas
17
In
particular, they are kept today in the Institute of Oriental Studies
18
National
Archives of Uzbekistan
19
, Bukhara
20
, Samarkand State United Historical-
Architectural and Art Museum Reserve
21
. They contain valuable information
about the administrative-territorial units of the country. In particular, in the will
of 1630, all of Movarounnahr, Balkh, Badakhshan, Hisori Shodmon, Akhsi,
Andijan, Tashkent and Turkestan
22
, subordinate to Imam Qulikhan, were
mentioned, while in the will of 1657, Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, Turkestan,
Nasaf, Kesh, Hisori Shodmon were mentioned. , it is noted that Kolob and Balkh
are under the control of Abdulaziz Khan.
23
In another charter from 1670-1671,
the administrative-territorial units are shown more clearly: Samarkand,
Bukhara, Tashkent, Turkestan, Sayram, Akhsi, Andijan, Oratepa, Zomin, Khojand,
Jizzakh, Balkh Badakhshan. It is emphasized that areas such as Chorjoi, Andhud,
Chichektu, Maimana, Shiburgan, Nasaf and Hisori Shodmon were subject to
Abdulaziz Khan
24
. Most visas allow for further clarification of the administrative-
territorial structure. In the wills of the dynasty period, Kesh region
25
, Komot
26
,
Poyirud
27
, Faroviz
28
, Samijan
29
districts of Bukhara region
30
, Ofarikent,
Shavdor
31
, Urgut
32
districts of Samarkand region are mentioned.
16
Manshur on the appointment of Farhad Chuhraoga as governor of Kufin region by Subhonquli Khan (1688). AQF.
Documents. 64th assembly. Document 180.
17
A vasiqa is a formal contract for the purchase and sale of land.
18
SH AQF. Collection of documents 36, document 2; AQF. Collection of documents 36, document 1; AQF. Collection
of documents 27, document 25; AQF. Collection of documents 4, document 2; AQF. Collection of documents 4,
document 3; AQF. Collection of documents 4, document 4; AQF. Collection of documents 4, document 6; O.D.
Chekhovych. Dokumenty k istorii agrarnykh otnasheniy v Bukharskom khanstve XVII - XIX centuries. Tashkent. 1954.
S. 14-23, 41-46, 47-55, 56-64; 78 – 83, 87 – 89, 90 – 93, 94 – 97, 100 – 105, 106 – 109, 110 – 112, 113 – 115, 125 –
129, 136 – 139, 143 – 145, 147 – 150, 151 – 154, 155 – 158, 159 – 162, 163 – 167, 168 – 171, 172 – 178.
19
OZMA. I. Fund 323. List 2. Document 1197/1; OZMA. I. Fund 323. List 2. Document 1197/3; OZMA. I. Fund 323.
List 2. Document 1197/4; OZMA. I. Fund 323. List 2. Document 1073/2.
20
Thomas Welsford and Nouryaghdi Tashev. A catalogue of Arabic-script documents from the Samarqand museum.
Samarqand. 2012. P. 34 – 35, 35 – 36.
21
A catalogue of Arabic-script documents from the Samarqand museum. (412) P. 273, 274.
22
Documents on the history of agrarian relations in the Bukhara Khanate of the 17th – 19th centuries. pp. 14 – 23.
23
That work. Pages 47-55.
24
That work. Pages 56 – 64.
25
SH. Documents collection 4, documents 2, 3.
26
SH. Documents collection 4, document 2.
27
Documents on the history of agrarian relations in the Bukhara Khanate of the 17th – 19th centuries. pp. 41 – 46.
28
SH. Document collection 4, document 3.
29
SH. Collection of documents 27, document 25.
30
OZMA. I. Fund 323. List 2. Document 1197/7
31
Documents on the history of agrarian relations in the Bukhara Khanate of the 17th – 19th centuries. pp. 78 – 83.
32
OZMA. I. Fund 323. List 2. Document 1073/2.
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The information about such administrative-territorial units in the
document is valuable in confirming some explanatory issues in the works. In
particular, there is information in the works that Termiz was controlled through
the Balkh region. In the charter dated 1670-1671, Choshtepa and Khorasan
belonging to Shavdar district of Samarkand region are mentioned, and it is said
that these areas were adjacent to the lands of Balkh region from the north
33
. This
fully confirms that Termiz, which is located between Samarkand and Balkh, was
controlled through the Balkh region. Information about state administration can
also be obtained from documents of the hukhmnoma
34
judgment type. In
particular, the considered rulings were mainly written in Persian, and today
they are stored in the Institute of Oriental Studies
35
, National Archives of
Uzbekistan
36
.
From the information in them, it is possible to get information about
administrative-territorial units, their management positions and their tasks and
powers. For example, from the decree of 1621, it is understood that the
Samarkand region includes Anhor district
37
, from the decree of 1611, it is stated
that the governor of the region has the authority to own and dispose of land in
his province
38
. It allows to put forward the opinion that the population has
fulfilled the tasks of attracting and supervising various duties (hashar, begor,
laborer)
39
.
As a conclusion, manshur and vasiqa important documents of the dynasty
period have been preserved to this day in original, copies and collections. The
information in them is to be found in some places in the works, the duties and
powers of positions and titles in the central and regional administration, the
administrative-territorial structure of the country, the changes that have
occurred in them, and to fill them with information that is not found in them.
33
Documents on the history of agrarian relations in the Bukhara Khanate of the 17th – 19th centuries. pp. 56 – 64.
34
Hukmnoma is a document containing a judgment.
35
Subhanquli Khan's verdict on the case of Mutavalliya of Mir Mulla Abdul Wahid and his son Mir Sayyid Hasan
(1684). SH AQF. Collection of documents 63, document 171.
36
OZMA. I. Fund 323. List 2. Document 1197/1; OZMA. I. Fund 323. List 2. Document 1197/5.
37
OZMA. I. Fund 323. List 2. Document 1197/1.
38
OZMA. I. Fund 323. List 2. Document 1197/5.
39
Documents on the history of agrarian relations in the Bukhara Khanate of the 17th – 19th centuries. pp. 98 – 99.
